• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 2015

This study suggested the adaptable plant species according to the change of warmth index (WI) through the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 & 8.5 climate change scenarios from 2010 to 2099 in Seoul areas. From the scenario analysis results, we expected to change from the cool temperate souther forest zone to the warm temperate forest zone. We found the following adaptable 27 plant species: 6 species in the tree layer, Quercus serrata, Q. variabilis, Pinus densiflora, Q. acutissima, Styrax japonica and P. thunbergii etc.; 7 species in the shrub layer, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Rhus trichocarpa, Callicarpa japonica, Rubus crataegifolius, Rosa multiflora, and Zanthoxylum piperitum etc.; 3 species in the herb layer, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, and Commelina communis ect;, 11 species in the vine plants Smilax china, Cocculus trilobus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Lonicera japonica, Paederia scandens, Celastrus orbiculatus, Clematis apiifolia, Rubus parvifolius, Dioscorea batatas, Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata, Zelkova serrata etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 1995

To investigate the plant community structure in Pinus densiflora forest of Chuwangsan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveryed. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into five groups in twenty five plots by DCA and the dividing groups were Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community(I), P. densiflora-Q. serrata community(II), P. densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana community(III), P. densiflora-F. sieboldiana-Q. spp. community(IV) and P. densiflora-mixed deciduous forest community(V). The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination techniques and DBH class distribution analysis seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to Carpinus laxiflora in the canopy layer group. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Lespedeza maximowiczii, L. cytobotrya, Rhododendron mucronulatumlongrightarrowStyrax obassia, Stephandra insisa, Zanthoxylum schinifolimlongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. There was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and soil pH, and soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1995

Autumn visitors to Chuwangsan National Park was more than summer's. About 89% of total visitors used main trail but approximately 35% visited to the Third Falls. The entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail as the trail condition surveyed at the total of 103 points were significantly greater on the more heavily-used trail. Trail conditons of rock-exposed, root-exposed, deepening points as the deterioration types of trail were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. According to the topographic position of trail, severe difference of dominant trees in the edge vegetation was found and Lespedeza maximowiczii, Rhododendron yedoense and Fraxinus sieboldana were dominant in shrub layer of trail edge vegetation. The crown coverage, number of species and individuals of shrub layer in edge vegetation were generally higher than those in the other national parks with more heavily-used trail.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.191-204
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• 1997

Eight major trails of Soraksan National Park were selected to investigate the use impacts on environmental edterioration of trail according to the different amount of use. The entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail as the trail condition surveyed at the total of 188 points were significantly greater on the more heavily-used trail. Major deterioration types of trail were root-exposure, widening, rock-exposure, divergence in order of frequency. And trail conditions of edteriorated points were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. The damaged area more severe than Class 4 on trail reached about 10,864m$^{2}$ in total, and especially about 4,560m$^{2}$ in the section between Huiunkak Shelter-Munomigogae trail. The dominant trees of trail edge vegetation were be Quercus mongolica in upper layer, but in lower lauer Carpinus laxiflora, Lespedeza maximowiczii for valley and Carpinus laxiflora, Ghododendron mucronulatum var. cilatum, Tripterygium regelii for ridge.. Especially coverage and number of individuals was highest on Munomighgae-Taech'ongbong trail of the largest use of amount, and each trail was dissimilar in species composition of lower layer of edge vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-24
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• 1991

To elucidate the actual vegetation of Nature Ecology Conservation area in Mt. Chiri, forest communities were classified phytosoclologically by species composition and phsiognomy. There included 13 forests ranging from temperate-cool zone to sub-cold zone in the surveyed area. Actual vegetation map was drawn on the basis of classified forest communities. The forest communities classified in the area were summarized as follows ; 1. Querus serrata community 2. Carpinus laxiflora community 3. Q. serrata-C. laxiflora community 4. Stewartia koreana community 5. Acer mono community 6. Carpinus cordata community 7. Fraxinus mandshurica community 8. Carpinus tschonoskii community 9. Pinus densiflora community 10. Querus mongolica Community 1) Rhododendron schlippenachii subcommunity 2) Lenedeza maximowiczii subcommunity 11. Abies nephrolepis community 12. Abies koreana community 1) Querus mongolica subcommunity 2) Pinus koraienis subcommunity 13. Rhododendron schlippenbachii community Among above forest communities, Querus serrata community distributed from 700m to 1,000m in the ridges, Carpinus laxiflora community in the valleys, Quercus mongolica community from 1,000m to 1,400m, and Abies koreana community and Abies nephrolepis community from 1,400m to 1,700m.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to understand plant community structure in upper zone of Gyeryongsan National Payk. Total 51 plots were set up and surveyed toy this study. The fifty one plots were classified into four communities such as Quereus mongolica community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Pinus densiflora community, and Quercus variabizis community. The Quercus mongotica community were found in 29 plots of the 51 plots and the differential species in the community weve Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum var. koreanum, Arisaema amurense var. serratum, Diarrhena japonica, and Saussurea gyacilis. The Carpinus laxiflora community were found in 10 plots of the 51 plots and the differential species in the community were Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata, Cornus eontroversa, Carex siderosticta, and Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata. The Pinus densiflora community were found in 7 plots of the 51 plots and the differential species in the community were Pinus densiflora, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Rubus crataegifotius, Miseanthus sinensis, Persicaria filiforme, Artemisia keiskeana, and spodiopogon sibiricus. the Quereus vuriabilis community were found in 5 plots of the 51 plots and the differential species in the community were Quercus variabilis.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2002

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation of the Mt. Naeyeon with phytosociological analysis of ZM school and to explain ordination of communities with CCA. The research sites were located between the northern part of Pohang-si area and the southern part of Yeongdeok-gun area. The 70 plots consisted of 253 species were investigated. The forest vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community and Zelkova serrata community. Q. mongolica community was divided into 2 groups such asRhododendron schlippenbachii group and Euonymus oxyphyllus group and Q. variabilis community was divided into 3 groups such as Syneilesis palmata group, Lespedeza × tomentilla group and Tilia mandshurica group, and Z. serrata community was divided into 2 groups such as Carpinus cordata group and Diospyros lotus group. According to the results of CCA ordination, Q. mongolica community showed high positive correlation to altitutde and topography, whereas it showed negative correlation to bare rock. Buck Z. serrata community showed the opposite tendency to Q. mongolica community. Altitude was considered as the most important factor among 5 environmental variables in the correlation with axes.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1990

Nematodes and insects associated with dead trees were surveyed on the 238 dead trees belonging to 19 tree species in Pusan, Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, Chunnam, and Chonbuk provinces from April to September of 1989. Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was found only in Pusan but B. mucronatus was collected at Chinju and Chinhae. The 13 nematode species in 9 genera were identified. Out of them, Diplogasteroides dimidius, Rhabdontolaimus adephagus, R. janae, Mikoletzkya diluta, M. ruminis, M. langcaudaa, Parasitorhabditis hylurgi, Panagrolaimus concolor, Panagrodontus dentatus, Prothalonema intermedium, and marcrolaimus canadensis were recorded for the first time in Korea. Insects collected from dead trees were 5 orders, 9 families, 25 genera, and 27 species. of them, the Coleoptera were the most collected insects by the 3 families, 19 genera and 22 species. The Scolytidae were 12 species in 10 genera. Hypothenemus eruditus was firstly collected from Campylotropis macrocarpa, Lespedeza maximowizi, Forsythia ovata, Meliosma oldhami, Securinega suffruticosa, Broussonetia kazinoki, and Cornus walteri. The maximum number of pine wood nematode was separated from the abdomen of Monchamus alternatus, the pine woodnematode vector. The maximum number of nematodes per an adult of M. alternatus was 127,535, minimum 2,616, and average 42,817.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.21-32
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Bubong to Poamsan, 16 plots$(400m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica was found as a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Bubong to Poamsan, and partly in lower elevation was occupied by Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora. High positive correlations was proved between Lespedeza maximowixcii and Pinus koraiensis, Fruxinus sieboidiana and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Acer mono and Weigela subsessilis, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhododendron mucronulatum Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged $0.9066\~1.0821$, and it was relatively low compared to those of mountain ridge area of other national parks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Bubong to Poamsan, 16plots$(400m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Two groups of Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica was a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Bubong to Poamsan, and Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora were partly occupied in lower elevations. High positive correlations were proved between Lespedeza maximowixcii and Pinus koraiensis, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Acer mono and Weigela subsessilis, and relatively high negative correlations were proved between Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhododendron mucronulatum. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $0.9066\~1.0821$, and it was relatively low value compared to that of mountain ridge area of other national parks.