• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2013

Objectives: Pregnant women in rural areas do not have access to sufficient obstetric services in their own communities due to the shortage of obstetricians. Therefore, most of these women must seek obstetrician outside of their communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obstetric complications and accessibility to local obstetric care in Korea. Methods: This study was an ecological study in which the unit of analysis was an administrative district. Using Korea National Health Insurance Corporation data, the total number of deliveries and the delivery proportion within and outside of the community from 2001 to 2008 were calculated for 232 administrative districts nationwide. Three outflow levels were categorized based on each district's out-of-community delivery proportion: high outflow (upper one third), moderate outflow (middle one third), and low outflow (lower one third). In addition, three obstetric complication rates (the rate of complications following abortion, ectopic and molar pregnancy, the abortion rate, and the eclampsia rate) were calculated for the 232 districts. One-way ANOVA and multivariate linear regression were used to evaluate obstetric complications among the three outflow levels. Results: The high outflow districts had higher rates of eclampsia and complications following abortion, ectopic, and molar pregnancy compared to the other districts (ANOVA, p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the abortion rate among the three groups. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that high outflow districts were statistically significant in the rate of complications following abortion, ectopic and molar pregnancy and eclampsia rate after adjusting for local tax per capita (p<0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate that poor access to local obstetric care correlate with poor obstetric outcomes (delayed or excessive bleeding, embolism, genital tract or pelvic infection, shock or other complications following abortion and ectopic or molar pregnancy, or eclampsia).

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.61-83
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effects of psychological empowerment between participative leadership and creative behavior. Especially, it aims to analyze the unidimension and multidimension of psychological empowerment in an integrated manner, and to suggest effective practice of participative leadership together with theoretical and methodological implications. In this study, the dependent variable was measured separately with time lag as a method to solve the common method bias that can be shown by the self-report type survey method, and positive emotions and negative emotions expressing emotional states in job situations were employed as control variables along with rank. A total of 283 questionnaires were collected from employees who work for companies in various industries with more than 300 domestic employees. SPSS PROCESS macro program('model 4') was used for statistical analysis. Results, First, the full mediation effect of psychological empowerment(unidimension) was confirmed in the relationship between participative leadership and creative behavior. Second, the analysis of the multidimension of psychological empowerment revealed the full mediating effect of meaning, self-determination, and impact, and the mediating effect of competence was not significant. Third, as a result of comparing the mediating effects of unidimension of psychological empowerment and the mediating effects of multidimension, the magnitude of mediating effect of unidimension was found to be much greater than mediating effect of multidimension. And The magnitudes of the three multidimensional mediating effects were similar. This is a case in which the motivational model of participative leadership revealed in the overseas study is proven in the domestic management environment and is significant in that it is the basis of future research. Based on the results of the empirical studies, the implications and limitations of the study and future research directions are presented.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.162-170
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to provide framework for understanding children's dental utilization. In this paper Andersen-Newman's model is applied to the use of dental visits. This model consists of predisposing, enabling, and need components that describe a person's decision to use dental health services. One thousand, nine hundred seven children and their mothers were selected for the study. The children were fourth grade to sixth grade in elementary schools in Iksan city, Korea. Models are operationalized using stepwise multiple regression analysis and path analysis. The number of independent variables used in the analysis was 39 in total, ie 32 predisposing components, 6 enabling components, and 1 need component. Children's Dental utilization was measured based on the number of visits. The data collected by means of a questionnaire survey. In this study, the amount of variance by the model was 25 percent. Predisposing factors had the greatest effect on utilization. Number of restricted activity days caused by oral disease, having a regular dental care, and susceptibility on oral disease of children were found to have significant major effects on dental utilization of children. Mother's dental visits was most important factor affecting dental utilization of children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 2010

IMO(International Maritime Organization) and the Shipping World rave complied with various kinds of international regulations for maritime safety and marine environmental protection, but the main reason of maritime accidents is that developing countries cannot implement maritime safety related regulations. Although Korea has been a member of the "A group" council of IMO, maritime technology transfer records of Korea are not good. To promote the project of official development assistance in Korea, it is required to select the technology which has a high degree of importance in the fields of maritime safety and has a high degree of demand on the transfer to developing countries, and to concentrate on the selected technology. So, it is necessary to draw valuation factors for maritime safety technology and to decide the priority in order among maritime safety technologies on the basis of valuation factors. Because the weights which show the degree of importance among valuation factors are different from factor to factor, interdependent relationship between factors should be considered on evaluation. In this study, the valuation factors were divided into three groups as the maturity of maritime safety technology, the promotion probability of projects and the degree of importance of technology, and the detailed factors of each group were drawn. A model which used Fuzzy AHP and limiting probability to consider the weights of importance and correlation among valuation factors was developed. To adopt this model, nine types of maritime safety technology in the field of maritime safety information were selected and points were scored for each technology through evaluation. In conclusion, first, ENC related technology was scored to be the highest as 0.0139. Second, the point of ship monitoring technology was scored as 0.0133. Last, oil spill response technology was scored as 0.0132.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.175-205
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to find the distribution of the variables on the quality of life and the determinants of the sexual attitude and behavior of the unmarried female workers. This study was surveyed to the 306 unmarried women who worked in the small and medium scale industries in Kyungin area and analyzed the respondent's knowledge of sex, sexual behavior, health behavior, health status, satisfaction of working condition and recognition of working environment. The result of this study could be summarized as follows: The respondent's age are mostly early of twenties and their education level are high school and more. They recognize that their health condition is not so good but they hardly try to improve health condition. They think that their working condition are mostly unsatisfied and they also believe that they expose themselves to the toxic working environment. Although their knowledge of sex are low they have few chances for the education of sex and family planning. Their attitude of premarital sex are conservertive but the rate of approval of living together before marriage are high and the rate of premarital sex is around 15 percent. The premarital sex behavior are positively related with family size, living condition, knowledge of sex and working period but the sex experiences are negatively related with working period and knowledge of sex. As a result we suggest that the sex education and consultative program are necessary for improving the quality of life of the unmarried working women in small and medium scale industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.281-293
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• 2020

Recently, large and small fires have been happening more often in Korea. Fire is one of the most frequent disasters along with traffic accidents in korean cities, and this frequency is closely related to the land use and the type of facilities. Therefore, in this study, the significance of fires was analyzed by considering land use, facility types, human and social factors and using 10 years of fire data in Jinju city. Based on this, OLS (Ordinary Least Square) regression analysis, SLM (Spatial Lag Model) and SEM (Spatial Error Model) using space weights, were compared and analyzed considering the location of the fire and each factor, then a statistical model with high suitability was presented. As a result, LISA analysis of spatial distribution patterns of fires in Jinju city was conducted, and it was proved that the frequency of fires was high in the order as follow, central commercial area, industrial area and residential area. Multiple regression analysis was performed by integrating demographic, social, and physical variables. Therefore, the three models were compared and analyzed by applying spatial weighting to the derived factors. As a result of the significance test, the spatial error model was analyzed to be the most significant. The facilities that have the highest correlation with fire occurrence were second type neighborhood facilities, followed by detached house, first type neighborhood facilities, number of households, and sales facilities. The results of this study are expected to be used as significant data to identify factors and manage fire safety in urban areas. Also, through the analysis of the standard deviation ellipsoid, the distribution characteristics of each facility in the residential area, industrial area, and central commercial area among the use areas were analyzed. In, the second type neighborhood facility with the highest fire risk was concentrated in the center. The results of these studies are expected to be used as useful data for identifying factors and managing fire safety in urban areas.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.199-207
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• 2016

This study was conducted to develop a forest fire occurrence model using meteorological characteristics for practical forecasting of forest fire danger rate by reflecting the climate change for the time period of 2000yrs. Forest fire in South Korea is highly influenced by humidity, wind speed, temperature, and precipitation. To effectively forecast forest fire occurrence, we developed a forest fire danger rating model using weather factors associated with forest fire in 2000yrs. Forest fire occurrence patterns were investigated statistically to develop a forest fire danger rating index using times series weather data sets collected from 76 meteorological observation centers. The data sets were used for 11 years from 2000 to 2010. Development of the national forest fire occurrence probability model used a logistic regression analysis with forest fire occurrence data and meteorological variables. Nine probability models for individual nine provinces including Jeju Island have been developed. The results of the statistical analysis show that the logistic models (p<0.05) strongly depends on the effective and relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, and rainfall. The results of verification showed that the probability of randomly selected fires ranges from 0.687 to 0.981, which represent a relatively high accuracy of the developed model. These findings may be beneficial to the policy makers in South Korea for the prevention of forest fires.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.411-415
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• 2009

Some microorganisms are capable of leaching Mn(II) from nonsulfidic manganese ores indirectly via nonenzymatic processes. Such reductive dissolution requires organic substrates, such as glucose, sucrose, or galactose, as a source of carbon and energy for microbial growth. This study investigated characteristics of Mn(II) leaching from manganese nodules by using heterotrophic Bacillus sp. strain MR2 provided with corn starch as a less-expensive substrate. Leaching of Mn(II) at 25.6 g Mn(II) $kg^{-1}$ nodule $day^{-1}$ was accompanied with cell growth, but part of the produced Mn(II) re-adsorbed onto residual $MnO_2$ particles after 24 h. Direct contact of cells to manganese nodule was not necessary as a separation between them with a dialysis tube produced similar amount [24.6 g Mn(II) $kg^{-1}$ nodule $day^{-1}$]. These results indicated an involvement of extracellular diffusible compound(s) during Mn(II) leaching by strain MR2. In order to optimize a leaching process we tested factors that influence the reaction, and the most efficient conditions were $25\sim35^{\circ}C$, pH 5~7, inoculum density of 1.5~2.5% (v/v), pulp density of 2~3 g/L, and particle size <75 ${\mu}m$. Although Mn(II) leaching was enhanced as particle size decrease, we suggest <212 ${\mu}m$ as a proper size range since more grinding means more energy consumption The results would help for the improvement of bioleaching of manganese nodule as a less expensive, energy-efficient, and environment-friendly technology as compared to the existing physicochemical metal recovery technologies.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-79
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• 1990

Research on technical efficiency, an important dimension of market performance, had received little attention until recently by most industrial organization empiricists, the reason being that traditional microeconomic theory simply assumed away any form of inefficiency in production. Recently, however, an increasing number of research efforts have been conducted to answer questions such as: To what extent do technical ineffciencies exist in the production activities of firms and plants? What are the factors accounting for the level of inefficiency found and those explaining the interindustry difference in technical inefficiency? Are there any significant international differences in the levels of technical efficiency and, if so, how can we reconcile these results with the observed pattern of international trade, etc? As the first in a series of studies on the technical efficiency of Korea's manufacturing industries, this paper attempts to answer some of these questions. Since the estimation of technical efficiency requires the use of plant-level data for each of the five-digit KSIC industries available from the Census of Manufactures, one may consture the findings of this paper as empirical evidence of technical efficiency in Korea's manufacturing industries at the most disaggregated level. We start by clarifying the relationship among the various concepts of efficiency-allocative effciency, factor-price efficiency, technical efficiency, Leibenstein's X-efficiency, and scale efficiency. It then becomes clear that unless certain ceteris paribus assumptions are satisfied, our estimates of technical inefficiency are in fact related to factor price inefficiency as well. The empirical model employed is, what is called, a stochastic frontier production function which divides the stochastic term into two different components-one with a symmetric distribution for pure white noise and the other for technical inefficiency with an asymmetric distribution. A translog production function is assumed for the functional relationship between inputs and output, and was estimated by the corrected ordinary least squares method. The second and third sample moments of the regression residuals are then used to yield estimates of four different types of measures for technical (in) efficiency. The entire range of manufacturing industries can be divided into two groups, depending on whether or not the distribution of estimated regression residuals allows a successful estimation of technical efficiency. The regression equation employing value added as the dependent variable gives a greater number of "successful" industries than the one using gross output. The correlation among estimates of the different measures of efficiency appears to be high, while the estimates of efficiency based on different regression equations seem almost uncorrelated. Thus, in the subsequent analysis of the determinants of interindustry variations in technical efficiency, the choice of the regression equation in the previous stage will affect the outcome significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

This study aimed to interpret the fundamental cause of road-kill occurrences and analyzed spatial characteristics of the road-kill locations from Route 44 in Seorak National Park, Korea. Logistic regression analysis was utilized for backward elimination on variables. Seorak National Park Service has constructed GIS-data of 81 road-kill occurrences from 2008 to 2013 and these data were assigned as dependent variables in this study. Considered as independent variables from previous studies and field surveys, vegetation age-class, distance to streams, coverage of fences and retaining walls, and distance to building sites were assigned as road-kill impact factors. The coverage of fences and retaining walls(-1.0135) was shown as the most influential factor whereas vegetation age-class(0.0001) was the least influential among all of the significant factor estimates. Accordingly, the rate of road-kill occurrence can increase as the distance to building sites and stream becomes closer and vegetation age-class becomes higher. The predictive accuracy of road-kill occurrence was shown to be 72.2% as a result of analysis, assuming as partial causes of road-kill occurrences reflecting spatial characteristics. This study can be regarded as beneficial to provide objective basis for spatial decision making including road-kill occurrence mitigation policies and plans in the future.