• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 2005

Objectives : This review examines the extent of harmonization between the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (fourth edition) (DSM-IV) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and International Classification of Diseases (tenth edition) (ICD-10) hyperkinetic disorder (HKD). Methods : PubMed review of the clinical literatures from 1980 to March 2005 was undertaken using the search term of ADHD, HKD, DSM, ICD, diagnostic criteria, algorithm, and validity. Results : There continues to be a substantial difference in the prevalence of ADHD and HKD. Based on the limited studies that directly compare the most recent two algorithms of ADHD and HKD, several implications for clinical practice and research are discussed. Conclusion : To understand further if the criteria for DSM-IV and ICD-10 for ADHD and HKD are converged or not, more researches on the validity of ADHD and HKD subtypes should be undertaken.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.330-339
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among children's ADHD symptoms, parenting stress and behavior regarding nurturing. The data were provided by 59 mothers of children with ADHD who is aged between 4 and 12. Mothers of children with ADHD were recruited through 3 departments of child psychiatry. The Korean version of Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, the Korean version of revised Maternal Behavior research Instrument(MBRI) and ADHD Rating Scale(K-ARS) was used to assess parenting stress, behavior regarding nurturing and ADHD symptoms respectively. Significant correlation was found between parental distress and warmth, rejection behavior. Parental distress is significant influence on behavior regarding nurturing through multiple regression analysis. Significant correlation was found between ADHD symptom and rejection behavior. ADHD symptom is significant influence on behavior regarding nurturing through multiple regression analysis. Behavior regarding nurturing is related to ADHD symptom, parental distress. Therefore, it is needed for not only treatment related to ADHD symptom but also interventions for behavior regarding nurturing for mothers of children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 1990

Behavioral characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are aften observed in normal children. As a result, it is at times difficult to distinguish behavior disorder of clinical significance and normal developmental phenomenon. In addition, symptoms of ADHD can vary greatly depending on situations and social context, creating considerable difficulties in assessment. Therefore it is important to obtain information from various sources and in diverse situations. It is also desirable to quantify the severity of the problems whenever possible and determine their clinical significance by comparing the data to developmental norms. Specifically, various assessment methods such as interview with parent and child, behavior rating scales, behavioral observation and psychological testing were reviewed with discussion on merits and limitatious of each. It was emphasized that systematic and comprehensive assessment utilizing appropriate methods is necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment evaluation of ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.117-128
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ADHD based on estimation of ADHD rating scale between mother-teacher and teacher-teacher. In total, 491 mothers and 23 teachers rated 689 5-year-old children on the K-ADHDDS. Descriptive statistics, in addition to independent and paired samples t-test were performed. Overall, the percentages of children with ADHD on the rating scale were 3% in combined type, 7.1-8.6% in predominately hyperactive-impulsive type, and 4.2% in predominately inattentive type. Boys tended to show greater tendency of ADHD than girls’: Overall, ADHD tendency in boys was 1.3 times greater than girls. Specially, 2.3 times more for hyperactivity, 1.4 times more for impulsivity, and 3.4 more for inattention. The correlation between mothers’ and teachers’ ratings were .35 for total, .40 for hyperactivity, .24 for impulsivity, and .28 for inattention, and there were no significant differences. Alternatively teacher and teacher ratings were .71 for total, .70 for hyperactivity, .70 for impulsivity, and .67 for inattention, and there were significant differences in inattention subscale(p < .01).

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.290-296
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• 2000

Objective：This study aims to investigate the cognitive characteristics of clinically referred children with symptoms of inattention, cach as having ADHD, tic disorder, and emotional disorder. Methods：65 boys(38 with ADHD, 17 with Tic disorder, and 10 with Emotional disorder) were individually assessed using the KEDI-WISC(FIQ, VIQ, PIQ) and T.O.V.A.(errors of omission, errors of commission, reaction time, variability, anticipatory response, multiple response), and the results of those tests were analyzed. Results：There was significant difference among three diagnostic groups of the VIQ of KEDIWISC and the reaction time of T.O.V.A. after the correction of the effect of age difference. Conclusion：The findings suggest that the reaction time of T.O.V.A. might be the useful variable to differentiate the ADHD from other psychiatric disorders and the effect of age and IQ difference should be considered carefully to diagnose in clinical setting.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.46-57
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• 2017

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder that can affect individuals across their lifespan. It is characterized by the core symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. ADHD develops as a result of the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Children and adults with ADHD usually suffer concomitantly from other psychiatric comorbidities, including both externalizing and internalizing disorders. It is associated with functional impairment and poor long-term outcomes. This review aims to summarize the key findings from recent research into ADHD and its prevalence, core symptoms, cause and comorbidities from childhood to adulthood.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the association of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Korean populations with functional polymorphisms of six genes dopamine receptors (Ser311/Cys311 polymorphism, Taq1 A polymorphism, and Taq1 B polymorphism in DRD2, BalI polymorphism in DRD3, and promoter -521 C/T polymorphism and exon III 48 bp repeat polymorphism in DRD4) and one gene in dopamine transporter (DAT1). Methods : Participants were 58 children with ADHD and 110 control children. The genotypes were determined by PCR. Results : There was a statistically significant difference in genotype frequency of -521 C/T polymorphism within the promoter region of the DRD4 between two groups. Furthermore, in the male group, both genotype and allele frequencies showed statistically significant differences. Conclusion : Findings of the study indicate that -521 C/T polymorphism in promoter region of DRD4 appears to be a possible candidate gene for ADHD in Korean population.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.91-104
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of parenting from the parents of children with ADHD and to develop a grounded theory about their experiences. Method: This study was a qualitative research study that used a grounded theory to understand and discuss the parenting experiences of parents of children with ADHD in a greater depth. Grounded data was collected through an in-depth interview from twelve participants with ADHD children. The data was analyzed using the grounded theory method. Results: 'Approaching the normal' emerged as the core phenomenone. Parenting experiences for parents of children with ADHD referred to a process of bringing the children, back on track of normal growth development, and their functioning in the family at a normal level and establishing a new normalcy. The process of approaching the normal involved a basic social-psychological process, such as 'living a day in hell', 'accepting', 'confronting the conflicts', 'lowering expectations', and 'making a new normalcy'. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study, which observed the parenting process of parents of children with ADHD, could enhance nurses' understanding of ADHD and help nurses become major mental health service providers for the mental health of children with ADHD and their families.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2012

Noonan syndrome is characterized by short stature, typical facial dysmorphology, and congenital heart defects. The main facial features of Noonan syndrome are hypertelorism with down-slanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, and low-set posteriorly-rotated ears with a thickened helix. The cardiovascular defects most commonly associated with this condition are pulmonary stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Other associated features are webbed neck, chest deformity, mild intellectual deficit, cryptorchidism, poor feeding in infancy, bleeding tendency, and lymphatic dysplasias. The patient is a 10-year-old boy. He had experienced repeated febrile convulsions. He had typical facial features, a short stature, chest deformity, cryptorchidism, vesicoureteral reflux, and mental retardation. His language and motor development were delayed. When he went to school, it was difficult for him to pay attention, follow directions, and organize tasks. He also displayed behavior such as squirming, leaving his seat in class, and running around inappropriately. Clinical observation is important for the diagnosis, so we report a patient who was diagnosed with Noonan syndrome, mental retardation, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2009

Objectives: This study examined clinical characteristics associated with bullying in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods.: Children and their parents were asked to fill out a structured self-report form regarding bullying incidents. To evaluate the characteristics of the children, the results of the ADHD Rating Scale, the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, the ADHD Diagnostic system and the Emotional Recognition Test were used. The agreement of bullying data between each child and their mother and father was measured using Cohen's kappa. The association between victim and perpetrator was analyzed by calculating a contingency coefficient based on chi-square. To compare the characteristics of victimized children and didn't, an independent sample T-test was performed. Results: When children were victims of bullying incidents there was significant agreement between children and parents on the information provided on the self-reports. However, more children reported themselves as a perpetrator of bullying than their parents did. Victimization, that is, the tendency towards being a perpetrator, is associated with the higher level of parental reports of aggressiveness. Conclusion: Victimization of bullying is associated with aggression in children with ADHD. This study suggests that victimized children with ADHD warrant careful evaluation, in particular with regard to the credence placed on parental reports of aggressiveness, and management for aggression.