• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.177-187
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• 2016

This study started with the question, "Is the cost of landscape construction work in residential areas measured by public enterprises, 'in response to the needs of consumers?" The study analyzed whether the landscape construction expenditure is being introduced at an appropriate ratio according to the value the residents have regarding landscape elements. Following this, research was conducted for the purpose of providing basic data for improving the efficiency of formulating apartment landscape construction costs in the future. This research proceeded based on a questionnaire survey of residents of apartments, and the content of the questionnaire used frequency analysis and descriptive statistics research methods. To take a look at a comparative analysis of value recognition, in particular, a comparative analysis was performed based on the actual input cost based on the ratio of landscape elements by layer. Conclusions were found as follows: First, the degree of interest in the apartment landscape of the tenants was high, and the value of the landscape was high but realistic satisfaction appeared comparatively low. Second, the awareness of residents' values regarding landscape elements appeared to give "plantings" more value than "facilities". Thirdly, as a result of a mutual comparison between the values recognized by the resident regarding landscape elements and the construction input fee, depending on the landscape elements, it appeared that there is a difference in the ratio of up to 52 times from 1.25. Fourth, the fact that there is a difference in the relative proportion of value recognition and inputting construction cost indicates that it is not possible to respond to the needs of tenants during the construction cost development process. It also shows that the utility of inputting construction costs is low. Therefore, a macro-level examination such as reflecting the existing inflation rate is necessary to develop the efficient landscape construction cost of apartment such as the awareness of the value of the residents regarding landscape elements, out of the customary construction cost formulation method based on the microscopic dimensions of the consumer side.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.150-159
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• 2015

This study was conducted for the purpose of presenting basic data for calculating a more reasonable landscaping project cost in the future through the construction cost calculation ratio of scenic planting and facilities and their time series trend analysis targeting 'J' corporation, a representative Korean public institution that creates apartment complexes. This study targeted scenic planting and the facility construction costs of 37 apartment complexes in the capital area from 2004 to 2012, using statistical analysis methods such as technical analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to analyze the characteristics of the time series change. The conclusion was drawn as follows. First, breaking down the cost of overall landscaping projects to scenic planting and facility construction, the ratio of the average cost of scenic planting to that of facility construction showed 56.1% to 43.9% from 2004 to 2012. Second, the costs of planting construction and facility construction both showed a fluctuation range of about ${\pm}3%$, implying relatively steady costs considering the inflation rate. Third, the landscape construction cost for each type of construction resulted in a fluctuation range from minimum ${\pm}3%$(exercise facility) to maximum ${\pm}5%$(packing facility), reflecting that among the landscaping projects, the facility construction costs tended to show relatively large fluctuations in accordance with the change of time series. Fourth, the comprehensive indication of the ratio of landscaping project costs by time series and landscaping construction type implies that the regional characteristics and positional condition of the apartment complexes were not reflected sufficiently. Fifth, the high level of correlation of landscaping construction types and landscaping construction elements imply that the entire construction costs were controlled through partial adjustment of cost components within the overall frame of construction cost. These results reveal the problems of standardized landscaping cost irrespective of user satisfaction or environmental traits such as the conditions of the apartment complexes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

This study was conducted to analyze the recognition of the validity of the design changes that classified the type of design changes that occurred in the Apartment Complex Landscaping Planting Construction that have been ordered in 'A' work. This research was also carried out for the purpose of presentation of the basic data in order to effectively manage the change order of landscape-planting construction's future work. The following conclusions were derived. First, the 7 types of change orders in planting design were delineated as 'design changes for image improvement', 'design changes due to the mismatch of design statement', 'design changes due to lack of field study', 'design changes for consideration of the user', 'design changes due to consideration of the workability', 'the design changes for ease of maintenance', and the 'design changes due to the relationship with the Engineering species of other.' Second, it is possible to produce a negative impact of all construction costs have increased due to design changes of landscaping planting construction is grasped. Third, There were the most frequent change order in planting design for the 'image improving', 'due to the mismatch of planting design to the site situation.' Fourth, the results of confirmatory targeting professional landscaping areas, was found that the statistics of the type of change landscaping planting construction design seven derived in this study is valid.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2017.03a
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• pp.39-40
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• 2017

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.33-45
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• 2024

The government is promoting the reorganization of the construction indusrty under the theme of reorganizing the production system. However, it has been pointed out that this is contrary to the increasingly specialized and technical skills of the landscaping field. Therefore, it is urgent to respond to the construction industry integration policy and improve an appropriate work system and the content of the landscape field. Therefore, this study investigated the intention of the industry to reorganize the production system and the production structure of the landscape field, so that it can be used as a reference for future changes. As a result of the survey, 1) the perception of the reorganization policy is a highly requesting step-by-step promotion that reflects the industry's will, 2) the system is divided into generalization and specialization and is highly opposed to integration, 3) appropriate design and construction costs are the most important directions for improving landscape construction projects, and 4) reestablishing the relationship with related civil engineering works is important for improving detailed construction types. Overall, it was pointed out that the current specialized landscape construction does not sufficiently reflect the changing landscape business and is only appropriate for subcontractors in other industries. Therefore, it is necessary to promote policies that reflect this. In the long run, it is urgent to establish the status of landscape construction as an independent object, and it is necessary to supplement the legal system and change the industry accordingly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.99-112
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze on changes of ready constructed record(RCR) in landscape construction industry for 10 years from 1997 to 2006. For the study, according to the classification system of Korea construction industry, landscape construction industry were classified into landscape constructor as a general constructor, landscape planting constructor and landscape facilities constructor as special constructors. The results are as follows: 1. The RCR in landscape construction industry have increased for 10 years higher than other construction industry. Concretely the RCR ratio of landscape constructor has increased 0.9% in 1997 to 1.9% in 2006, the RCR ratio of landscape planting constructor 1.3% to 2.5%, and the RCR ratio of landscape facilities constructor 0.5% to 1.5%. Futhermore this increasing trend has been strengthened during the last a few years. 2. Differently from landscape constructor, the subcontract ratio of landscape planting constructor and landscape facilities constructor were higher, especially landscape facilities constructor was highest amount for 71.1% in the subcontract ratio. 3. The RCR of landscape construction industry in the metropolitan area including Seoul, Kyunggi, was higher than other region's, and the ratio of RCR of landscape constructor in this area was 53.5%, landscape planting constructor's 58.2%, and landscape facilities constructor 75.0%. 4. The yearly RCR per company and the RCR by project of landscape constructor and landscape planting constructor were stagnant. However, landscape facilities constructor's RCR showed an upward trend as years go by. This study was focused on the RCR of landscape construction industry, further study on the factors to affect the RCR of landscape construction industry and the RCR by project types is required in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.28-42
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• 2009

In the wake of categorizing the design changes occurred during the period from 2004 till the first half of 2006 in Choongcheong province area, based on purpose and reason of design changes identified by the Korea National Housing Corp, it included 11 types such as the image of the apartment complex, scenic elements, consideration by the user, prevention of the defect, constructability, site conditions, incompatibility between the activities, superordinate standard, prevention of civic complaints, design details and others, along with 47 subordinate elements. And the evaluation intended to identify the corelation between the number and time of design change approval, frequency and scale of design change by type and the cost variations indicated that; firstly, enhancing the image of the apartment complex proved to be the main reason for design changes, accounting for 22% in terms of frequency and 54.9% in terms of cost variation. Secondly, the higher the increase in cost by design change aimed at improving the image of the complex, the lower the decrease in cost by design change for uncertain reasons, dubbed the inverse proportional relations, indicating that the design changes for uncertain reasons were mostly aimed at reducing the construction cost. Thirdly, with regard to the number of design change approval and the time of the initial approval, twice or less and 90 days or less before completion of the construction work, respectively, accounted for $52{\sim}53%$, indicating the design change deliberation and approval tended to have been carried out collectively in the form of ex post facto approval, which seemed to be attributable to the attempt of reducing the construction cost or budget problem, as a result of comparing with the cases in which the cost was reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.97-111
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• 2012

This study aims to find a proper construction cost calculation method by comparing unit prices of cost estimate in landscape construction among other public ordering construction projects. There were 7 out of 12 items from the actual work cost in the first half of 2011 were compared. The 12 items were classified as landscape Architectural construction and the 7 items were the approximate standard. As applied construction types, the comparable 35 items out of the 80 actual work cost items applied to 5 sites were compared to the unit price of the standard quantity per unit in March 2011, which was the approximate standard. Actual construction rate of the 7 items in the category of landscape sector was 104.86% for each item and 92.09% as a total construction cost. The high actual construction rate was caused by the high rate of seed spray depending on the status of applying rocks. However, there were more fundamental reasons for the cost generated from aslope treatment for grass and seed spray. So, it requires more detailed regulations on the modification factors for each soil type, the standard and needs to improve theillogical standard quantity per unit system. Actual construction rate of the 35 items in the applied sectors of civil engineering and architecture was 78.65% for each item and 71.31% (70.17%) as a total construction cost. This shows that actual unit cost cannot reflect actual cost structurally and standard quantity per unit system lacks practicality in terms of construction due to thelabor force. 85.1~91.2 % actual construction rate announced by the Ministry of Land and Maritime Affairs referred to the newly switched items. So the result was estimated as actual construction rate. This requires supplementation after verification in order to make the actual work cost produce at a proper rate. Also, standard quantity per unit system needs complementation with these actual data and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.20-36
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• 2022

This study aims to provide basic data for high-quality street tree management by setting reasonable management items and appropriate unit prices by reviewing the adequacy of current street tree management. Currently, street tree management items, except for street tree pruning, use general landscape tree quantity per unit for the street tree management quantity per unit. KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) applied pruning items from standard electric production infrastructure and carried out the activities at an average unit price of 51% lower for heavy pruning and 39% lower for light pruning than the standard estimate. This was judged to be a level that could not maintain or increase the quality of street tree management. It was determined that an appropriate standard unit price for street tree management was necessary. To improve the quantity per unit for the proper management of street trees, it was necessary to review costs in the field. However, due to the absence of data on actual construction costs in the domestic landscape field, detailed items of the US RSMeans Building Construction Cost Data (RSMeans) were reviewed, and the actual construction costs were calculated by applying personal domestic expenses. As a result, the standard of the estimated unit showed a good ratio of 107% for heavy pruning of street tree pruning compared to the actual construction cost, but light pruning was underestimated with a 59% ratio. Shrub pruning was 82%, weeding was 92%, tree fertilization was 87%, and windbreak wall installation was 91% under-engineered. In addition, it was also confirmed that the watering by sprinkler trucks and chemical spraying were over-designed compared to the actual construction cost at the rates of 118% and 124%, respectively. Due to the specificity of the street trees, the increase in personal expenses and the input cost of equipment, such as road safety controls, were judged to be the main cause of the underestimation of items. Therefore, it is necessary to add items related to street trees and general landscape trees to the landscape maintenance items of the standard of the estimated unit.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.104-113
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• 2012

This study aimed to find out the improvement plan through analyzing the perception of the expert group engaged in landscape architectural construction and to focus on analyzing the expert groups' experience on Landscape Construction Defects (LCD), defect liability, warranty period, and implementation of the defect liability. The results are as follows: 1. Regarding the experience on the LCD, landscape construction contractors were an awareness of the LCD issue at a serious level, while public-sector clients recognize moderately the LCD issue; and on the first priority in defect implementation, landscape construction contractors considered repair cost while public-sector clients value the identifying causes of defects. 2. In disagreement on the defect liability, landscape construction contractors attributed it to client's lack of responsibility for maintenance while public-sector clients ascribed it to the absence of dealing a criteria with LCD, and regarding the appropriate defect implementation, public-sector clients preferred the following objective by dealing the criteria with LCD while landscape construction contractors advocates by sharing the responsibilities for dealing with LCD based on the identified causes of construction defects. 3. Regarding the warranty period, the public-sector clients considered the 2-year warranty period as appropriate while landscape construction contractors considered it comparatively long, and concerning the commencement of defect warranty period, the public-sector clients viewed it as it should commence to cover the overall completion of the construction while landscape construction contractors perceived it to start on the completion of each work. 4. As for the improvement of the defect implementation system, public-sector clients considered it necessary to establish the objective dealing the criteria with LCD while landscape construction contractors viewed the legislation of maintenance duty. Also, with regard to the important value in establishing and dealing the criteria with LCD, public-sector clients pointed out the objective of the criteria for determining the defects per work type while landscape construction contractors suggested client (user)'s maintenance duty. Because of research, because the system in dealing with LCD is an absence of LCD management agency and dealing the criteria with LCD, it is needed to establish an LCD management agency and make the system in dealing with LCD.