• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2011

To examine the possible changes in the SNRs, CNRs, and ADC values for lumbar spines with metastasis based on the DW images before and after contrast agent injection taken from metastatic spinal cancer patients using a 1.5 T MR machine. The quantitative analysis revealed that in case of spinal cancer subjects, both SNRs and CNRs at all of those assessed locations significantly increased on the DWI after contrast agent injection compared to before, while on the ADC map images, SNRs significantly decreased. On the other hand, significantly decreased ADC values at all the assessed locations were found on the ADC map images. With reference to the normal group, significantly increased SNRs were found at all of the assessed locations on the DWI image after injection compared to before, while significantly decreased SNRs were found on the ADC map images. Also, significantly decreased ADC values at all the assessed locations were found on the ADC map images. For the qualitative analysis, after contrast agent injection, significantly increased signal intensities were found at the locations with spinal cancer on the DWI. In contrast, significantly decreased signal intensities were found on the ADC map images. The implication from the results showing that SNR and CNR significantly increased while ADC value significantly decreased at, above, and below the location of metastatic spinal cancer on DWI after contrast agent injection is that DWI obtained after contrast agent injection can be made available for wider application to vertebral disorders.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.158-165
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• 2002

Purpose : To evaluate the effect of Gd-DTPA on signal intensity of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance(MR) image and apparent diffuse coefficient (ADC) in dog brain with hype racute stroke. Materials and methods : Experimental canine model of hyperacute cerebral infarction was made by selective intraarterial embolization with particulate embolic material. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging was performed in five dogs at 1 hour after the embolization of internal carotid artery. After intravenous bolus injection of Gd- DTPA, additional 11 diffusion-weighted MR images were serially obtained from 2 minutes to 90 minutes after injection in each dog. The author evaluated findings of hyperacute cerebral infarction on diffusion-weighted MR imaging, and calculated mean signal intensity and mean ADC in infarcted region and contralateral normal region. Statistical analysis of mean signal intensity, mean ADC and contrast-noise ratio before and after Gd-DTPA injection was performed. Results : Hyperacute cerebral infarction developed in all five dogs on diffusion-weighted MR images obtained 1 hour after embolization. The area of hyperacute infarction had steady increase in signal intensity on diffusion-weighted MR image and decrease in ADC. In normal perfusion area, decrease in signal intensity was observed at 2 minutes the Gd-DTPA injection, whereas ADC did not changed. Conclusion : Intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA had no influence on ADC in both hyperacute infarction and normally perfused are a, but caused initial transient signal reduction in normally perfused area on diffusion-weighted MR image due to susceptibility effect of Gd-DTPA. It is important to calculate ADC in evaluating the effect of diffusion after injection of Gd-DTPA.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1996

This study was conducted to compare the survival rate of chick embryos among different eggshell window positions and to search for the most appropriate injection position. The eggshells were punctured at blunt-end, sharp-end and side-up with a sterilized fine forceps, respectively. The survival rate of sharp-end window was higher than the other window positions. Injection of Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM) through blunt-end window (BE1) was impossible because inner cell membrane was obscure. The 2 ${\mu}$L DMEM was injected into 2.5 d-old embryo blood vessel through sharp end window. To prevent hemorrhages at the point of injection, the air bubbles were injected into the embryo blood vessel. The survival rate of chicks embryo in sharp end window was about 17.0％. Therefore, this sharp-end window system will be helpful for the production of germline chimera or transgenic chicken using primordial germ cells ( PGCs ).

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2007

Contrast media may cause tissue injury by extravasation during intravenous automated injection during CT examination. Here, we present a study in which contrast media extravasation was detected and localized in the neck and thorax by three-dimensional(3D) CT data reformation. The CT studies of the extavasation site were performed using a 3D software program with four different display techniques axial, multi planar reformation(MPR), maximum intensity projection(MIP), and volume rendering displays are currently available for reconstructing MDCT data. 3D image reconstructions provide accurate views of high-resolution imaging. This paper introduces extravasation with the MDCT and 3D reformation findings of contrast media extravasation in neck ant thorax. The followed injection of the external jugular vein into an existing intravenous catheter and a large volume of extravasation was demonstrated on by 3D MDCT.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2011

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for wrinkles in human. As well as the anti-wrinkle effects, the anti-pruritic effect of BoNT/A has been revealed from several researches for new therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-pruritic effect of BoNT/A against histamine-induced pruritus on canine skin. Five clinically healthy beagles were included in the study. All dogs were received 0.05 ml (5 Unit) of BoNT/A on the right dorsal thoracic region as an experiment and the same volume of saline solution was injected on the left dorsal thoracic region as a control, respectively. Intradermal histamine injections were performed four times (before treatment and days 1, 3 and 7 after BoNT/A injection). The severity of pruritus, the diameter and thickness of wheal, the erythema index and cutaneous temperature were assessed. The severity of pruritus was reduced on BoNT/A treated sides, compared with saline treated sides (p < 0.05). BoNT/A decreased wheal size, in both diameter and thickness (p < 0.05). Although, erythema index of both sides were increased after first histamine injection, BoNT/A treated sides showed the low-value as compared with saline treated sides. Cutaneous temperature was decreased significantly on BoNT/A treated sides. These results indicates that BoNT/A reduce histamine-induced pruritus on canine skin and suggested a possibility of application of BoNT/A for local intractable dermatologic problem in dogs.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.22 no.5 s.180
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• pp.393-396
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• 1984

치과마취시의 응급사항이란 마취를 시행하는 도중이나, 후에 정상적으로 기대되었던 현상외의 변이로 나타난 합병증과 같다고 생각되며 이들 합병증의 치료를 소홀히 하였을때 치명적인 상태까지도 도달할 수 있다. 마취의 효과는 주사침이 조직내로 자입된 후, 마취액이 주입되어 해당신경이 분포되는 부위에 동통감각이 소실됨으로써 얻어지게 된다. 그러므로 주사침의 자입시나 주입된 마취액에 의한 부작용이 없어야 한다.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.10B no.5
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• pp.503-508
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• 2003

Since surgical treatment of the spine should overcome neurological compromises, the operative procedures need to be carefully planned and carried out with high degree of precision. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a surgical procedure that was introduced for the treatment of compression fracture of the vertebrae. This procedure includes puncturing vertebrae and filling with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Recent studies have shown that the procedure could provide structural reinforcement for the osteoporotic vertebrae while being minimally invasive and safe with immediate relief of pain. However, failures of treatment due to excessive PMMA volume injection have been reported as one of complications in vertebroplasty. It is believed that the control of PMMA volume is one of the most critical factors that can reduce the incidence of complications. Therefore, clinical success of vertebroplasty can be dependent on the volume of PMMA injection for a given patient. In this study, the optimal volume of PMMA injection for vertebroplasty was predicted based on the image analysis of a given patient.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.365-372
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• 1990

For the effort to produce transgenic amphibians, a plasmid DNA sequence (cytoplasmic actin promoter-linked bacterial $\beta$-galactosidase gene) was microinjected into fertilized Xenopus eggs. It appeared that the injection of 20 nl solution containing 1-2 ng of DNA was not toxic, but over 4 ng was toxic to embryonic development. The translational product of $\beta$-gal gene ($\beta$-galactosidase) had enzyme activity in all three germ layers of the embryo. Expression of the injected $\beta$-gal genes was first detected at mid-gastrula stage, and the activity persisted up to stage 43 (feeding tadpole) with decreased level of retention. However, the level of the expression was various among the injected individuals as well as each experiment. That is, $\beta$-galactosidase activities did not appear in all cells, instead a localized distribution pattern. Although other possibilities could not be omitted, this mosaic distribution of gene expression seemed to arise from unequal partition of the injected DNA into each blastomere during early cleavage.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 2007

Purpose: Luciferase is one of the most commonly used reporter enzymes in the field of in vivo optical imaging. D-luciferin, the substrate for firefly luciferase has very high cost that allows this kind of experiment limited to small animals such as mice and rats. In this current study, we validated local injection of D-luciferin in the articular capsule for bioluminescence imaging in rabbits. Materials and Methods: Chondrocytes were cultured and infected by replication-defective adenoviral vector encoding firefly luciferase (Fluc). Chondrocytes expressing Fluc were injected or implanted in the left knee joint. The rabbits underwent optical imaging studies after local injection of D-luciferin at 1, 5, 7, 9 days after cellular administration. We sought whether optimal imaging signals was could be by a cooled CCD camera after local injection of D-luciferin. Results: Imaging signal was not observed from the left knee joint after intraperitoneal injection of D-luciferin (15 mg/kg), whereas it was observed after intraarticular injection. Photon intensity from the left knee joint of rabbits was compared between cell injected and implanted groups after intraarticular injection of D-luciferin. During the period of imaging studies, photon intensity of the cell implanted group was 5-10 times higher than that of the cell injected group. Conclusion: We successfully imaged chondrocytes expressing Fluc after intraarticular injection of D-luciferin. This technique may be further applied to develop new drugs for knee joint disease.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.126-130
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• 2002

Purpose : To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the subacromial bursoscopy with glenohumeral air infusion technique for detection of the full thickness tear which we used to think as a partial thickness tear, because it was hidden by bursal tissue. Materials and methods : We chose 65 cases and divided them into 2 groups. The group I was 18 cases with partial thickness rotator cuff tears on glenohumeral arthroscopic evaluation, and the group 2 was 37 cases with full thickness rotator cuff tears which were repaired. We inflated the glenohumeral Joint with 50-100ml of air and observed air bubble leakage simultaneously on bursoscopy. Results : In group I, we could detect air leakage in 3 cases and found that it was full thickness tear. In group II, 2 cases revealed too much air leakage proved that it was incomplete repair and was in need of additional suture. Conclusion : Air infusion technique is though to be a valuable method in differentiation between the partial and full thickness tear and for evaluation of the security of the repair.