• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2023

Soil contaminants measured and managed in Korea include those of geologic origin such as arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, mercury, and fluoride. This study identifies the distribution of these contaminants using GIS modeling to analyze the spatial probability of soil contamination originating from geology. The modeling found that cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and mercury often exceed the regulated standard by <1%. Concentrations of arsenic and zinc greatly exceeded the standard in the vicinity of mines and industrial complexes: mining and industry seemed to have substantial effects on the concentrations of these metals. Although fluoride was sampled at the lowest number of points, its frequency of exceeding the standard was the highest. No obvious source of artificial contamination has been identified, and fluoride's distribution characteristics showed continuity over a wide area, suggesting a strong correlation between geological characteristics and fluoride concentration. The highest frequencies of fluoride exceeding the standard were in Jurassic granite (40.00%) and Precambrian banded gneiss (34.12%). As these rocks contributed to the formation of soil through their weathering, high fluoride concentrations can be expected in soil in areas where these rocks are distributed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 1997.06b
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• pp.8-10
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• 1997

종양은 아직 그 발생 원인과 기작이 정확히 밝혀져 있지 않으므로 정확한 정의를 내리는 것은 어려우나 일반적으로 종양이란 정상 세포가 갖고 있는 세포 분열의 특이성을 상실하여 일어나는 조직의 자율적인 과잉 성장을 말한다. 이와 같은 세포의 비정상적인 증식에 의한 종양을 임상 및 병리 형태학적으로 양서 종양과 악성종양으로 분류한다. 양성 종양을 일으키는 종양 세포는 정상 세포와 비슷할 뿐 아니라 그 주변 세포들과 확실한 경계를 이루고 있으며 증식도 느리며 다른 부위로의 전이가 없다. 이에 반해 악성종양은 일반적으로 증식도 빠르고 이형의 세포로서 주변의 조직으로 확산, 전이될 뿐만 아니라 최종적으로 숙주인 개체를 사망시킨다. 악성종양은 다시 상피 조직에서 유례한 암, 비상피 조직에서 유래된 육종, 백혈구에서 유래된 백혈병 등으로 구별하지만 그의 본질은 거의 같으며 모든 악성종양은 통속적으로 암이라고 불리운다. 종양의 발생원인으로 크게 3가지로 나눌 수 있는데 화학물질, 바이러스 및 유전적 요인에 의한 것으로 알려졌다. 최초의 발암물질로 알려진 benzopyrene에 의한 발암 등 연구에 의해 화학적 발암원들은 직접 발암 물질로 작용하는 것이 아니라, 일단 체내에서 대사된 후 이들 대사 산물일 DNA 등에 작용함으로써 발암이 유도 되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이와 같이 화학적 변화를 거친 후에야 DNA에 영향을 미치는 것외에 다른 화학물질들은 또 다른 기작을 통해 암을 유발하는데 쥐의 피부에 benzopyrene을 한 번 처리하면 암을 유발하지 않으나 여기에 phorbol ester를 처리하면 높은 빈도로 암이 형성된다. 여기서 benzopyrene과 같이 세포의 DNA에 돌연변이를 일으키는 작용을 하는 발암물질을 발암개시제라 하고 phorbol ester처럼 그 자체로는 발암능이 없으나 발암개시제에 노출된 세포에 영향을 미쳐 발암능을 크게 강화시켜 주는 것을 발암촉진제라고 한다. 암은 세포증식 제어계에 DNA가 이상을 일으킨 현상을 말하는 데 이와 같은 DNA의 변형된 유전정보에 의해 암과 관련된 단백질을 합성하므로 이 DNA를 암유전자라 부르며 바이러스에서 유래된 것을 V-one 그리고 세포에서 유래된 것을 c-one이라 한다. 암유전자는 본래 암을 형성하기 위한 것이 아니라 증식제어 유전자로서 변이나 비정상으로 활성화 됨으로써 암을 유발시키므로 proto-oncogene이라 부른다. 또한 고등동물의 유전자 중에는 세포성장을 억제하는 유전자들이 있으며 이들은 세포의 성장 생존 분화를 조절하는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 따라서 이들 유전자는 세포의 암변형을 억제하는 기능을 가지고 있다. 이들 유전자의 이상으로 세포성장 억제기능이 상실되면 세포의 과잉 성장이 초래되면 결과적으로 암으로 유발하는 것으로 추측되고 있다. 최근의 연구에 의하면 암세포에서 암억제 유전자의 이상과 암유전자의 활성화가 함께 발견 되면서 정상세포가 암으로 변형되는 과정에는 암억제 유전자의 이상과 암유전자의 활성화가 동시에 관여한 가능성이 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 정상 세포가 암을 유발하기 위해서는 발암의 다단계설에서와 같이 여러 단계의 변과가 필요한데 여러 가지 요인에 의해 정상세포의 염색체가 변화되어 정상세포들이 가지고 있는 세포분열의 특이성을 상실하고 증식이 빠르고 저항력이 강한 세포가 선택 되어지고 비정상 서ㅔ포으 과잉 분여러에 의해 종양이 형성되며 이어서 혈관의 신생을 촉진하는 맥관형성, 전이 등이 과정을 거쳐 신체의 다른 부위로 전이된다. 20세기 초까지는 암은 노화와 함께 자연발생적으로 일어나는 피할 수 없는 질병으로 여겨졌으며 그 치료도 조기에 발견된 암환자에게 외과적인 치료를 하는 것이 최선의 방법 이었다. 그러나 현재에는 암환자의 80% 이상이 환경적 요인에 의해 암이 발생 된다고 믿어지고 있다. 과거 치료에 중점을 둔 것에서 점차 예방의 가능성과 그 방법의 모색에 관심을 갖게 되었으며 치료적인 면에서도 외과적 수술 이외에 방사선 치료, 항암제의 투여 등 약물요법, 면역요법의 이용 이외에 더 나아가 gene theraph 및 tumor vaccines 개발에 대한 관심도 증가되고 있다. 국제암연구협회에서는 인간에게 발암이 가능한 물질의 종류를 정기적으로 발표하고 있는데 지금까지 발암 가능성이 높다고 널리 알려진 위험요인을 크게 나누어 보면 다음과 같다. 흡연, 음주, 식이요인, 호르몬 및 기타 요인으로 약물, 자외선 등을 들 수 있는데 현재까지 이들 요인에 의한 발암 기작이 완전히 규명된 것은 아니지만 이들에 의한 발암의 확률이 높다는 것은 사실이므로 이 위험요인에 노출되는 것을 방지함으로써 암발생을 예방할 수 있을 것이다. 암발생의 예방법으로는 암발생 자체를 예방하는 것과 이미 발생한 암환자를 조기 발견하고 치료하는 방법이 있을 수 있다. 현재까지의 여러 연구 결과들을 보면 유전적인 요인을 제외한 대부분의 발암 위험인자들은 개개인의 생활습관과 밀접히 관련되어 있음을 알 수 있다. 이를 바탕으로 1992년 대한 암협회에서는 '암 예방 14개 권장 사항'을 발표하여 국민 홍보활동을 하고 있는데 그 내용의 반 이상이 식생활 습관과 관련되어 있을 정도이므로 암예방에 있어서의 식품의 역할이 매우 크다 할 수 있다. 따라서 건전한 생활습관과 더불어 적절한 식품의 섭취는 암예방을 위한 기본이 될 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.260-279
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• 2010

The analysis on bibliography and field investigation of Callipogon relictus Semenov, 1898 (Korean natural monument number 218) shows that the size varies from country to country, and Korean specimens, for which male is 85~120mm and female is 65~85mm, are found to be the largest. The average diameter and length of egg are 2.60mm and 6.72mm respectively. The larva has milky color and is about 100~150mm in length. The pupa is nearly 70~110mm. An adult generally appears from June to September in Korea in the broadleaf forest of lowland, whereas it appears from June to July in China. It is known that the pupa largely feed on the old tree trunk of Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) blume in Korea, but no such data have been reported in China and Russia, showing differences in host plants. While the larva period is not exactly known in Korea, it is reported to be two years in China. It appears that the species inhabits in very limited regions of approximately between geographical latitude $37.5^{\circ}{\sim}47.8^{\circ}$ and longitude $126^{\circ}{\sim}140^{\circ}$ including Korea, China and Russia. To conserve the long-horned beetle in Korea, this research drew out following some conclusions through analyzing the references and field survey data. First, it need to perform precise survey on the natural environment of occurring and collected area or place including host plant kinds, temperate, humidity, latitude, longitude etc. Second, habitat region must be designated as a restricted development area, and it need to exclude or reduce the damage factors to prosper reproduction of the species. Third, it is necessary to keep loosing cautiously artificial breeding individuals in the reported sites, not disturbing scope of natural populations. Fourth, it needs to educate or publicize many people importance and value of this species through many methods.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.155-164
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• 2005

Home-service robots need to have sufficient spatial information about the surroundings for interacting with human intelligently and performing services efficiently. It is very important to investigate the efficient interaction style that supports map building task through human-robot collaboration. We first analyzed map building task with a cleaning robot and drew 4 design factors and tentative solutions, including map building procedure (task-preferred procedure/space- preferred procedure), LCD display installation (robot/robot+remote control), navigation method (push type/pull type), feedback modality(GUI/GUI+TTS). The design factors and tentative solutions were defined as independent variables and levels. This research investigated how those variables affect to the human task performance and behavior in map building tast. 8 kinds of experiment prototypes were built and usability test among 16 house wives was conducted for acquiring empirical data. As the experiment result, in terms of map building procedure, space-preferred procedure indicated better task performance than task-proffered procedure as we expected. For the LCD display installation factor, remote control with LCD display indicated higher task performance and subjective satisfaction. In robot navigation method, it was very difficult to find a significant difference between push type and pull type which contrary to our expectation. In fact, push type indicated higher subjective satisfaction. Also in feedback modality, we have acquired negative feedback an additional TTS operation guidance. It seems that robot's autonomy before achieving spatial information is rudiment condition which means users are just interacting with a mobile appliance. Thus they prefer remote-control-based interaction style in robot map building process as they used in traditional appliance control.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.24-38
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• 2019

Due to the dramatic spatial changes caused by industrialization, environmental problems such as air pollution and urban heat island phenomenon, etc. are occurring in cities. In this case, the wind corridor, which is a passage through which fresh and cool air generated in forests outside cities move to the downtown, can be used as a spatial planning method for improving urban environmental problems. Cold air is determined by the characteristics of the flow depending on the topography and land use of cities, and based on this, the medium- and long-term plan should be established. Therefore, this study analyzed the flow of cold air at night through the KLAM_21 model in Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, to prepare the basic data required to apply the wind corridors. As a result, it turned out that cold air of Suwon-si was mainly generated from Gwanggyo Mountain that is a large mountain area in the north, and flowed into the urbanization promotion area, and about three hours after sunset, cold air flowed into the downtown. By district, the depth, wind speed, and direction of the cold air layer were formed differently according to the characteristics of the topography and land use. In the areas where large forests were adjacent, the flow of cold air was active. There are three main wind corridors where cold air flows to the downtown of Suwon-si, all of which are formed around rivers. Especially, if the connection between rivers and the surrounding green areas is high, the effect of wind corridors is found to be significant. In order to utilize the wind corridors of Suwon-si, based on the results of this study, it is necessary to make climate maps through actual survey and complex analysis of cold air flow and establish mid-to-long-term plans for the conservation and expansion of major wind corridors.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.13-19
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• 2018

Following the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, the Pohang Earthquake occurred in 2017, and the south-east region in Korea is under the threat of an earthquake. Especially, in the Pohang Earthquake, the liquefaction phenomenon occurred in the sedimentation area of the coast, and preparation of countermeasures is very important. The soil liquefaction can affect the underground facilities directly as well as various structures on the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the liquefaction risk of facilities and the structures against the possible earthquakes and to prepare countermeasures to minimize them. In this study, we investigated the seismic liquefaction risk about the electric power utility tunnels in the southeast area where the earthquake occurred in Korea recently. In the analysis of seismic liquefaction risk, the earthquake with return period 1000 years and liquefaction potential index are used. The liquefaction risk analysis was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the liquefaction risk was analyzed by calculating the liquefaction potential index using the ground survey data of the location of electric power utility tunnels in the southeast region. At that time, the seismic amplification in soil layer was considered by soil amplification factor according to the soil classification. In the second stage, the liquefaction risk analysis based on the site response analyses inputted 3 earthquake records were performed for the locations determined to be dangerous from the first step analysis, and the final liquefaction potential index was recalculated. In the analysis, the site investigation data were used from the National Geotechnical Information DB Center. Finally, it can be found that the proposed two stage assessments for liquefaction risk that the macro assessment of liquefaction risk for the underground facilities including the electric power utility tunnel in Korea is carried out at the first stage, and the second risk assessment is performed again with site response analysis for the dangerous regions of the first stage assessment is reasonable and effective.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.2052-2063
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• 1998

Various full-scale radio location systems have been developed since ground-based radio navigation systems appeared during World War II, and more recently global positioning systems (GPS) have been widely used as a representative location system. In addition, radio location systems based on cellular systems are intensively being studied as cellular services become more and more popular. However, these studies have been focused mainly on macrocellular systems of which based stations are mutually synchronized. There has been no study about systems of which based stations are asynchronous. In this paper, we proposed two radio location algorithms in microcellular CDMA systems of which base stations are asychronous. The one is to estimate the position of a personal station at the center of rectangular shaped area which approximates the realistic common area. The other, as a method based on road map, is to first find candidate positions, the centers of roads pseudo-range-distant from the base station which the personal station belongs to and then is to estimate the position by monitoring the pilot signal strengths of neighboring base stations. We compare these two algorithms with three wide-spread algorithms through computer simulations and investigate interference effect on measuring pseudo ranges. The proposed algorithms require no recursive calculations and yield smaller position error than the existing algorithms because of less affection of non-line-of-signt propagation in microcellular environments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

This study aimed to evaluate preferences of Bukhansan dulegil using sentiment analysis, a natural language processing technique, to derive preferred and non-preferred factors. Therefore, we collected blog articles written in 2019 and produced sentimental scores by the derivation of positive and negative words in the texts for 21 dulegil courses. Then, content analysis was conducted to determine which factors led visitors to prefer or dislike each course. In blogs written about Bukhansan dulegil, positive words appeared in approximately 73% of the content, and the percentage of positive documents was significantly higher than that of negative documents for each course. Through this, it can be seen that visitors generally had positive sentiments toward Bukhansan dulegil. Nevertheless, according to the sentiment score analysis, all 21 dulegil courses belonged to both the preferred and non-preferred courses. Among courses, visitors preferred less difficult courses, in which they could walk without a burden, and in which various landscape elements (visual, auditory, olfactory, etc.) were harmonious yet distinct. Furthermore, they preferred courses with various landscapes and landscape sequences. Additionally, visitors appreciated the presence of viewpoints, such as observation decks, as a significant factor and preferred courses with excellent accessibility and information provisions, such as information boards. Conversely, the dissatisfaction with the dulegil courses was due to noise caused by adjacent roads, excessive urban areas, and the inequality or difficulty of the course which was primarily attributed to insufficient information on the landscape or section of the course. The results of this study can serve not only serve as a guide in national parks but also in the management of nearby forest green areas to formulate a plan to repair and improve dulegil. Further, the sentiment analysis used in this study is meaningful in that it can continuously monitor actual users' responses towards natural areas. However, since it was evaluated based on a predefined sentiment dictionary, continuous updates are needed. Additionally, since there is a tendency to share positive content rather than negative views due to the nature of social media, it is necessary to compare and review the results of analysis, such as with on-site surveys.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1047-1056
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• 2016

This study aims to provide managerial implications for provincial parks through an analysis on visitors' characteristics and motivational factors. The information was collected by surveying 290 visitors. The survey questionnaire consisted of questions regarding visitors' socioeconomic characteristics, characteristics of their travel behavior, visitors' motivation to visit the park, and the degree of satisfaction derived from visiting the park. Results show that most respondents appeared not to collect any information on the park prior to their visit. It was also seen that most visitors do not visit other tourist sites nearby, and are not aware of the Gochang UNESCO biosphere, which indicates that Gochang-gun, which is responsible for park management, needs to make more efforts to promote the park. A factor analysis on the visitors' motivation to visit the park extracted three factors to visit the Seonunsan Provincial Park: 'to hike,' 'to experience and observe nature,' i.e., nature learning field trip and camping, and 'to build and nurture bonding with family and friends.' To examine the effect of these various motivational factors had on the visitors' satisfaction level upon visiting the park, we conducted a multiple regression analysis with the three extracted factors to visit the park and the respondents' socioeconomic characteristics as independent variables, and the degree of recommendation of visiting the park as a dependent variable. The result shows found that, of the three travel factors, only the 'hiking' factor statistically significantly affected the degree of recommendation of visiting the park. This result suggests that the Seonunsan Provincial Park only satisfied hikers and failed to meet the demands for nature experience and observation. It is therefore suggested that the park managers develop new experience-based tourism programs, such as guided tours conducted by professional eco-interpreters.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.3 s.71
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• pp.299-314
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• 2007

For the past 20 years, the growth and development of university-design-educational institutes contributed to the industrial development of our country. Due to the technological fluctuation and changes in the industrial structure in the latter half of the 20th century, the enterprise is demanding professionally-oriented design manpower. The principle which appears from instances of the advanced nations is to accommodate the demands in social changes and apply them to educational design programs. In order to respond promptly to the industrial demand especially, the advanced nations adopted "multidisciplinary design education programs" to lead innovation in the area of design globally. The objective of the research consequently is to suggest an educational system and a program through which the designer can be educated to obtain complex knowledge and the technique demanded by the industry and enterprise. Nowadays in order to adapt to a new business environment, designers specially should have both the knowledge and techniques in engineering and business administration. We suggest that the IPDI, a multidisciplinary design educational system and program is made up of the coordinated operation of major classes, on-the-job training connection, educational system for research base creation, renovation design development program for the application and the synthesis of alternative proposals about the training facility joint ownership by connecting with the education of design, business administration and engineering.