• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.35
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• pp.362-393
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• 2006

The purpose of this manuscript was to investigate the effects of issue involvement and relation of perceivers to comparison targets on the magnitude of third person perceptions. The investigation was expected to help us to understand the underlying process of third person effect hypothesis. Data was collected from adult residents in Ohio, United States by telephone survey in 2003(n=524). Like most other third person effect studies, this study supported the hypothesis: Respondents perceived more media effects on others than themselves for both 'Negative media portrayals of smokers' and 'News coverage of Roman Catholic priest's sexual scandals'. Results of five hypothesis tests suggest that when relationship between a perceiver and a particular comparison target is present third person perception is explained more by cognitive components than motivational components. In this case, third person perception varies with comparison target's issue involvement while it is independent of social distance between the perceivers and the comparison target. Also, perceivers' issue involvement positively correlates with the magnitude of third person effect. Based on the results, it is concluded that when perceives or a comparison target is involved in a message cognitive processes accounting for the relationship can impact the magnitude of third person effect. An important theoretical implication of the study is that third person effect is, to some extent, related with framing effect and priming effect.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.137-150
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• 2014

This study has two major purposes. First, this research empirically tests whether there are the impacts of the third-person effects on individuals' perceptions of the girl groups' suggestive performance. The second purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between the perceptual biased toward the influences of the girl groups's suggestive performances and the supports for regulation. For this purpose, this paper investigated individuals' perception of different degrees to which the suggestive performance has influences on three dissimilar groups including 'the self', 'colleagues' and 'the others' and how they affect supports for regulation. An online survey was administrated on 305 people who have watched the girl groups' lasciviousness performance for data gathering. The collected data were analyzed with t-test, multiple and hierarchical regression. The results showed that there are significant differences in perceptions of the effect of suggestive performance on three groups including 'the self', 'colleagues' and 'the others'. The findings also revealed that the perception of the effects of lasciviousness performance on 'the others' is one of the strongest predictors for the supports for regulation. The implications of these results were also discussed.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.42
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• pp.79-106
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• 2008

Based on the third-person effect hypothesis, this study conducted a nation-wide online survey to assess how Korean voters perceived the mass media's effect on the candidates' image and voting behavior during the 17th presidential election. The research results showed that the voters tended to perceive that the mass media such as newspaper, television and the Internet had a greater effect on others than on themselves with regards to the formation of the three candidates' images. The third-person effect on the voting behavior was also revealed differently in terms of the medium according to age and political tendency of the voters. For instance, the younger and liberal voters were likely to see newspaper as having a greater influence on other voters' choice of candidate, while the older voters saw TV as having a greater effect on other voters. The conservative tendency did not affect the perception of the voters at all. Another noteworthy result was that personal characteristics of the candidates' images such as appearances and communication skills did not affect the voters' behaviors in the election process.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

Entrepreneurship is a means of improving national competitiveness that can expand the industry quantitatively and qualitatively based on new technologies and ideas. As a result, we are implementing a nationwide initiative support policy around the world. It leads to actual results and grows into a global company. It also has the advantage of being able to produce potential creative people through support for startups. In order to cultivate talented people suitable for startup in Korea, Venture For Korea, the internship program is being carried out with the aim of strengthening basic capabilities and establishing an exchange with existing companies. The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of the system by using justice theory among the interns of the startup internship. In order to improve the accuracy of the study, the survey was done by a complete enumeration and the results were analyzed through Smart PLS 2.0. As a result of the analysis, the distributive justice and interactional justice among the fairness variables have a positive effect on the expectancy effect, and the expectancy effect has a positive effect on the satisfaction. However, procedural justice did not appear to have an effect on expectancy effects. This is because it's been only two years after the start of the internship program, and it seems to reflect the lack of consensus about the process among the stakeholders (enterprise, pre-entrepreneur, the government) related to the system. The results of this study are meaningful in that it deduces the insufficient part of the startup internship based on the justice theory. In other words, in order to increase the policy effect of the startup internship, it is necessary not only to emphasize only the purpose, but also to establish a policy direction complementing the procedural aspect.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.395-402
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• 2011

As the consumer market for odor products grows, companies producing healthcare products are beginning to pay more attention to the emotional aspect of an odor product in order to differentiate their products from competitors. In the following research, the affective effect of odor product was investigated while focusing on relaxation and working contexts using orange and pine scents, since these are typical odors in current domestic market. Two empirical studies were carried out. First, in experiment I, 18 subjects, all of whom were university students, spent 20 minutes sitting comfortably on a sofa while electrocardiogram assessments were made. After a five-minute break, in experiment II, the same subjects were provided with both arithmetic and geometric questions and their electroencephalogram readings was recorded from eight channels. All subjects participated in three sessions - no odor, an orange scent, and then a pine scent - with a minimum time interval of 24 hours. The results show that in the context of a pine scent, both the activation ratio of subjects' parasympathetic system and those of the Sensory Motor Rhythm waves and Mid Beta waves were at the highest peak. Therefore, the pine scent helped the subjects to feel more comfortable and more focused at the same time. In other words, it gave them a state of meditated attention. In addition, it was found that the right brain was activated twice the intensity when the subjects worked through the geometric questions, whereas both sides of the brain were activated in equal magnitude during the process of arithmetic tasks. This replicates previous studies of the functional aspect of the right brain - being responsible for spatial and creative thinking.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2003

임진강대의 변성이질암은 전형적인 바로비안형 변성분대를 보이며, 남쪽으로 갈수록 변성도가 증가하여 석류석$\longrightarrow$십자석$\longrightarrow$남정석 대를 정의한다. 우리는 반상변정의 성장과 여러번에 걸친 광역변형작용의 연관성을 밝히기 위해 광물의 반응관계와 성장순서 그리고 미구조(microstructure)를 -특히 석류석에 대해서- 연구하였다. 임진강대는 크게 세 번에 걸쳐 변형작용을 받은 것으로 해석된다: (1) 지각 두께의 증가에 수반된 압축변형작용 (D$_{n-1}$), (2) 주 엽리(Sn)를 만든 변형작용(Dn), 그리고 (3) 연성전단작용에 수반된 신장변형작용(D$_{n+1}$ ). 석류석대의 석류석 반상변정에서는 약간 휘어진 포유물 궤적(inclusion trail)이 주 엽리면에 대해 연속적이며, 이는 Dn과 동시기에 반상변정이 생성되었음을 지시한다. 이러한 석류석은 녹니석과 백운모로 구성된 주 엽리를 치환하면서 자라기 때문에, 녹니석+백운모+석영=석류석+흑운모+$H_2O$의 반응에 의해 만들어진 것으로 해석된다. 석류석 자형변정(idioblast)이 주 엽리를 자르면서 성장하기도 하는데, 이는 Dn 이후에도 석류석이 후구조(post-tectonic) 광물로 성장했음을 지시한다. 또한, 이러한 석류석은 흑운모를 치환하기 때문에, 동구조(syn-tectonic) 석류석의 생성반응에서와는 달리 흑운모가 반응물임을 알 수 있다. 한편, 십자석대의 석류석은 포유물 궤적에 의해 정의되는 S$_{n-1}$면이 주 엽리면과 사각을 이루며 단속적이기 때문에, D$_{n-1}$과 Dn 사이에 자란 것으로 해석된다. 이와는 대조적으로 십자석은 주 엽리를 치환하면서 자라고 있어서 Dn과 동시기 혹은 Dn 이후에 자랐을 것으로 해석된다..의 환경문제를 발생하지 않으며, 공정액에 첨가제를 투입하지 않으므로 순환형 친환경공정으로 각광받을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 고온, 고농도의 NaOH 수용액의 처리에 적합한 막소재와 발생될 수 있는 제반 문제점 등을 파악하였고, 장기간의 실험을 거쳐 최적 투과 압력(Trans membrane pressue), 세정 조건 및 주기, 막재질에 있어서 보강하여야 할 Point, 최적 운전 조건들을 토출해 내었고, 향후 실제 Plant에 적용할 계획이다.는 양적으로 다른 두 가지의 유사한 마그마가 수반된 것으로 추정된다. 것으로 추정된다.를 사용하지 않음으로써 효과적이고 만족할 만한 심근보호 효과를 보였다.를 보였다.4주까지에서는 비교적 폐포는 정상적 구조를 유지하면서 부분적으로 소폐동맥 중막의 비후와 간질에 호산구 침윤의 소견이 특징적으로 관찰되었다. 결론: 분리 폐 관류는 정맥주입 방법에 비해 고농도의 cisplatin 투여로 인한 다른 장기에서의 농도 증가 없이 폐 조직에 약 50배 정도의 고농도 cisplatin을 투여할 수 있었으며, 또한 분리 폐 관류 시 cisplatin에 의한 직접적 폐 독성은 발견되지 않았다이 낮았으나 통계학적 의의는 없었다[10.0%(4/40) : 8.2%(20/244), p>0.05]. 결론: 비디오흉강경술에서 재발을 낮추기 위해 수술시 폐야 전체를 관찰하여 존재하는 폐기포를 놓치지 않는 것이 중요하며, 폐기포를 확인하지 못한 경우와 이차성 자연기흉에 대해서는 흉막유착술에 더 세심한 주의가 필요하다는 것을 확인하였다. 비디오흉강경수술은 통증이 적고, 입원기간이 짧고, 사회로의 복귀가 빠르며, 고위험군에 적용할 수 있고, 무엇보다도 미용상의 이점이 크다는 면에서 자연기흉에 대해 유용한 치료방법임에는 틀림이 없으나 개흉술에 비해 재발율이 높고 비용이 비싸다는 문제가 제기되고 있는 만큼 더 세심한 주의와 장기 추적관찰이 필요하리라 사료된다.전 도부타민 심초음파는 관상동맥우회로술 후

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.131-157
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• 2012

Despite the voluminous research on switching barriers, the notion that they can generate negative responses has not been investigated. Further, a critical question is what determines the strength of such negative responses. To address this question, the classic theory of psychological reactance is briefly reviewed, and the idea of switching barrier is advanced. This study attempts to suggest a model on the negative effects of switching- frustrated situation, based on the studies on psychological reactance. According to psychological reactance theory(Brehm 1966), whenever a freedom is threatened or removed, individuals are motivated, at least temporarily, to restore their freedom. For example, if individuals think they are free to engage in behaviors .v, y, or z, then threatening their freedom to engage in x would cause psychological reactance. This reactance could be reduced by an increase in the perceived attractiveness of engaging in, the threatened behavior(Kivetz 2005). This investigation seeks to extend existing switching barrier research in three important ways. First, while the past research has emphasized only positive role of switching barrier, this study address negative role of it by applying psychological reactance theory. Second, to find negative results of switching barrier, I suggest negative psychological response including regret to the past choice, resentment to the present provider, and strong desire to the alternative provider. Third, I suggest the perceived severity of the switching barriers, the attractiveness of the alternative as switching-frustrated situation which can lead to negative results. And, in addition to these relationships, I added moderated effects of perceived justice for better explanation. So this study includes the following hypotheses. H1-1 ~ H1-3: The attractiveness of the alternative has a positive effect regret to the past choice (h1-1), resentment to the present provider (h1-2), and strong desire to the alternative provider (h1-3). H2-1 ~ H2-3 : The perceived severity of the switching barrier has a positive effect regret to the past choice (h2-1), resentment to the present provider (h2-2), and strong desire to the alternative provider (h2-3). H3-1 ~ H3-3 : The positive relationships between the attractiveness of the alternative and consumer' negative responses will be stronger at low level of perceived justice than at high level of perceived justice. H4-1 ~ H4-3 : The positive relationships between the perceived severity of the switching barrier and consumer' negative responses will be stronger at low level of perceived justice than at high level of perceived justice. Survey research is employed to test hypotheses involving perceived severity of the switching barrier(Hess 2008), attractiveness of the alternative(Anderson and Narus 1990; Ohanian 1990),regret(Glovich and Medvec 1995), resentment, strong desire(Alcohol Urge Questionaire: Bohn et al. 1995), perceived justice(Bies and Moag 1986; Clemmer 1993; Lind and Tyler 1998). Previous researches, such as reactance theory, emotion and service failure, have been referenced to measure constructs. All items were measured on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". We collected data involving various service field, and used 249 respondents to analyze these data using the moderated regression. The results of our analysis suggest, as expected, that the perceived severity of the switching barrier had positive effects on regret to the past choice(b = .197, p< .01), resentment to the present provider(b = .214, p< .01), and strong desire to the alternative provider(b = .254, p< .001). And the attractiveness of the alternative had positive effects on regret to the past choice(b = .353, p<.001), resentment to the present provider(b = .174, p< .01), and strong desire to the alternative provider(b = .265, p< .001). However, our findings indicate perceived justice partly moderates relationship between switching-frustrated situation and psychological negative response. The study has brought to light a number of insights between switching barriers and consumer' negative responses that have been subject to little prior research. In particular, this study adds to the existing understanding of the psychological responses to switching barriers in switching- frustrated situation. This research therefore has significance to marketers for strategic marketing programs, particularly in terms of customer retention and switching barrier strategies. Since consumers could exhibit negative responses to switching barrier, companies would be able to lose their customer when they thoughtlessly use switching barrier for remaining customer. Although the study has these contributions, there are several limitations including unsupported hypotheses and research method. So, we need to make up for these limitations in the future researches.