• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.493-506
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• 1993

For maintenance of an ailing or failed implant it is essential to treat the implant fixture surface so as to remove bacterial endotoxin and make a surface tolerated by surrounding soft and hard tissue. Thus in this study the method that makes the smoothest surface treated with a high speed diamond bur, a low speed diamond bur, a stone, a rubber point or Jetpolisher was studied. With the profilomenter a mean value of $R_{max}$ was measured. The hight speed diamond, the rubber point and the Jetpolisher showed a mean $R_{max}\;7.77{\mu}m$. The low speed diamond bur, the rubber, point and the Jetolisher made a mean value of $R_{max}\;8.44{\mu}m$. The stone, the rubber point and the Jetolisher showed the smoothest surfaces with a mean value of $R_{max}\;6.24{\mu}m$. TPS (titanium plasma sprayed) areas showed a mean vlaue of $R_{max}\;24.42{\mu}m$, and the smooth surfaced titanium disc manufactured by the company (IMZ, Germany) shows a mean value of $R_{max}\;3.00{\mu}m$. Under the SEM examination the disc treated with a high speed diamond bur, a rubber point and a Jetpolisher showed partially remaining TPS particles, but the height of these particles were reduced remarkably compared with those of the original TPS. The disc treated with a low speed diamond bur, a rubber point and a Jetpolisher showed a rough topography with remaining TPS on the entire surface. A stone, a rubber point and a Jetpolisher removed almost TPS and the bulk titanium metal was exposed and some scratches were made by the stone. All treated discs were revealed as rougher than the smooth surface disc manufactured by the company. An untreated TPS disc shows a very irregular surface and a $40{\mu}m$ height of the plasma sprayed areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.396-400
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• 2009

Dodok (Codonopsis lanceolata Bench. et Hook) root contains abundant pharmaceutical substances and is widely used as a food and a medicinal herb. To identify the major components, fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was analyzed for its chemical compositions prior to their pharmaceutical substances, which were used as the fundamental data. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 79.3%, 13.0%, 2.40% and 5.3%, respectively. The calories of fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was 390.5 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 47.4% of total carbohydrates. The protein was composed of 18 different amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 8,118.18 mg and 10,913.42 mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca and Mg, which means fermented Codonopsis lanceolata is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 37.76%, 3.84%, and 35.64%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of crude saponin in fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was 60.1 mg/g. It is expected that a follow up study on fermented Codonopsis lanceolata through development and evaluation of processed foods for their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.349-384
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• 2013

The Sputnik 1 launching in 1957 made the world recognize the necessity of international regulations on space development and activities in outer space. The United Nations established COPUOS the very next year, and adopted the mandate to examine legal issues concerning the peaceful uses of outer space. At the time, the military sector of the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union were in charge of the space development and they were not welcomed to discuss the prohibition of the military uses of outer space at the legal section in the COPUOS. Although both countries had common interests in securing the freedom of military uses in outer space. As the social and economic benefits derived from space activities have become more apparent, civil expenditures on space activities have continued to increase in several countries. Virtually all new spacefaring states explicitly place a priority on space-based applications to support social and economic development. Such space applications as satellite navigation and Earth imaging are core elements of almost every existing civil space program. Likewise, Moon exploration continues to be a priority for such established spacefaring states as China, Russia, India, and Japan. Recently, Companies that manufacture satellites and ground equipment have also seen significant growth. On 25 February 2012 China successfully launched the eleventh satellite for its indigenous global navigation and positioning satellite system, Beidou. Civil space activities began to grow in China when they were allocated to the China Great Wall Industry Corporation in 1986. China Aerospace Corporation was established in 1993, followed by the development of the China National Space Administration. In Japan civil space was initially coordinated by the National Space Activities Council formed in 1960. Most of the work was performed by the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science of the University of Tokyo, the National Aerospace Laboratory, and, most importantly, the National Space Development Agency. In 2003 all this work was assumed by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA). Japan eases restrictions on military space development. On 20 June 2012 Japan passed the Partial Revision of the Cabinet Establishment Act, which restructured the authority to regulate Japanese space policy and budget, including the governance of the JAXA. Under this legislation, the Space Activities Commission of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, which was responsible for the development of Japanese space program, will be abolished. Regulation of space policy and budget will be handed over to the Space Strategy Headquarter formed under the Prime Minister's Cabinet. Space Strategy will be supported by a Consultative Policy Commission as an academics and independent observers. By revoking Article 4 (Objectives of the Agency) of a law that previously governed JAXA and mandated the development of space programs for "peaceful purposes only," the new legislation demonstrates consistency with Article 2 of the 2008 Basic Space Law. In conformity with the principles laid down in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty JAXA is now free to pursue the non-aggressive military use of space. New legislation is the culmination of a decade-long process that sought ways to "leverage Japan's space development programs and technologies for security purposes, to bolster the nation's defenses in the face of increased tensions in East Asia." In this connection it would also be very important and necessary to create an Asian Space Agency(ASA) for strengthening cooperation within the Asian space community towards joint undertakings.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1123-1131
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• 2001

The sintering behaviors of the renewed $Al_2$O$_3$ceramics were investigated as functions of the addition amount and particle size of recycling $Al_2$O$_3$powder, such as crushed powder of structural $Al_2$O$_3$ceramics and waste $Al_2$O$_3$adsorbent, were investigated. Pure $Al_2$O$_3$sample was fabricated by sintered at 1,$650^{\circ}C$ for 5h and it was crushed into powder (-40${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$and +40${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in particle size) by thermal shock treatment and crushing. Then, 10~50wt% of crushed $Al_2$O$_3$powder and waste $Al_2$O$_3$adsorbent were mixed with pure $Al_2$O$_3$powder and were subjected to re-sintering to renewed $Al_2$O$_3$sample. The density and the 3-point bending strength increased with increasing the sintering temperature without regard to the addition amount and particle size of recycling $Al_2$O$_3$powder, and that of the samples at the same sintering temperature decreased with increasing the addition amount and particle size of recycling $Al_2$O$_3$powder. Samples over 200 Mpa of 3-point bending strength were obtained by mixing ~30wt% of crushed $Al_2$O$_3$powder(-40${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), ~20wt% of crushed $Al_2$O$_3$powder (+40${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and 10wt% of waste $Al_2$O$_3$adsorbent. 5~20wt% of waste glass powder containing renewed $Al_2$O$_3$samples for densification were fabricated by sintered at 1200~1$650^{\circ}C$ for 5h. The temperature of maximum density and 3-point bending strength decreased with increasing the addition amount of waste glass powder, however, these samples at above 140$0^{\circ}C$ showed lower density and bending strength than renewed $Al_2$O$_3$samples. The addition of waste glass powder did not improved the densification of renewed $Al_2$O$_3$sample.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1053-1059
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• 2001

This study was conducted to estimate the content of antioxidant components and investigate the antioxidative activity of mustard leaf kimchi added pumpkin powder (P) and green tea powder (G). Mustard leaf kimchi added different ratios of P and G were prepared and fermented for 30 days at 5$^{\circ}C$ (properly fermented time). The contents of chlorophyll, total phenol, carotenoids and ascorbic acid in mustard leaf kimchi samples were estimated. The 30 day fermented mustard leaf kimchi added 0.3% P and 0.2% G had relatively higher content of antioxidant components than the other kimchi samples. Based on this result, antioxidative activities of mustard leaf kimchi added 0.3% P and 0.2% G and control kimchi were investigated, that is, methanol extracts of the mustard leaf kimchi samples were prepared and investigated the antioxidative activities. The antioxidative activity of mustard leaf kimchi added 0.3% P and 0.2% G was significantly (p<0,05) higher than control kimchi, and that of the 30 day fermented mustard leaf kimchi at 5$^{\circ}C$ was also significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fresh mustard leaf kimchi. Therefore, it is suggested that antioxidative activity of the 30 day fermented mustard leaf kimchi added 0.3% P and 0.2% G at 5$^{\circ}C$ was the best compared to the other kimchi samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 1984

This experiment aims to observe the nutritive value of blood sausages by manufacturing three kinds of them in order to utilize various by-products of swine when it is processed. In attempt to do so, five different diets were made: one control diet and four diets in which three kinds of blood sausages(blood sausage-1 was made with sausage meat 10%, fat 40%, blood 20%, skin 20% and liver 2%. blood sausage-2 was made with ham meat 30%, fat 20%, blood 20%, liver 2% and skin 20%. blood sausage-3 was made with smoked ham patch 30%, fat 20%, blood 20%, liver 2% and skin 20%) and mixed sausage(sausage meat 20%, fat 10% and fish meat 35%) were mixed with control diet at the rates of 10% respectively. These diets were fed to growing male and female albino rats for 6 weeks. The results obtained through this study are summarized as follows. In body weight gain of male rats, blood sausage-1 and 2 groups were significantly higher than mixed sausage group during the experimental period, and in that of female rats, control group and blood sausage-1 group were similar, but the other groups were lower than control group. Food intake was different in each group every week, but the amount of that was similar to each one throughout all experimental period. Food efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio in male were similar in each group, but slightly different in female during the feeding period. Liver weights of male in mixed sausage group and blood sausage-3 group were lower than those in control group and blood sausage-2 group, but liver weight of female in blood sausage-2 group was lower than that in control group. And all groups were similar in liver weight per 100 g of body weight. Mixed sausage group and blood sausage-1 group were lower than control group in kidney weight of male, and blood sausage-1 group was lower than control group in kidney weight of female. Kidney weight per 100 g of body weight of male showed that blood sausage-1 group was lower than the other groups. Spleen weight was similar in all groups. Hematocrit and hemoglobin contents in blood, total protein, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, total lipid and total cholesterol contents in serum were showed almost similar in all groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.557-564
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate changes in ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and isoflavones in traditional Korean Doenjang according to ripening periods. The traditional Korean Doenjang used in this research was produced at Seowon Agricultural Cooperative in Gangwon-do Province, and samples fermented for periods of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years were used. Doenjang that was not fermented after production was used as a control group. The analysis results of general constituents indicated a decreasing tendency for moisture after a momentary increase until three years of fermentation. The pH and Hunter color values of the Doenjang samples decreased overtime. In the case of amino acids, generally there were no notable differences during fermentation, but glutamic acid, the precursor of GABA, significantly decreased with fermentation. GABA content for the control group was $24.9{\pm}0.8\;mg$/kg, while the traditional Korean Doenjang fermented for 1 year contained $43.8{\pm}0.2\;mg$/kg and after 3 years it increased to $120.6{\pm}3.9\;mg$/kg. Furthermore, samples fermented for 5 and 7 years contained $569.5{\pm}3.9\;mg$/kg and $930.7{\pm}7.1\;mg$/kg, respectively, and a 10 year old specimen had 77 times more GABA than the control group, with $1,938.7{\pm}4.8\;mg$/kg. This confirmed that GABA content increased with fermentation time. There were no significant differences in the isoflavone glycosides daidzin, genistin, and glycitin, but genistein and daidzein, which are aglycones, increased along with fermentation period by the actions of enzymes and microorganisms during fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.593-598
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• 2011

This research was performed to determine the quality characteristics of steamed bread by the number of times through the fermentation process. The number of fermentations varied from 1 to 5 while the steamed bread was prepared by measuring the duration of fermentation, and samples were analyzed in terms of general ingredients, physical properties, in vitro starch hydrolysis, protein digestibility, and sensory characteristics. Five times of fermentation resulted in significantly higher water content (p<0.01), and single fermentation led to the highest protein content (p<0.01). Protein levels decreased as fermentation was repeated. Single fermentation gave the lowest specific bread volume (p<0.05) and it increased with the number of fermentation times. Physical properties also varied with the number of times of fermentation. With more fermentation, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness decreased (p<0.01), whereas resilience (p<0.01) and cohesiveness (p<0.05) increased. In vitro starch hydrolysis was higher with 5 times of fermentation than with single to 3 times of fermentation (p<0.05). Protein digestibility was also higher with 5 times of fermentation (p<0.05). In sensory evaluations, whiteness scores were higher with 4 to 5 times of fermentation (p<0.01) whereas scores for crumb uniformity were lower with 4 and 5 times of fermentation. Moistness (p<0.01), cohesiveness (p<0.01), and chewiness (p<0.05) showed their highest scores with 4 times of fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 2011

Cucumber fermentation has been used as a means of preservation. This study was performed to investigate the effects of fermented cucumber beverage (CF) containing beneficial materials for an ethanol hangover based on Hovenia dulcis (SKM) on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: ethanol control, ethanol plus SKM, and ethanol plus CF+SKM. SKM or CF+SKM was orally administered at a dose of 7 mL/kg body weight once per day for 5 weeks. Control rats were given an equal amount of water. CF+SKM significantly lowered plasma ethanol levels, whereas SKM tended to decrease the levels compared to the control. Both SKM and CF+SKM significantly lowered the plasma acetaldehyde levels and serum transaminase activities compared to those in the control. SKM and CF+SKM did not affect hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity; however, it significantly inhibited cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity. Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was significantly higher in the SKM and CF+SKM groups than that in the control group. Plasma acetaldehyde concentration was significantly correlated with hepatic CYP2E1 (r=0.566, p<0.01) activity and ALDH (r=-0.564, p<0.01) activity. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as glutathione content increased with the SKM and CF+SKM administration, whereas lipid peroxide content decreased significantly. Furthermore, SKM and CF+SKM lowered plasma and hepatic lipid content and lipid droplets compared to those in the control group. These results indicate that SKM and CF+SKM exhibit hepatoprotective properties partly by inhibiting CYP2E1 activity, enhancing ALDH activity and stimulating the antioxidant defense systems in ethanol-treated rats.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.229-237
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• 2012

Phosphorus was incorporated into Co/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst for FTS by impregnating an acidic precursor, phosphoric acid, in ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ support to improve the mechanical strength, the hydrothermal stability of the catalyst particle, and the catalytic performance as well. Surface characterization techniques such as FT-IR revealed that $AlPO_4$ phase was generated on the surface of the P-modified catalyst. The addition of phosphorus was found to alleviate the interaction between cobalt and alumina surface, and to increase reducibility of catalyst. The catalytic activity such as $C_{5+}$ productivity and turnover frequency (TOF) was calculated to evaluate catalytic performance. The influence of calcination temperature of the $Al_2O_3$ containing 2 wt.% P on the catalytic performance was also investigated. Through hydrothermal stability test and XRD analysis, the P-modified catalyst had strong resistant to the pressurized and hot $H_2O$. The mechanical strength of the P-modified catalyst was also examined through an in-house fluidized-bed vessel, and it was found that the catalyst fragmentation could be successfully suppressed with P. Taken as a whole, the best performance was shown to be at 1~2 wt.% P in alumina and at the calcination temperature of $500^{\circ}C$.