• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.265-281
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• 2017

For shallow tunnel constructions, settlement of the ground surface is a main issue. Recent technical developments in shield TBM tunneling technique have enabled a decrease in such settlements based on tunneling with ground deformation controls. For this objective, the tail void grouting is a common practice. Generally surface settlements in a soil of low permeability occur during a tunnel construction but also during a long period after completion of the tunnel. The long-term settlements occur mainly due to consolidation around the tunnel. The consolidation process is caused and determined by the tail void grouting which leads to an excess pore water pressure in the vicinity of the tunnel. Because of this, the grouting pressure has a strong effect on the long-term settlements in the shield tunneling. In order to investigate this effect, a series of coupled hydro-mechanical 3D finite element simulations have been performed. The results show that an increase in grouting pressure reduces the short-term settlements, but in many cases, it doesn't lead to a reduction of the final settlements after the completion of consolidation. Thereby, the existence of a critical grouting pressure is identified, at which the minimal settlements are expected.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.505-505
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• 2012

플라즈마 제트에서 발생하는 전기적 충격을 제거하기위한 특성을 조사하였다. 바이오 플라즈마 연구에 사용되는 대기압 플라즈마 제트는 일반적으로 아르곤 등의 불활성 가스를 주입하고 고전압을 전극에 인가하여 플라즈마를 발생하는 방식이다. 저주파(수십~수백 kHz) 전원 장치로 발생하는 일반적인 플라즈마 제트에서의 전기적 데미지는 전류 값이 2 mA 이상일 때 발생한다. 본 실험에 사용한 장치는 석영관의 양단 끝에서 가스를 주입하여 석영관 중앙에 위치한 홀로 가스가 빠져나가는 구조이다. 석영관 양단 끝에 위치한 전극에 서로 반대 위상의 교류전원을 인가하고, 그로 인해 발생된 플라즈마는 중앙에 위치한 홀로 방출된다. 따라서 홀이 위치한 석영관 중앙의 전압은 수십 V로 측정되었으며, 이로 인한 전기적 충격이 없었다.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to test if 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are involved in the osmoregulatory actions in euryhaline starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. We investigated osmoregulatory parameters ($Na^+,\;Cl^-$ and osmolality), blood cortisol and glucose in starry flounder acclimated to seawater (SW, 33 psu) and that were transferred and allowed to acclimate to freshwater (FW, 0 psu). Fish in SW were injected with T3 (5, 10, and $15{\mu}g$/g body weight) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl), and then transferred to FW. They were sampled 3 days after the transfer. With T3 at $10{\mu}g$/g, levels of plasma $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were significantly higher than in sham (only saline) and control fish (without hormone and saline). Osmolality was significantly higher after injection with T3 at 10 and $15{\mu}g$/g than in the control. However, T3 at $5{\mu}g$/g had no effect on hyper-osmoregulation. In this study, all dose of T3 induced a significant increases in plasma cortisol without glucose. These results suggest a positive hyper-osmoregulatory role of T3 in starry flounder to hypoosmotic environment, maybe a positive interaction of T3 with cortisol for maintenance of hyper-osmoregulatory ability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.243-244
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• 2009

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2010

Grouting technology is one of the ground improvement methods used in water controlling and reinforcement of rock mass in underground structure construction. It is necessarily required to find out the characteristics of grout flow through discontinuities in a rock mass for an adequate grout design and performance assessment. Laminar flow is not always applicable in simulating a grout flow in a rock mass, since the rock joints usually have apertures at a micro-scale and the flow through these joints is affected by the joint roughness and the velocity profile of the flow changes partially near the roughness. Thus, the influence of joint roughness and aperture on the grout flow in rough rock joint was numerically investigated in this study. The commercial computational fluid dynamics code, FLUENT, was applied for this purpose. The computed results by embedded Herschel-Bulkley model and VOF (volume of fluid) model, which are applicable to simulate grout flow in a narrow rock joint that is filled with air and water, were well compared with that of analytical results and previously published laboratory test for the verification. The injection pressure required to keep constant injection rate of grout was calculated in a variety of Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) and aperture conditions, and the effect of joint roughness and aperture on grout flow were quantified.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.51-63
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• 2021

This study is for the quality improvement of water-sealing & reinforcement grouting in tunnel of the construction of the underground transportation network underneath the city. Existing tunnel grouting process did not technically utilize P~q~t charts fully. It is due to the absence of technical methods to decide how P~q~t charts change in the presence of trouble and what the change represents in grouting. There were no standards to decide which chart pattern represents which ground characteristics, how to categorize ground types, and how to take measures according to the standards. This paper studies on the grouting type, ground characteristics, ground type categorizing method, and countermeasures for both general and algorithm-processed grouting in soil and rock layer to address the aforementioned problems. Newly improved P~q~t charts from grouting in soil was categorized into six different types. Different characteristics and categorization method was developed for each type. Countermeasures for each type of grouting process were developed so that on-site application can be readily available. Improved P~q~t charts for rock layer also have six different types of grouting. Each type was given the countermeasures for rock layer grouting process for easier applications. Therefore, it is expected to be used through out the entire process of grouting from preparation to the last report of the water-sealing & reinforcement grouting in tunnel of the construction of the underground transportation network underneath the city.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.725-733
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• 2022

This study applied a hydraulic rock splitting system equipped with a hybrid packer to the bench-cut method. The hybrid packer system is an improvement of the packer developed in previous studies; it is designed efficiently to reduce vibration and noise during rock excavation by combining the two functions of inducing hydraulic fractures using injection pressure and then expanding and extending them using a rubber packer. Field experiments assessed the efficiency of rock excavation with respect to the injection conditions; the adjusted experimental conditions included the distance from the free surface and the test holes drilled at the top of the slope and the injection settings. Using a separation of 5 m left some unexcavated parts, but using a separation of 1 m left no unexcavated parts. The hydraulic fractures generated by the injection pressure developed generally parallel to the free surface and expanded and extended as the rubber packer expanded, thus facilitating bench-cut excavation. For hydraulic rock splitting to be broadly applicable to bench-cut rock excavation, it is important to accumulate results from many field experiments conducted under varying experimental conditions for various types of rockmass.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.101-115
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• 2016

We carried out laboratory material tests on two cements (KS-1 ordinary Portland and Class G) with changing W/S (Water/Solid) and the content of fly ash in order to evaluate their physical and mechanical properties. The specimens of KS-1 ordinary Portland cement were prepared with varying W/S (Solid=cement) in weight, while those of Class G cement were prepared with changing the content of fly ash in volume but maintaining W/S (Solid=cement+fly ash). The results of the material tests show that as the W/S in KS-1 ordinary Portland cement and the content of fly ash in Class G cement increase, the properties (density, sonic wave velocity, elastic constants, compressive and tensile strengths, thermal conductivity) decrease, but porosity and specific heat increase. In addition, an increase in confining pressure and in the content of fly ash leads to plastic failure behavior of the cements. The laboratory data were then used in a stability analysis of cement sheath for which an analytical solution for computing the stress distribution induced around a cased, cemented well was employed. The analysis was carried out with varying the injection well parameters such as thickness of casing and cement, injection pressure, dip and dip direction of injection well, and depth of injection well. The analysis results show that cement sheath is stable in the cases of relatively lower injection pressures and inclined and horizontal wells. However, in the other cases, it is damaged by mainly tensile failure.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.643-659
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• 2022

Geologic sequestration technologies such as CCS (carbon capture and storage), EGS (enhanced geothermal systems), and EOR (enhanced oil recovery) have been widely implemented in recent years, prompting evaluation of the mechanical stability of storage sites. As fluid injection can stimulate mechanical instability in storage layers by perturbing the stress state and pore pressure, poroelastic models considering various injection scenarios are required. In this study, we calculate the pore pressure, stress distribution, and vertical displacement along a surface using commercial finite element software (COMSOL); fault slips are subsequently simulated using PyLith, an open-source finite element software. The displacement fields, are obtained from PyLith is transferred back to COMSOL to determine changes in coseismic stresses and surface displacements. Our sequential use of COMSOL-PyLith-COMSOL for poroelastic modeling of fluid-injection and induced-earthquakes reveals large variations of pore pressure, vertical displacement, and Coulomb failure stress change during injection periods. On the other hand, the residual stress diffuses into the remote field after injection stops. This flow pattern suggests the necessity of numerical modeling and long-term monitoring, even after injection has stopped. We found that the time at which the Coulomb failure stress reaches the critical point greatly varies with the hydraulic and poroelastic properties (e.g., permeability and Biot-Willis coefficient) of the fault and injection layer. We suggest that an understanding of the detailed physical properties of the surrounding layer is important in selecting the injection site. Our numerical results showing the surface displacement and deviatoric stress distribution with different amounts of fault slip highlight the need to test more variable fault slip scenarios.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.214.1-214.1
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• 2016

최근 대기압 플라즈마의 활용분야는 기판의 표면처리, 바이오 분야 등에 널리 활용되고 있지만, 현재까지 정립된 대기압 플라즈마 분석법은 광학적, 전기적 방법으로 이를 통해 대기압 플라즈마를 분석하는데 어려움을 겪고 있다. 가장 널리 사용되는 OES(Optical Emission Spectroscopy) 측정법의 경우에는 플라즈마로부터 방출되는 광을 측정하여, 방출 강도로부터 플라즈마 밀도를 얻는데 어려운 점이 있다. 전기적 진단법 중 하나인 랑뮤어 탐침은 주로 진공장비에서만 사용가능하며, 대기압플라즈마에서 직접 접촉하여 플라즈마에 영향을 주어, 플라즈마 밀도를 정확히 측정하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 대기압 플라즈마의 캐페시턴스을 측정하여 플라즈마의 밀도를 측정하였다. DC power supply에서 발생된 DC전원을 인버터를 통해서 AC전원으로 변환한 뒤, Ar가스를 석영관에 주입하여 대기압 플라즈마 젯를 발생시켰다. 발생된 대기압 플라즈마를 석영관 외부 전극 사이에 캐패시턴스로 플라즈마 밀도를 측정하였다. Ar 가스 유량에 따라 플라즈마 밀도를 변화를 살펴보았다.