• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2010

Livestock manures have a potential to be a valuable resource with an efficient treatment. In Korea, 42 million tons of livestock manure were generated in 2008, and 84 % of them were used for compost and liquid fertilizer production. Recently recycling of livestock manure for biogas production through anaerobic digestion is increasing, but its utilization in agriculture is still uncertified. In this study, there was applied co-digestate to the paddy for rice cultivation based on N supplement. Co-digestate was fertilizer fermented with pig slurry and food waste combined with the ratio of 70:30(v:v) in its volumetric basis. For assessing the safety of co-digestate, it was monitored the contents of co-digestate for seasonal variation, resulted in no potential harm to the soil and plant by heavy metals. The results showed that soil applied with co-digestate was increased in exchangeable potassium, copper and zinc mainly due to the high rate of pig slurry in co-digestate applied. Considering high salt content due to the combination with food waste, strict quality assurances are needed for safe application to arable land though it has valuable fertilizer nutrient. Leachate after treatment showed that the concentration of nitrate nitrogen washed out within two weeks. Considering the salt accumulation results in soil, it is highly recommended that the application rate of co-digestate should not exceed the crop fertilization rate based on N supplement. With these results, it was concluded that co-digestate could be used as an alternative fertilizer for chemical fertilizer. More study is needed for the long-term effects of co-digestate application on the soil and water environment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.386-391
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• 2024

'Jinha' is a new strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivar, which was released by the Highland Agriculture Research Institute in 2019. The 'Jinha' cultivar originates from a 2011 cross between 'Albion' and 'Goha,' both of which exhibited excellent ever-bearing characteristics, including continuous flowering and large fruits under long-day and high temperature conditions. This new cultivar was initially named 'Saebong No. 11' after examining its characteristics and productivity during summer cultivation between 2012 and 2016. After regional adaptability tests, 'Jinha' was selected from 'Saebong No. 11' as an elite cultivar. The general characteristics of 'Jinha' include intermediate, elliptic leaves, and medium growth. The fruits are conical and of a red color. The plant height of 'Jinha' is simiar to that of the control variety, 'Flamenco', but it has a lot of number of leaves. The cluster length of 'Jinha' was 35.5 cm, 10.8 cm longer than 24.7 cm of the control variety. The number of flower clusters of 'Jinha' appeared 14.4, which was 4.1 more than that of 'Flamenco'. The average fruit weight of 'Jinha' was 10.1 g, which was 0.8 g heavier than that of 'Flamenco'. The soluble solid content of 'Jinha' was 10.2 °Brix, which was 2.0 °Brix higher than that of 'Flamenco'. The marketable yield of 'Jinha' was 25,931 kg·ha^-1, 440% more than that of 'Flamenco' with 5,900 kg·ha^-1. Therefore, the new cultivar of ever-bearing strawberry 'Jinha' is expected to be very popular in the export or bakery market because it is high soluble solid content and good shape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 2024

This study examines the performance expectations (PEs) and clarification statements of each PE in the 2022 revised national science and mathematics education standards from a data visualization competency perspective. First, the authors intensively reviewed data visualization literature to define key competencies and developed a framework comprising four main categories: collection and pre-processing skills, technical skills, thinking skills, and interaction skills. Based on the framework, the authors extracted a total of 191 mathematics and 230 science PEs from the 2022 revised science and mathematics education standards (Ministry of Education Ordinance No. 2022-33, Volumes 8 and 9) as the main data set. The analysis process consisted of three steps: first, the authors organized the data (421 PEs) by the four categories of the framework and four grade levels (3-4th, 5-6th, 7-9th, and 10th grade); second, the numbers of PEs in each grade level were standardized by the accomplishing period (1-3 years) of each PE depending on the grade level; lastly, the data set was represented by heatmaps to visualize the relationship between the four categories of visualization competency and four grade levels, and the differences between the competency categories and grade levels were quantitatively analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and independent sample Kruskal-Wallis tests. The analysis results revealed that in mathematics, there was no significant difference between the number of PEs by grade. However, on average, the number of PEs categorized in 'thinking skills' was significantly lower than those in the technical skills (p = .002) and interaction skills categories (p = .001). In science, it was observed that as grade level increased, PEs also increased (pairwise comparison: Grades 5-6 vs. 7-9, p = .001; Grades 5-6 vs. Grade 10, p = .029; Grades 3-4 vs. 7-9, p = .022). Particularly, the frequency of PEs in 'thinking skills' was significantly lower than in the other skills (pairwise comparison: technical skills p = .024; collection and pre-processing skills p = .012; interaction skills p = .010). Based on the results, two implications for revising national science and mathematics standards and teacher education were suggested.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.302-311
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the changes in bioactive compounds across the ripening stages of three pepper cultivars, each characterized by unique skin colors. The samples used in this study consisted of three pepper cultivars distinguished by their skin colors as green, purple, and yellow green at breaker ripening stage. Samples were harvested at each of the four ripening stages, including premature, breaker, turning, and mature, and subjected to analysis for various bioactive compounds, including capsaicin, ascorbic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and sugars. In all cultivars with varying skin colors, the capsaicin content within green pepper fruits consistently increased as the ripening stages advanced. Ascorbic acid was most abundant during the premature stage of development in purple and green cultivars, subsequently declining as maturation progressed. In the case of the purple cultivar, kaempferol content decreased by approximately 30% at the mature stage, while the green cultivar exhibited a gradual increase in kaempferol content with maturation. Conversely, the kaempferol content of the yellow green cultivar rapidly declined as maturation progressed. Regarding quercetin content, the purple and green cultivars tended to decrease with maturity, while the yellow green cultivar displayed an increasing trend. Furthermore, the accumulation patterns of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, the predominant free sugars in green pepper fruit, demonstrated an inclination to increase as the maturation stage advanced in both purple and green cultivars. In contrast, the yellow green cultivar initially showed an elevation in free sugar content during the immature stage, followed by a minor reduction during maturation and a subsequent rise during the mature stage. Each pepper cultivar, distinguished by its unique skin color, exhibits varying levels of bioactive substances at different ripening stages. Therefore, optimal harvesting and utilization should align with periods when the desired substance content is at its peak.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2024

This study was carried out to analyze the growth of grafted seedlings produced in a container-type farm system and a greenhouse to stably produce high-quality seedlings. For 14 days after graft-taking, the characteristics of korean melon grafted seedlings were compared by container farm and greenhouse. The container seedling system maintained a stable day/night temperature (25/20℃), relative humidity (70%), and light environment (PPFD 200µmol·m^-2·s^-1, photoperiod (16/8h). The difference between day and night temperature (DIF) was relatively large, with a mean temperature of 28.1/15.4℃ in the high-temperature greenhouse. Plant height of the korean melon seedling was longer in the greenhouse than in the closed seedling system, and the average SPAD value was 30.5 and 41.1 in the greenhouse and closed seedling system, respectively. To calculate the compactness of the graft seedlings, the shoot dry weight was divided by the plant height, and the value was 44.9±2.64 mg/cm and 24.4±1.56 mg/cm in the closed seedling system and the greenhouse treatment, respectively, 7 days after graft-taking. To produce high-quality seedlings during high-temperature or low-photo periods, it will be necessary to analyze the key factors that affect growth characteristics and transplanting growth and to verify the effects of the closed seedling system based on post-transplanting growth and yield.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.335-342
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• 2024

This study aimed to examine the delivery conditions and microbial contamination of fresh-cut and ready-to-eat foods purchased from online markets between February and November 2023. Upon arrival, the average surface temperature of the products was 11.3℃. In the fresh-cut foods, the average number of total aerobic bacteria and coliforms was 4.5 log colony-forming units (CFU)/g and 1.2 log CFU/g, respectively, whereas in the ready-to-eat foods, these values were 10.6 log CFU/g and 1.2 log CFU/g, respectively. Pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, and pathogenic Escherichia coli were absent from all samples. Bacillus cereus was found in 2.7% of the fresh-cut foods and 0.9% of the ready-to-eat foods, with contamination levels averaging 0.05 log CFU/g and 0.01 log CFU/g, respectively. In the four samples in which B. cereus was detected, genetic testing of the six toxin genes produced by B. cereus revealed the presence of at least one enterotoxin gene, excluding the emetic toxin. L. monocytogenes was absent from ready-to-eat foods but was detected in 0.9% of fresh-cut foods. Analysis of the isolated L. monocytogenes confirmed the presence of six pathogenicity-related genes, including iap, indicating the potential risk of foodborne diseases.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.367-372
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• 2024

It was intended to explore the relationship between motivation for participation in hair education, program satisfaction, and lifelong learning happiness index for adult learners at the Lifelong Education Center, and to provide basic data for revitalizing lifelong education programs. Today, universities have conditions as a comprehensive educational institution with practicality that can meet various and high-quality lifelong educational needs. The university-affiliated Lifelong Education Center plays a role in ensuring the right to learn for all citizens as well as fulfilling the social service function and greatly expanding educational opportunities, which is one of the essential functions of universities, by making good use of the excellent transfer material resources of universities. Adults should now seek professional self-identity through retraining, and respond flexibly to various social situations such as increasing roles, expanding responsibility, and uncertainty in the job and employment structure toward professional socialization in the professional world The subject of the study was to collect data by distributing 90 questionnaires to adult learner hair education subjects in G area, and 85 copies were finally used for SPSS 26.0 for Windows analysis, excluding questionnaires with insufficient responses. The survey period was from November 1 to December 27, 2023. First, it was found that adult learners' motivation to participate in hair education has an effect on the lifelong learning happiness index. Second, it was found that adult learners' satisfaction with the program of hair care workers has an effect on the lifelong learning happiness index. Through this study, it is judged that it is necessary to understand what can maximize the high lifelong learning happiness index, and to meet the learning needs of modern people living in the age of 100, increase their potential, help them design a second life, contribute to self-realization and society, and help them have steady, self-directed lifelong learning opportunities.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.271-281
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• 2024

Background: The unmet healthcare needs (UHNs) of people with disabilities (PWD) are not only detrimental to their quality of life but also can lead to serious health outcomes including death. A variety of factors including socioeconomic, personal, and environmental factors affect UHNs for PWD. Previous studies focused on individual socioeconomic and disability characteristics as influencing factors. Our studies included environmental factors that have a significant impact on the use of healthcare service by PWD. Methods: We analyzed the UHNs status and influencing factors among 4,326 adults with disabilities using the Korea Disability Life Data. Chisquare analysis identified differences in UHNs by general, disability, and environmental characteristics. Logistic regression determined factors affecting UHNs. Results: Those with low educational level (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.229; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.024-1.475), those with low income level (aOR, 1.416; 95% CI, 1.015-1.976), those who enrolled in private insurance (aOR, 1.234; 95% CI, 1.018-1.496), those who need help with daily living (aOR, 1.298; 95% CI, 1.059-1.592), those who did not go out (OR, 1.566; 95% CI, 1.274-1.924), those who use taxis (aOR, 1.407; 95% CI, 1.047-1.891) or call taxi for people with disabilities when going to the hospital (aOR, 1.370; 95% CI, 1.001-1.875), the communication disabled (aOR, 1.304; 95% CI, 1.029-1.651), those with poor subjective health status (aOR, 1.248; 95% CI, 1.043-1.494), those who felt the explanation of treatment results was insufficient (aOR, 4.035; 95% CI, 1.365-11.927), hose dissatisfied with healthcare services (aOR, 3.515; 95% CI, 2.741-4.508) were more likely to experience UHNs. Conclusion: Effective healthcare service provision for PWD requires not only financial assistance but also social support, along with education for healthcare staff, policies that consider the characteristics of disabilities.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.319-333
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• 2024

Background: This study aims to identify the factors that influence the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) for the elderly living alone and to discuss how to manage CHE for the elderly living alone. Methods: This study utilizes 6th (2016), 7th (2018), and 8th (2020) data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging to identify the incidence rate of CHE among the elderly living alone and conducts a panel logit analysis. The dependent variable is the incidence of CHE (thresholds: 10%, 20%, 30%), and the independent variables include demographic factors (gender, age group, region), socioeconomic factors (education level, economic activity status, income quintile, financial support rate from children), health-related factors (subjective health status, regular exercise, smoking, drinking, number of chronic diseases), and healthcare coverage factors (type of health insurance, private health insurance). Results: Descriptive statistics classified by gender show that female elderly living alone are more vulnerable than male elderly living alone in terms of disease prevalence and socioeconomic status. In addition, the incidence of CHE is higher for elderly women living alone than for elderly men living alone across all thresholds. The main results of the panel logit analysis show that higher education, income quintile, and financial support rate from children are associated with lower odds of CHE, while poorer subjective health and a higher number of chronic diseases are associated with higher odds of CHE. Medical aid recipients are less likely to incur CHE than those covered by national health insurance. Conclusion: The implications of this study are as follows. First, vulnerable elderly living alone with multiple chronic diseases and low income and education levels are more likely to incur CHE. Second, it is necessary to review policies such as a CHE support program and chronic disease management programs focused on vulnerable elderly individuals living alone. Third, the CHE support program should be operated in a patient-centered manner, with consideration given to a customized system for selecting and supporting elderly individuals living alone who are in need.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.334-346
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• 2024

Background: Research on the link between subjective health and unmet healthcare needs is limited. This study examines whether experiences of subjective healthcare needs and unmet needs are related to subjective health in South Korea, where the rate of poor subjective health is notably high. Methods: This analysis utilized data from the Korea Health Panel (2014-2018), incorporating 68,930 observations from 16,535 adults aged 19 or older. The dependent variable, subjective health, was dichotomized into poor (bad or very bad) and non-poor (fair, good, or very good) categories. The primary variables of interest were the experiences of subjective healthcare needs and unmet needs, while control variables included 14 socio-demographic, health, and functional characteristics. The study employed population proportion analysis and multivariable two-level binary logistic regression analysis for each gender, accounting for the complex sampling design. Results: In 2018, the rate of reporting poor health was 8.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.0%-9.5%) for men and 14.7% (95% CI, 13.8%-15.6%) for women. For both genders, compared to individuals whose healthcare needs were met, those without healthcare needs were less likely to report poor subjective health (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39-0.86 for men; AOR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.93 for women). Conversely, individuals whose healthcare needs were not met were more likely to report poor subjective health (AOR, 2.31; 95% CI, 2.01-2.65 for men; AOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.98-2.43 for women). A policy simulation indicated that reducing the experience of subjective healthcare needs would be approximately 5 times more effective in reducing poor subjective health than a policy focused on reducing the experience of unmet needs. Conclusion: South Korea must make significant efforts to reduce the deterioration of subjective health and promote appropriate healthcare utilization. To achieve this, a set of policies is recommended to address subjective healthcare needs. These policies should include (1) prompting individuals to proactively manage their own health, (2) providing primary healthcare similar to that in advanced countries, (3) ensuring the healthcare delivery system operates effectively, (4) decentralizing the healthcare management system, and (5) reducing the likelihood of people being misled into thinking they have a healthcare need.