• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.453-458
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• 1994

43 Kinds of physicochemical characteristics of koji kochujang prepared by a standardized industrial process were determined and analyzed statistically during storage for 105 days at $37^{\circ}C$. The characteristics which showed significant correlation with storage period after preparation of kochujang were 12 items, which included sensory preference for flavor and taste, Hunter tristimulus values($L,\;a,\;b,\;{\{\delta}E$), HMF, capsanthin, formol nitrogen, threonine, water and water activity. Seven of the items were related with color attributes of kochujang. Especially, tristimulus values showed significant correlation with sensory preference for color of kochujang. In this regard, tristimulus values should be recommended as new quality indices of national standard for industry-produced koji kochujang. Means and standard deviations of tristimulus values of 27 kinds of industry-produced koji kochujang in the market were $28.21{\pm}1.48,\;a=9.37{\pm}2.54,\;b=4.35{\pm}2.19\;and\;{\delta}E=30.09{\pm}2.42.$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

The distributions of planktonic and periphytic algae were studied from April 2003 to February 2004 at Gwangju Stream. A total of 274 species, belongs to 8 classes, 19 orders, 6 suborders, 35 families, 4 subfamilies, 79 genera, was identified as algal flora of Gwangju Stream. The most diverse phytoplankton flora was observed at Bangrim bridge and Yangdong market sites with 137 species, and followed by Yuchon bridge site (118 species). The richness of phytoplankton fluctuated throughout the studied period from all the sampled sites. The precipitation was a major factor affected the richness of phytoplankton. The diatoms predominated the phytoplankton of Gwangju Stream with 57.7~77.0% of total phytoplankton. The maximum cells of phytoplankton was observed at Yuchon bridge site with 23,792 cells $mL^{-1}$ in August 2003, and minimum at Jeungsimsa site with 82 cells $mL^{-1}$ in April 2003. The periphyton of Gwangju Stream was predominated by the diatoms. In February 2004, all the periphyton of Yuchon bridge site were diatoms. Other sites also showed the predominance of diatoms throughout the studied period. The standing crops of phytoplankton were highly correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration with R=0.795. TN and TP also showed high relationships with phytoplankton standing crops in Yangdong market site with R=0.796 and R=0.760, respectively. The rains of 7-days ago showed high relationships with phytoplankton standing crop at Dongsan tower site with R=0.810. However, other climatic factors showed no clear relationships with phytoplankton cells.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.172-186
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• 2023

Small ponds, which exhibit unstable succession pattern of plankton community, are less well studied than large lakes. Recently, the importance of small ponds for local biodiversity conservation has highlighted the necessity of understanding the dynamics of biological community. In the present study, we collected zooplankton from three small reservoirs with monthly basis and analyzed their seasonal dynamics. To understand the complicated zooplankton community dynamics of small reservoirs, we categorized zooplankton species into four groups (LALF Group, Low Abundance Low Frequency; LAHF Group, Low Abundance High Frequency; HALF Group, High Abundance Low Frequency; HAHF Group, High Abundance High Frequency) based on their occurrence pattern (abundance and frequency). We compared the seasonal pattern of each group, and estimated community diversity based on temporal beta diversity contribution of each group. The result revealed that there is a relationship between groups with the same abundance but different occurrence frequencies, and copepod nauplii are common important component for both abundance and frequency. On the other hand, species included with LALF Group throughout the study period are key in terms of monthly succession and diversity. LALF Group includes Anuraeopsis fissa, Hexarthra mira and Lecane luna. However, groups containing species that only occur at certain times of the year and dominate the waterbody, HALF Group, hindered to temporal diversity. The results of this study suggest that the species-specific occurrence pattern is one key trait of species determining its contribution to total annual biodiversity of given community.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2011

To provide basic information for Verticillium spp., molecular methods were applied to analyze genetic characteristics within Verticillium spp. including Verticillium dahliae, isolated from diseased plants in two regions of Korea. Five Korean isolates of V. dahliae causing Verticillium wilt on chrysanthemum were analyzed, together with six other Verticillium spp., using mitochondrial small subunit rRNA gene (rns) sequence and random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). In a phylogenetic tree based on rns region sequences, Korean V. dahliae isolates formed a single clade with foreign isolates, whereas the other Verticillium spp. formed separate groups. In addition to rns sequence analysis, a dendrogram based on RAPD fragment patterns also showed clustering of all V. dahliae isolates into one group, separate from the six different Verticillium spp., and the V. dahliae isolates formed three subgroups which corresponded to the regions of origin, Kumi, Busan city and Canada. This indicates that high genetic variation exists between regions, although the fungus was isolated from the same host plant, chrysanthemum. These results provide the foundation for the study of genetic diversity and relationships among V. dahliae isolates in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.195-201
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• 2013

"소문(素問)" 은 다수의 판본(版本)이 존재하는데, 자구(字句)의 차이가 현저하여 조문(條文)의 훈고(訓詁)나 이해에 곤란한 면이 있다. 판본(版本) 상호간의 관계가 지금까지 해명되지 않았기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 성서(成書) 이래의 전승과정을 정리하고, 판본(版本)으로 만들어진 북송(北宋) 이래의 변화를 여러 현존(現存) 판본(版本)의 자구대교(字句對校) 및 사서(史書) 목록(目錄)의 기재(記載)를 통해 검토하였다. 그 결과 망일(亡佚)된 송판(宋版)을 포함하여 고본(古本) 13종(種)의 존재가 확인되었으며, 그 상호관계를 "소문(素問)" 본편(本篇) 고본계통도(古本系統圖)로 정리할 수 있었다. 이 결과에 의하여 다음 사항들이 밝혀졌다. (1) "소문(素問)"의 자수(字句)는 기본적으로 북송(北宋) 1069년(年)의 희녕본(熙寧本) 이전으로 거슬러 올라갈 수 없다. (2) 희녕본(熙寧本)(망일(亡佚))의 구태(舊態)를 유일하게 보존하고 있는 것은 1550년(年)에 발간(跋刊)된 명(明)나라 고종덕본(顧從德本)이다. 고본(顧本)을 연구의 제일저본(第一底本)으로 삼아야 함은 향후에도 변치 않을 것이다. (3) 원(元)나라 1283년(年)의 독서당본(讀書堂本)은 북송(北宋) 1078-85년(年)의 원풍본(元豊本)(망일(亡佚)) 계통이다. 일본(日本)의 실정고초본(室町古鈔本)은 북송(北宋) 1121년(年)의 선화본(宣和本_(망일(亡佚)) 계통이다. (4) 따라서 북송판(北宋版) 3종(種)의 옛 모습을 보유한 고종덕본(顧從德本), 독서당본(讀書堂本), 고초본(古鈔本)의 경주문(經注文)을 대교(對校)한다면 희녕본(熙寧本) 혹은 그 저본(底本)에 한층 다가설 수 있을 것이다. (5) 희녕본(熙寧本) 이전의 양상을 이해하려면 "태소(太素)"나 "갑을경(甲乙經)" 등과 교이(校異)하는 것이 좋겠으나 한계도 있다. (6) 상기(上記)한 것 외에 현존하는 제판(諸版)은 모두 파생본(派生本)이다. 따라서 판본(版本) 연구에는 유용하겠지만 자구(字句)의 훈고(訓詁)나 조문(條文)의 이해에는 적당하지 않을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2012

Genus Spiraea is composed of many long-lived woody species that are primarily distributed throughout Asia and Europe. In this study, we evaluated a representative sample of the 38 taxa in the world, including 14 in Korea, with nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) to estimate genetic relationships within the genus. The molecular data allowed us to resolve well-supported clades in the taxa. In 47 world accessions (38 taxa: 14 Korean taxa, 33 world taxa, and 9 overlapping taxa), total alignment length was 689 positions, of which 452 were parsimony informative, 527 variable, 75 singleton, and 159 constant characters. Although the phylogenic tree showed that many taxa of genus Spiraea were well separated from each other, many branches were not congruent with the morphological characteristics and geographical distributions of the genus. There were 430 segregating sites and the nucleotide diversity (${\pi}$) value was 0.281. Under the neutral mutation hypothesis, the probability that the Tajima test statistic (D) is positive (2.325) is more than 0.5. Therefore, there may be a site at which natural selection, which increases genetic variation, is operating.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

Increasing concern about biodiversity has lead to a rise in demand on the spatial assessment of biological resources such as biodiversity assessment, protected area selection, habitat management and restoration in Korea. The purpose of this study is to create species richness map through data collection and modeling techniques for wildlife habitat assessment. The GAM (Generalized Additive Model) is easy to interpret and shows better relationship between environmental variables and a response variable than an existing overlap analysis and GLM (Generalized Linear Model). The study area delineated by a large watershed contains Jirisan national park, Mt. Baekun and Sumjin river with three kinds of protected areas (a national park, a landscape ecology protected area and an otter protected area). We collected the presence-absence data for wildlife (mammals and birds) using a stratified random sampling based on a land cover in the study area and implemented natural and socio-environmental data affecting wildlife habitats. After doing a habitat use analysis and specifying significant factors for each species, we built habitat suitability models using a presence-absence model and created habitat suitability maps for each species. Biodiversity maps were generated by taxa and all species using habitat suitability maps. Significant factors affecting each species habitat were different according to their habitat selection. Although some species like a water deer or a great tit were distributed at the low elevation, most potential habitats for mammals and birds were found at the edge of a national park boundary or near a forest around the medium elevation of a mountain range. This study will be used for a basis on biodiversity assessment and proected area selection carried out by Ministry of Environment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.6 s.86
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• pp.756-761
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• 2007

Cenus Malus is a long-lived woody species primarily distributed throughout Asia. Many species of this genus are regarded as agriculturally and ecologically important. The phynetics and genetic diversity among eight species of genus Malus were reconstructed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. In a simple measure of intraspecies variability by the percentage of polymorphic bands, the M. micromalus exhibited the lowest variation (34.7%). The M. pumila showed the highest (50.0%). Mean number of alleles per locus (A) ranged from 1.347 to 1.500 with a mean of 1.437. The phenotypic frequency of each band was calculated and used in estimating genetic diversify (H) within species. The mean of H was 0.190 across species, varying from 0.155 to 0.220. In particular, two cultivated species, M. pumila and M. asiatica, had high expected diversity, 0.314 and 0.307, respectively. On a per locus basis, the proportion of total genetic variation due to differences among species ranged from 0.388 to 0.472 with a mean of 0.423, indicating that 42.3% of the total variation was found among species. The phylogenetic tree showed three distinct elates. One includes M. sieversii, M. pumila, and M. asiatica. Another includes three M. baccata taxa. The other includes M. sieboldii, M. floribunsa, and M. micromalus. One variety and one form of M. sieboldii were well separated each other. RAPD markers are useful in germ-plasm classification of genus Malus and evolutionary studies.

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.56-62
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• 1990

일반적으로 산업폐수및 생활하수의 생물학적 처리에 관계하는 미생물의 종류는 약1,000-2,000종에 이르는 것으로 추정된다. 이와 같은 미생물의 범위는 매우 넓어서 세균, 균류는 물론이고, 조류, 원생동물, 후생동물까지 포함한다. 19세기 이전에 미생물을 이용한 폐하수 처리는 생활하수와 같이 쉽게 분해하는 물질로만 구성되어 있기 때문에 간단한 처리 공정으로도 충분히 운영되었으나, 산업혁명 이후 새로운 화학물질이 합성되어 폐하수로 배출되므로 처리효율을 달성하는데 더욱 어렵게 되므로 미생물을 전공한 전문인력의 역할이 가일층 높아지게 되었다. 특히 1970년대 이후에는 생물공학 기법을 이용하여 독성 유해물질을 무해화(Detoxification) 하고, 광물화(Mineralization)할 수 있는 미생물 균류를 연구 개발하여 폐수나 폐기물을 처리하는데 활용코자하는 노력이 활발히 진행되고 있으며 일부는 큰 결실을 맺은 것도 있지만 아직도 연구가 진행 중인 분야가 더 많은 편이다. 그러므로 본 고에서는 지금까지 연구 보고된 결과와 앞으로 미생물을 전공한 우리들이 나아갈 방향을 제시코자 한다.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.557-564
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• 1996

The interaction between poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate)(poly(HEMA)) which is a material of contact lens containing approximately 45%o water and water soluble amino acids (alanine, arginine, glycine, lysine, methionine, proline, and serine) was investigated by using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that arginine and lysine had the strongest interaction with poly(HEMA) among amino acids. The interaction depended on the quantity of charges on ammo acids. They interacted predominately with hydroxyl groups in poly(HEMA).