• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.87-97
• /
• 1989

This investigation was undertaken to know how soft tissue facial profile could be changed with age. The 3 serial lateral cephalometric roentgenograms of the twenty nine boys and twenty six girls between 9 and 13 years of age were studied and the findings seemed to warrant the following conclusions. 1. The author made the tables of means, standard deviations in each item, sex, age. 2. Soft tissue facial angle, soft tissue facial convexity including the nose tended to increase, but others tended to remain relatively stable. 3. Facial soft tissue thickness increased with age and the growth of facial soft tissue in the middle region (point A, LS, LI) was greater than others in the facial region. 4. In the soft tissue vertical proportions, G1'-Sn/Sn-Me' was 1.1, Sn-St/St-Me' was 0.51:1, Sn-LI/LI-Me' was 0.82:1 and those were stable with age.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.34-39
• /
• 2010

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in tooth mobility following orthodontic treatment and to obtain information regarding the guideline of retainer wear duration during the post-treatment period. Methods: The sample consisted of twenty patients who had been treated with edgewise appliances. The mobility of the maxillary teeth from the central incisor to the first molar was measured bilaterally by way of the $Periotest^{(R)}$, a non-invasive, electronic device that provides an objective measurement of the reaction of the periodontium to a defined impact load. Tooth mobility was monitored at the time of the removal of the orthodontic appliances and subsequently at three-month intervals during the two years following appliance removal. Results: Tooth mobility decreased rapidly for the first six months and then decreased at a slower rate during the next six months; no statistically significant decrease in mobility was observed during the second year following appliance removal. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that adequate tooth stabilization is critical during the first six months following appliance removal and that continued wearing of retainers is recommended at least until twelve months after the completion of orthodontic treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 2010

Objective: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of head posture obtained by registering outer canthus as a soft tissue landmark with the Outer Canthus Indicator (OCI). Methods: Twenty-one adults with normal facial morphology were enrolled in this study (mean age $27.5\;{\pm}\;1.72$ years). To register initial head posture, height of the outer canthus from the ear rod plane was measured using OCI. Head posture was reproduced by moving the head upwards and downwards until the outer canthus was in a straight line with the indicator set at a registered height. After the head posture is reproduced by two operators after two days, lateral photographs were taken. Computerized photometric analyses of the photographs were performed. Results: The head rotations around the transverse axis were $0.69\;{\pm}\;0.43^{\circ}$, $0.98\;{\pm}\;0.65^{\circ}$ from each of the two operators. Standard errors were $0.09^{\circ}$ and $0.14^{\circ}$ each, which were similar to results from past research findings. There were no significant differences between the data from the two operators (p > 0.05). There were no correlations between the head rotation around the horizontal and vertical axes (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The present study suggests that OCI-registered head posture may minimize errors from vertical head rotation in cephalometry and photometry.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.36 no.1 s.114
• /
• pp.63-73
• /
• 2006

Numbers of postulations lie on the difference of integumental changes with two major surgical remedies of one jaw vs. two jaw surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. Accordingly it was the aim of the study to elucidate the skeletal profile changes with an accompanying disposition of soft tissues, consequently to yield the correlation and ratio of soft tissue changes with two types of surgical procedures, which in turn make it possible to predict the soft tissue outcomes by means of assembled regression equations. Cephalometric headfilms of fifty two adult skeletal Class III comprised of 26 maxillary advancement by Le Fort I osteotomy and mandibular setback by sagittal split ramus osteotomy simultaneously (double jaw surgery, group A), 26 mandibular setback alone (one jaw surgery, group B) were statistically analyzed. Group A manifested 72.4% soft tissue advancement to skeletal changes in the upper lip area, while group B appeared to have no statistically significant changes. The nasolabial angle showed more increment in group A than in group B, whereas the mentolabial angle illustrated more reduction in group B. The backward movement of soft tissue pogonion to skeletal change revealed 98% in group A, and 109% in group B. The double jaw surgery group characteristically revealed remarkable integ umental change in the upper lip area, while the one jaw surgery had major effects in the lower lip and soft tissue pogonion areas.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
• /
• 2004.05a
• /
• pp.407-408
• /
• 2004

비만은 신체에 지방조직이 과다하게 축척된 상태로 정의한다. 세계보건기구에서는 비만을 인류의 심각한 보건문제로 규정하고 이를 치료가 필요한 만성질병으로 분류하였다. 우리나라의 경우에서도 비만 인구가 점점 증가하고 있으며, 비만이 발생하는 연령이 낮아져 학동기 아동의 비만이 현저히 증가되고 있는 추세여서 중요한 보건문제로 부각되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 강남지역에 거주하는 초등학교 4,5,6학년 아동 303명을 대상으로 비만도에 따라 비만군(PIBW $\geq$ 120, N = 61), 정상군(90 $\leq$ PIBW＜110, N = 146), 저체중군(PIBW ＜ 90, N = 96)으로 분류하여 신체계측뿐 아니라 영양소섭취량, 패스트푸드섭취빈도, 생활습관등을 조사하여 비만과 관련된 요인을 분석하였다.(중략)

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.95-117
• /
• 1988

시장구조(市場構造)의 정확한 계측(計測)은 산업조직(産業組織)의 연구(硏究)나 경쟁촉진정책(競爭促進政策)의 수립(樹立)과 집행(執行)에 있어서 중요한 기초자료(基礎資料)가 된다. 본고(本稿)에서는 일반적으로 이용되는 시장구조지수(市場構造指數)들의 속성(屬性)과 특징(特徵) 및 지수상호간(指數相互間) 관계(關係)를 수리적(數理的) 통계적(統計的)으로 분석(分析)하였으며, 이를 통해 허핀달(H)지수(指數)가 현재 이용되는 상위(上位) k기업집중률(企業集中率)($CR_k$)이 갖고 있는 단점(短點)들을 극복함으로써 시장구조(市場構造)를 보다 정확히 반영할 수 있다는 사실을 도출(導出)해 낼 수 있었다. 이러한 사실을 바탕으로 "독점규제법시행령(獨占規制法施行令)"에서 규정하고 있는 $CR_k$를 기준으로 하는 시장지배적사업자(市場支配的事業者) 지정대상품목(指定對象品目) 선정기준(選定基準)을 H지수(指數)로 전환할 경우 발생할 수 있는 지정대상품목(指定對象品目)의 변동(變動)을 모의실험(模擬實驗)을 통해 검토하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
• /
• 2004.04b
• /
• pp.439-441
• /
• 2004

소프트웨어 시험은 소프트웨어 제품의 고 품질을 보장하기 위한 중요한 요소들 중의 하나이고, 특히 신뢰도가 원자력 발전소외 안전에 직결되는 디지털 기반의 원전 계측제어계통 소프트웨어는 고품질과 고신뢰도를 제공하여야 한다. 그러므로 원자력발전소에 사용되는 소프트웨어는 안전성과 신뢰성을 제공하기 위해 체계적인 시험을 통하여 설계의 정당성을 확인하고, 요건명세서나 설계사양서에 나타난 계통 및 구성요소의 기능과 요건들이 만족하게 실행됨을 확인하여야 한다. 규제기관에서도 소프트웨어의 안정성, 기능의 완전한 수행, 소프트웨어 자체가 계통의 기능을 저하 시키는지와 계통에게 예정되지 않은 기능을 수행하도록 영향을 주는지외 확인 등을 소프트웨어 시험을 통해 확인하도록 요구하고 있다. 이와 같이 원자력발전소에 사용되는 소프트웨어의 시험을 위해서는 보다 엄격하고 명확한 시험 프레임웍을 개발하고 적용키는 것이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 소프트웨어 시험과 관련된 인허가 규제요건을 분석하고, 이에 따라 현재 설계를 진행중인 SMART MMIS 소프트웨어 시험에 적용될 소프트웨어 개발생명주기 시험활동, 시험 조직, 시험문서, 소프트웨어 등급별 시험방법 등 시험 프레임웍을 제시한다.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.32 no.4 s.93
• /
• pp.241-255
• /
• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate horizontal and vertical characteristics according to lateral cephalometry of adult Korean skeletal Class II patients using a selected horizontal and vortical reference planes of Koreans. 60 males and 60 females consisting of freshman of Yonsei University from 1996 to 1997 and patients with history of orthognatic surgery at the Dental Hospital of Yonsei University with a skeletal Class II profile were chosen and compared with 70 males and 70 females with normal occlusion. The skeletal Class R group had the following conditions : 1. Profile composed of a retrognathic mandible or protrusive maxilla; 2. Class II molar and canine key; 3. ANB-greater than $4^{\circ}; 4$. Wits appraisal-greater than 1.0mm; Cephalometric analysis consisted of 22 skeletal, 25 soft tissue, 12 dental measurements. The results were as follows. 1. There was no considerable vortical measurement difference between the skeletal Class II malocclusion group and the normal occlusion group in skeletal analysis. But, some variations were found between the two groups in soft tissue analysis. 2. Mandibular length of the skeletal Class II malocclusion group was smaller than that of the normal occlusion group. Mandible was more posteriorly positioned in the Class II malocclusion group than in the normal occlusion group. 3. The length and antero-posterior position of the maxilla were not different between the Class II malocclusion and the normal occlusion group. 4. The antero-posterior position of the nose, upper lip and maxillary soft tissue, and nasolabial angle were not different between the two groups. 5. Mandibular soft tissue of the Class H malocclusion group was more posteriorly positioned than that of the normal. 6. The vertical measurements of the incisors(U1-HP, L1-HP) were bigger in the Class II malocclusion group than in the normal, but those of the molars(U6-HP, U6-MP) showed no significant difference between the two groups. 7 Classifying the skeletal Class II malocclusion group according to the antero-posterior position of both jaws, normally positioned maxilla and retruded mandible was 43.3%, both normally positioned maxilla and mandible 28.3%, both retruded maxilla and mandible 20.0%..

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.149-158
• /
• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of mini-implants in relation to loading time. Methods: A total of 48 mini-implants (ORLUS, Ortholution, Korea) were placed into the buccal alveolar bone of the mandible in 8 male beagle dogs. Orthodontic force (200-250gm) was applied immediately for the immediate loading group while force application was delayed for 3 weeks in the delayed loading group. For the subsequent loading periods (3, 6, 12 weeks), BIC (bone implant contact) and BV/TV (bone volume/total volume) and mobility test were carried out. Results: The immediate loading group showed no changes in BIC from 3 to 12 weeks, while the delayed loading group showed a significant increase in BIC between 3 and 12 weeks (p<0.05). The BV/TO of the delayed loading group significantly increased from 6 to 12 weeks of loading (p<0.05), while the BV/TV of the immediate loading group decreased from 3 to 12 weeks of loading. However, there was no significant difference in BV/TV between experimental groups. The mobility of the immediate loading group was not significantly different from that of the delayed loading group after 12 weeks of loading (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results showed that immediate loading does not have a negative effect on the stability of mini-implants compared to the early loading method in both the clinical and histomorphometric point of view.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.45-55
• /
• 1998

Purpose: To make objective standards of small intestinal mucosal changes in cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy (CMSE) we analyzed histological changes of endoscopic duodenal mucosa biopsy specimens from normal children and patients of CMSE. Methods: We review the medical records of patients who had been admitted and diagnosed as CMSE by means of gastrofiberscopic duodenal mucosal biopsy following cow's milk challenge and withdrawal. Thirteen babies with CMSE, ranging from 14 days to 56 days of age, were studied. Five non-CMSE patients were used as control, ranging from 22 days to 72 days of age. The morphometric parameters under study were villous height, crypt zone depth, ratio of villous height to crypt zone depth, total mucosal thickness and length of surface epithelium by using H & E stained specimens under the drawing apparatus attached microscope. In addition, the numbers of lymphocytes in the epithelium and eosinophil cells in the lamina propria and epithelium were measured. Results: In the duodenal mucosal biopsy specimens in CMSE we found partial and subtotal villous atrophy with an increased number of interepithelial lymphocytes. The mean villous height($135{\pm}59\;{\mu}m$), ratio of villous height to crypt zone depth ($0.46{\pm}0.28$), total mucosal thickness ($499{\pm}56\;{\mu}m$), length of surface epithelium of small intestinal mucosa ($889{\pm}231\;{\mu}m$) in CMSE was significantly decreased compared with the control (p<0.05). The mean crypt zone depth ($311{\pm}65\;{\mu}m$) was significantly greater than the control ($188{\pm}24\;{\mu}m$)(p<0.05). Infiltration of interepithelial lymphocytes ($34.1{\pm}10.5$) were significantly greater than the control ($13.6{\pm}3.6$)(p<0.05). The number of eosinophil cells in both lamina propria and epithelium was no significant differences between groups (p>0.05). The small intestinal mucosa in treated CMSE showed much improved enteropathy of villous height, crypt zone depth, interepithelial lymphocytes compared with the control as well as untreated CMSE. Conclusion: Quantitation of mucosal dimensions confirmed the presence of CMSE. It seems to be a limitation in the capacity of crypt cells to compensate for the loss of villous epithelium in CMSE. Specimens obtained by gastrofiberscopic duodenal mucosal biopsy were suitable for morphometric diagnosis of CMSE. Improvement of CMSE also can be confirmed histologically after the therapy of protein hydrolysate.