• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to understand the management level of pathogenic bacteria in HACCP system implemented animal farms. Microbial samples were collected from manure, floor, compost depot, manure on belt, low milk tank, dust in laying house and egg collector in HACCP system implemented Korean beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, and laying Hens farms. O157, O111 and O26 strains of E. coli were not detected in HACCP system implemented Korean beef cattle farm. The detection rate of E. coli from manure and floor in HACCP system implemented cattle farms (Korean beef cattle and dairy farm) was lower than those of non-HACCP system implemented cattle farm. Salmonella spp. was detected in HACCP system implemented cattle farms (Korean beef cattle and dairy farm). Compared with pervious studies, lower detection rate of Salmonella spp. at floor and compost depot in HACCP system implemented swine and commercial layer farms were indicated. In conclusion, implementation of HACCP system in animal farms would enhance the management level of biological hazard compare to normal animal farms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.261-265
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• 2006

가. 젖소분을 이용하여 관행사육과 상자사육방식을 비교한 결과 단위면적당 3,000g(15${\times}$15${\times}$30,cm)으로 관행방식과 차이가 없었다. 나. 지렁이의 수직분포는 15cm이상에 대부분 분포하고 있었으나 관행방식은 0 ${\sim}$ 10cm에서 고르게 분포되어 있었으나 상자사육에서는 0 ${\sim}$ 5cm에 70%이상이 분포되어 기계화 채취에 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. 다. 분변토 분리 및 배출시험을 위하여 로드셀을 켈리브레이션 하였으며 이때 출력전압(v)과 중량과의 회귀관계는 Y = 0.004X + 1.0995로 나타났다. 라. 분변토 분리 및 배출 시험을 한 결과 축분처리상자를 개량전에는 분리 및 배출장치의 압축력이 평균 1.2kg/cm$^{2}$, 1.4kg/cm$^{2}$로 나타났으며 축분처리상자의 배출구를 1cm 높이고 폭을 10cm 줄여 개량후 배출장치의 압축력이 평균 0.6kg/cm$^{2}$, 0.5kg/cm$^{2}$로 압축력을 50%, 64%절감 시킬 수 있었다.

• 월간낙농육우
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.68-84
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• 2009

사료값 폭등, 육우 가격 및 젖소 송아지 가격 폭락 등의 현 위기 상황을 반영하듯, 올해 낙농육우산업 발전을 위해서는 송아지 값 안정, 사료안정화기금 마련, 단체우유급식 제도화 등이 가장 시급하게 해결되어야 할 낙농현안으로 꼽혔다. 협회가 지난해 말 전국순회낙농인대토론회 기간 중 낙농가들을 대상으로 실시한 '2009 낙농육우산업 발전을 위한 설문조사' 결과에 따르면, '낙농산업발전에 있어 가장 해결이 시급한 과제는 무엇이라 생각하는가'라는 질문에 대해 ${\bullet}$사료기금안정화 기금 설립 ${\bullet}$송아지 값 안정 ${\bullet}$학교우유급식 등 단체우유급식의 제도화로 우유소비 확대 등의 답변이 각각 20%의 응답률을 보이며 나란히 최우선 해결과제로 지목도T다. 또한 ${\bullet}$낙농제도개선을 통한 전국단위 우유수급의 안정 문제도 19%의 응답을 얻어, 최근 진흥회의 70%유대 물량을 폐지하는 잉여원유차등가격제 개정문제 역시 농가들을 불안케 하고 있는 것으로 분석됐다. 이번 설문조사는 협회가 중장기 낙농산업발전을 위한 세부적인 활동방향 모색을 위해 농가현장의 여론을 수렴코자 지난해까지 실시한 전국순회 낙농육우인 대토론회 기간('08.11..27${\sim}$12.8)동안 강습회 참석자들을 대상으로 이뤄졌으며 설문조사에 참여한 응답자는 총 376명이다. 설문조사 내용은 낙농산업 발전방안, 낙농환경 문제개선. 목장경영 현안(경영지속 여부, 부채문제, 조사료확충의 애로점, 분뇨처리문제 등), 낙농자조금사업, 월간 "낙농육우" 및 협회 홈페이지 등에 대한 농가들의 의견 등이다. 협회는 이번 설문조사 결과를 향후 협회활동에 참고할 예정이다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1999

Experiment was carried out to determine the agronomic characteristics, forage yield of silage corn(Zea mays L.) soil chemical characterictics and $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water by different application rates of daily liquid manures. Four treatment consisting of chemical fetilizer, $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, daily liquid manure $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, $300kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ and $400kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randonmized complete block design with three replicates. The results obtained at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA., in Suwon from 1996 to 1997 are summarized as follows; In plant height and crude protein content, it were appeared to highest by 264cm, 6.8% at the cattle slurry 150% plot(T3), respectively. but Dry matter yield(14.5MT/ha) and TDN(9.5MT/ha) production of chemical fertilizer plot(T1) were highest. Among daily liquid manure amount, dry matter yield(14.0MT/ha) and TDN yield(9.1MT/ha) of daily liquid manure 100% plot(T2) were resulted to 96% and 97% of chemical fertilizer plot(T1). End year's soil organic matter and phosphate content were appeared to high than those of beginning year in daily liquid manure plots, but it was not in proportioned to increase according to slurry amount. $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water lower than 60cm of all plots were lowed than a permitted limit of cattle drinkable. As a result, it was appeared that the optimum application amount of dairy liquid manure was 200kg/ha by manure-N.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feed intake and water consumption on milk yield and manure production in milking cows. The average feed intake(dry matter) of milking cows were 19.5kg/hd/d. Spring(23.9kg) and fall(22.1kg) feed intake rates when higher than in the summer(17.0kg) and winter(15.3kg/hd/d). The average water consumption of milking cows were $77.2\ell/hd/d$. Summer showed the highest value$(85.5\ell/hd/d)$ and winter showed the lowest value$(62.2\ell/hd/d)$. The average milk yield during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 30.8, 24.0, 25.4, and 23.7kg/hd/d, respectively. Milk yield during spring was found to be statiscally greater than for the other seasons. Manure production of milking cows during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 64.4, 63.5, 60.4, and 51.0kg/hd/d, respectively. Consequently, a relatively high correlation between milk yield and water consumption$(R^2=0.7742)$, milk yield and feed intake$(R^2=0.7459)$, water, consumption and urine production$(R^2=0.7422)$, feed intake and feces production$(R^2=0.6044)$, and milk yield and feces production$(R^2=0.6920)$ were observed in milking cows. The other hand, correlation between water consumption and feces production$(R^2=0.2950)$, feed intake and urine production $(R^2=0.1985)$, and milk yield and urine production$(R^2=0.2335)$ were found to be relatively low. Therefore, correlation equation between milk yield and feed intake, milk yield and water consumption can be estimated from : $Y=0.1919X_1+11.181(R^2=0.7742),\;Y=0.8568X_2+9.3067(R^2=0.7459)$(Y=milk yield $X_1=water$ consumption, $X_2=feed$ intake).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 1998

This study was carried out to assess the roles of soil and vegetation on the nutrient cycling in paddy ecosystem where excessive amounts of animal wastes were flowed in due to the rain. Experimental sites included one abandoned and four cropping paddy fields which were moderately terraced under a small farm village raising 90 milk cows and 35 deer under open-air condition. The watershed covered 4 ha with every 50% of uptown and fodder crops. Concentrations of $NH_4-N$ and $P_2O_5$ in waste water flowed into the abandoned paddy field, enforced by the rain of $56.4mm\;day^{-1}$, were $8.3mg\;{\ell}^{-1}$ and $1.8mg\;{\ell}^{-1}$, respectively. Total mass of rainfall inflow to abandoned field during rice growing period (1 May to 30 Sept.) was $20,900Mg\;ha^{-1}$. Total amounts of $NH_4-N$ and $P_2O_5$ contained in that inflow were estimated as 173 kg and 38 kg, respectively. Concentrations in the outflow water through one abandoned and four rice paddy fields were reduced by 92% for $NH_4-N$ and 95% for $P_2O_5$, as compared to those in the inflows. The reserved portions of nutrients in the abandoned paddy field ecosystem, which were the summation of the uptake by weed and residues in soil, were 29% of the inflow amount for $NH_4-N$ and 30% for $P_2O_5$. These results demonstrated that soil and vegetation in paddy field ecosystem reduced the excessive nutrients from the animal waste inflow to the extents that might be suitable not only for the better growth of rice plant, located at the lower paddy fields, but also for preservation of the downstream from eutrophication.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 1998

Algal meal (cell) was produced from the solution of dairy cow wastes by fermentation of ulothrix. sp. and chlorella sp. Raw wastes mainly feces were diluted with ground water to give dry matter concentration of 0.5 w/v of wastes in 20 l amounts of ten plastic containers. Each containers were covered with plastic nets and vinyl films to protect from the insects and rain. Algea cells were harvested every 3 to 5 days and dried by sunlight and artifitial heat. Dried cells were ground by a feed meal, and analyzed and tested for the chemical composition of dry cell, in vitro DM and protein digestibility and the safty of algae. Protein contents in algae meals, ulothrix (29.37%) and chlorella (29.24%) were similar. However, chlorella contained lower Neutral detergent fiber (5.92%) than ulothrix(20,76%), and higher ash (32.86%) and calcium (12.62%) than ulothrix (28.66% and 6.09%) (P<.01). Ulothrix protein had higher for essential amino acids; valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine, than chlorella (P<.05). Algal fats contained high saturated fatty acids, C16:0 and C18:0, for ulothrix and high unsaturated fatty acids, C18:1 and C18:2, for chlorella (P<.01). In vitro digestibility of. ulothrix tended to be higher for DM, but lower for protein than chlorella. The weight gain and survival percentage were higher for pond fishes (loaches, Misgurnus sp. ) fed diet added chlorella meal than diets added ulothrix meal and control diet (P<.05).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2009

Bovine mastitis is an important disease causing serious economic loss in dairy production and food poison in public health. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the major causative agents of bovine mastitis. These bacteria were found in milk and environmental condition such as feces, water, soil and so on. Bovine mastitis causative micro-organisms can survive in 1-2 weeks in feces and bed complexes. Low level of percentage of water content (PWC) of feces and bed complexes can reduce the spreading of bovine mastitis incidence from environmental contamination. In this study, we developed the fecal dehydrating system and determined the elimination rates of bovine mastitis causative agent from feces and bed complexes. To develop the fecal dehydrating system, the screw pressurized dehydrating system was used and the maximum rate of dehydrating was reached to 52% PWC using 90% PWC (wet base) of fecal and bed complexes. The elimination rates of the dehydrating system for E. coli and S. aureus were reached at 41.19 $\pm$ 7.84% to 62.55 $\pm$ 8.71% in various percentages of PWC of feces and bed complexes (80, 85 and 90%). These results suggested that the application of fecal dehydrating system would reduce the exposure of dairy cattle to bovine mastitis causing agents contaminated feces and bed complexes, and can be used for environmental bovine mastitis control avoiding misuse or abuse of chemical disinfectants and antibiotics in dairy farm.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2016

This study was purposed to evaluate the characteristic changes of the solidified livestock manure fuel(SLMF) through the application of compression treatment process. The compression process led to an increase of VS/TS ratio (Volatile solids/Total solids ratio) and moisture removal effect of SLMF. The amount of leachate withdrawn from dairy cattle manure and Hanwoo manure by compression were 21~26%(w/w) and 15~20%(w/w), respectively. The specific gravity of the leachate of dairy cattle manure and Hanwoo manure were 1.01 and 0.99, respectively. The dehydrated cow manure was easily processed into ball-shaped solidified fuel. The drying time of the SLMF was proportional to the diameter of the solidified fuel. The highest heating value was observed in diameter range of 10~15mm SLMF. It is concluded that the higher heating value of 10~15mm SLMF was related with the amount of fibrous matter contained in the SLMF.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.574-574
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• 2016

유역으로 유입되는 오염물질의 발생원은 점오염원과 비점오염원으로 구분할 수 있으며 점오염원의 경우 생활하수, 산업폐수, 그리고 축산폐수에 대해 처리시설 확충 및 기술개발을 통해 관리하고 있다. 비점오염원에서의 오염물질 유출은 토지이용, 강우, 불특정적인 오염물질 투입상태 등에 따라 다르며, 지역적 특성에 영향을 받기 때문에 불확실성이 고려되어야 한다. 특히 농촌지역에서의 비점오염은 접근이 어렵고 관리주체가 모호하여 좀처럼 규명되지 않았으며, 전국적으로 그 영향이 정량화되지 않아 실질적인 관리 및 대책마련에 어려움이 있었다. 특히, 가축분뇨의 발생으로부터 처리, 자원화에 이르기까지 각 관리체계에 있어서 축산비점오염의 배출경로와 수계오염부하량, 수질환경 영향을 정밀하게 분석하여 향후 대책마련을 위한 기초자료를 확보할 필요가 있다. 또한 전국적으로 비점오염이 수계에 미치는 영향과, 그 중 축산비점오염의 영향을 면밀히 분석하여 향후 정책 및 제도개선을 위한 과학적 기초자료로서 활용할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 축산 밀집 지역을 대상으로 오염원 조사를 통해 강우시 비점오염 모니터링 지점을 선정 하였으며, 년5회씩 강우 모니터링을 하여 기초데이터를 축적 하였다. 대상지역은 강원도 횡성군에 위치한 일리천 유역이며 농가 수는 총 90개의 농가가 위치하고 있는데 그 중 돼지 1,467마리, 한우 1,957마리, 젖소 581마리, 개 2,880마리, 닭 75,000마리, 사슴 4마리로 조사되었다. 대상유역을 대상으로 배출부하량을 조사한 결과 BOD 배출부하량은 총 509.3 kg/day, T-N 배출부하량은 총 331.5 kg/day, T-P 배출부하량은 총 28.3 kg/day로 조사되었다. 유출특성을 파악하기 위하여 유량가중평균농도(Event Mean Concentration, EMC)를 산정한 결과 BOD의 경우 MW-4에서 1.2 mg/L - 7.2 mg/L, MW-5에서 0.8 mg/L - 6.3 mg/L, MW-7에서 0.7 mg/L - 5.2 mg/L의 범위를 보였다. T-N의 경우 MW-4에서 1.426 mg/L - 5.321 mg/L, MW-5에서 1.205 mg/L - 4.27 mg/L, MW-7에서 0.989 mg/L - 3.859 mg/L의 범위를 보였다. T-P의 경우 MW-4에서 0.245 mg/L - 0.632 mg/L, MW-5에서 0.236 mg/L - 0.596 mg/L, MW-7에서 0.213 mg/L - 0.521 mg/L의 범위를 보였다. 본 연구에서 EMC를 산정한 방법은 평시 수질 및 유량을 정하는 기준에 따라 값이 많이 달라질 수 있다. 따라서 합리적으로 평시 부하량을 제외하고 강우시의 영향을 파악할 수 있는 EMC 산정방법에 대한 추가적인 고찰이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.