• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.353-357
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• 2009

Spray drying is an effective and stable process, which has been widely used to produce pharmaceutical powders. In the traditional spray drying process, it was not quite easy to control the aggregation and the size of particles. Particularly, the preparation of polymeric particles was relatively hard compared to the preparation of food and pharmaceutical ingredients, typically organic materials of small molecular weights. In this study, modification of a conventional spray dryer was tried to use electrical charge and co-axial nozzles to prepare polymeric particles. Poly(ethylene glycol) and poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) were used as the inner polymeric materials, and lactose as the outer shell materials. The results showed that electrohydrodynamic spray-dried particles had a relatively uniform size and particle morphology, and the aggregation of particles could be suppressed compared to the conventional spray-dried particles. The electrohydrodynamic spray-dried powders consisted of spherical particles of $2{\sim}5{\mu}m$ diameters.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.74-74
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• 2003

로켓엔진의 연소실에서는 고온의 연소가스로부터 다량의 열이 발생하기 때문에 이로부터 연소실을 보호하기 위한 방법이 필수적으로 요구된다. 한국 최초의 액체 로켓인 KSR-III 로켓의 주엔진인 KL-3 엔진에서는, 연소실을 보호하기 위한 방법으로 실리카/페놀(Silica/Phenolic) 내열재를 이용하는 용융냉각 방식을 채택하였다 용융냉각 방식은 내열재와 고온의 연소가스와의 물리ㆍ화학적 상호작용에 의해 삭마가 발생하게 되는데, 이러한 삭마는 연소실에서도 가장 고온부인 노즐목에 집중적으로 발생하는 경향이 있다. 그러나 노즐목에서 삭마의 진행은 노즐목의 크기를 증가시키고 연소압 및 추력을 감소시키는 부작용을 초래하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 열적 삭마에 의한 노즐목 크기의 증가량을 알아내기 위해 KL-3 엔진 노즐목의 형상을 측정하고자 시도하였으며, 노즐목의 삭마에 영향을 미치는 주요 인자를 확인하고 진행과정을 고찰하였다. 노즐목의 형상 측정을 위해서는 기존에 사용하던 3차원 변위 측정기를 이용한 방식의 접근이 곤란함에 따라 영상처리 기법을 도입한 측정 방식을 고안하여 사용하였으며, 이 장비는 만족스런 성능을 보여주었다. 시험결과를 통해서 삭마에 영향을 주는 주요 인자로 분무형태, 연소시간, 연소 온도를 제시하였고 이 중에서 분무형태는 삭마 형상에, 연소 시간 및 연소온도는 삭마량에 주로 영향을 끼친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 시간에 따른 삭마의 진행이 3개의 구간으로 나누어 설명할 수 있음을 밝혔는데, 노즐목이 원형을 그대로 유지하며 삭마진행이 미미한 구간, 원형에서 벗어나 요철형상이 발달하면서 삭마진행이 가속되는 구간, 요철형상이 이미 정착되어서 요철의 깊이만 증가하되 삭마량은 미미한 구간이다. 결과적으로 60초 연소 후 노즐목 면적 증가율은 +5.82% 정도이며, 이에 따른 연소압 및 추력의 감소 또한 1% 미만으로 미비하였다. 따라서 본 KL-3 엔진에 사용된 내열재의 내열 성능은 임무를 수행하기에 적절하다고 판단하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.82-85
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• 2009

In the development of Liquid Rocket Engine(LRE) systems, it is essential to understand the spray characteristics which influence mainly the performance and the stability of combustion. The injectors for this study have a recessed Liquid-swirl/Gas-centered jet coaxial type. For the similarity with actual conditions, the experimental conditions are calculated by using the momentum ratio as a matching parameter, and the stimulants of fuel and oxidizer are gaseous nitrogen and water respectively. The spray fields were measured by means of a photographic technique. Moreover, an effect of the momentum ratio has been investigated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.115-115
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• 2011

최근 유기물을 사용한 유기 태양 전지의 주된 제작 방식은 유기물질을 유기용매에 녹여 사용 하는 스핀코팅 방식이다. 스핀코팅은 박막 형성이 쉽고 대량생산이 용이하다는 장점이 있지만, 표면분석의 측면에서 보면 박막이 한번에 형성되기 때문에 전극 위에 유기물질이 박막을 형성하는 순간의 계면을 측정하기 어렵다. 그에 반해 진공전기분무 방식은 진공에서 얇은 박막에서부터 점차적으로 두께를 늘려가며 증착 할 수 있고 또한 증착이 진공에서 이루어져서 불순물을 최소화 할 수 있기 때문에 표면분석의 측면에서 용이하다. 특히 본 실험에서는 유기 태양전지에서 벌크 이질접합(bulk heterojunction)을 만드는데 널리 쓰이는 물질인 Poly(3-hexythiophene) (P3HT)과 (PCBM)을 toluene에 녹인 후(0.2 mg/ml), 4-5 kV 사이의 전압을 인가하여, 고전압을 걸어 준 뒤 $5{\times}10^{-6}$ torr의 조건에서 분무하여 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) 위에 박막의 두께를 늘려가며 증착시켰다. 이렇게 ITO 위에 만들어진 P3HT와 PCBM의 박막을 Photoemission spectroscopic (PES)을 이용하여 따른 화학적 구조와 전자구조를 분석하였고, 또한 동일한 농도의 용액으로 스핀코팅 방법을 이용하여 만든 시료와 앞서 언급한 조건의 진공전기분무 방법을 이용하여 만든 시료 사이의 표면거칠기와 morphology는 Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM)을 이용하여 비교 분석하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.97-101
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• 2007

The spray characteristics of the oxidizer-rich preburner are investigated. From the PDPA measurement, droplet SMD of $210{\mu}m$ and droplet axial velocity of 38 m/s are measured at 100 mm distance from the nozzle tip on the fuel pressure of $25kgf/cm^2$ and oxidizer pressure of $10kgf/cm^2$. The droplet velocity is decreased with the axial distance and the oxidizer spray makes dominant effect on the combined spray characteristics of the oxidizer-rich preburner injector.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.763-771
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• 2014

As a preliminary study on the spray behavior characteristics of emulsified fuel, the fuel properties (viscosity, surface tension, and density) and evaporation characteristics of a fuel droplet were investigated. The emulsified fuel was made by mixing diesel and $H_2O_2$. In addition, the macroscopic spray behavior characteristics such as the spray penetrations and spray angles of the emulsified and diesel fuels were compared. The stirring condition of the emulsified fuel was a 9:1 mixture of the diesel fuel and the surfactant span 80. The mixing ratios for the hydrogen peroxide were set at EF2, EF12, EF22, EF32, EF42, EF52, EF62, EF72, EF82, and EF92. The injection pressures were set at 400, 600, 800, and 1000 bar. We found that as the mixing ratio of the hydrogen peroxide was increased from EF2 to EF52, the viscosity of the emulsified fuel increased. However, afterward, the viscosity of the emulsified fuel gradually decreased and approached the viscosity value of the diesel fuel. Therefore, generally oil-in-water emulsions were used for the hydrogen peroxide mixing ratios up to 52 (EF52), and water-in-oil emulsions were used for the hydrogen peroxide mixing ratios above 52. Finally, the spray behavior characteristics (spray penetration and spray angle) of the emulsified fuel were found to be almost independent of the mixing ratio.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 1986

On the hypothesis that the unstable intermediates yield by the pre-reaction of auxiliary fuel become an initiator or an explosive center which promotes the chain reaction of main fuel, various organic compounds below $C_{10}$ are injected as an auxiliary fuel prior to main injection. In the previous papers, the effects of the auxiliary fuel additions on the ignition delay period, the stability of flame, the NO concentrations in their exhaust gases have been investigated. In the present paper, to confirm where the most suitable location of lean pre-mixture for the combustion of main fuel is, and how the lean pre-mixture is contacted with main fuel, the effects of the injection timing of auxiliary fuel and the turbulence on combustion processes are investigated. Moreover, from the schlieren and color photographs of flame in the combution field, it could be found that the ignition nuclei are formed in a wider region of main spray, and that these ignition nuclei promote the development of flame, which results in the reduction of flaming duration.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.334-339
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• 2003

To increase the utilization of citron, citron juice that is by-product of citron tea was spray dried and freeze dried. Cyclodextrin(CD) was used as wall material to stabilize during drying. The physiochemical properties of citron juice were as follows: water content of 82.3%, pH of 2.45, and there were little different in two kinds of drying or CD added in different ratio. Citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid were detected in all of the samples. Spray and freeze-drying increased markedly yellowness compared to that of citron juice. Heat stability was reduced by both of two kinds of drying, and CD 15% was more decreased than CD 10%. Water uptake by freeze-drying was somewhat higher than that of spray-drying. When sensory properties of original citron juice was compared with those of spray and freeze dried, freeze drying with 10% of cyclodextrin was evaluated as superior to citron juice or other drying conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.59-70
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• 2021

An experimental study was conducted to observe the spray characteristics for different flow rates and rotating speeds of a rotating fuel nozzle of a slinger combustor. The water spray ejected from the nozzle orifice was visualized using a high-speed camera and a light source. It was confirmed that the atomization was improved, as the flow rate decreased and rotating speed increased. The characteristic maps for the spray characteristics and performance parameters showed that the aerodynamic Weber number and the liquid-air momentum flux ratio were associated with the liquid primary breakup, and the liquid-air momentum flux ratio and Rossby number were closely correlated with the liquid ejection mode.

• Plant Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2022

The demand for high-efficiency dust collectors is rapidly increasing to remove PM from exhaust gas emission facilities, such as thermal power plants, steel mills, and industrial cogeneration plants, as the Pmemission standards have been strengthened. In this study, the electrospray is adapted for existing electrosratic precipitator(EP) to remedy its shortcomings and to improve the performance. Electrospray has been mainly used for the purpose of generating very fine droplets, but fir the purpose of EP, the flow rate over 10 mL/min per nozzleis required, and a high flow rate condition of 65 to 200 times is required. The electrospray of high flow rate has a completely different spray shape from the low flow rate condition, and was visualized through various figures such as corona discharge photographs and shadow images.