• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2016

Objectives : Somatic symptoms after the exposure of psychological trauma frequently developed. However, the somatic symptoms are not covered under the diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in detail, although they are often associated with social and occupational functioning and patient-doctor relationships. The aim of this article is to highlight the potential mechanisms, the common manifestations, and the treatment of the somatic symptoms. Methods : This article studied the somatic symptoms searched using academic search engines like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, KoreaMed and KISS from the earliest available date of indexing to March 31, 2016. Results : The mechanism of somatic symptoms after the exposure was described as psychological and physiological aspects. Psychological mechanism consisted of psychodynamic theory, cognitive behavioral theory, and others. Physiological mechanism involved changes in neuroendocrine and immune system, autonomic nervous system and central nervous system. Somatization associated with psychological trauma manifested various health conditions on head and neck, chest, abdominal, musculoskeletal, and dermatological and immune system. Few studies described the standardization of treatment for the somatic symptoms. Conclusions : Clinicians and disaster behavioral health providers should think of the accompanying somatic symptoms during intervention of psychological trauma and PTSD. Further studies are needed on the somatic symptoms seen in psychological trauma and PTSD.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.137
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• pp.249-276
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• 2016

The thought of Emmanuel Mounier addresses the most important problems in human life. In this research we try to analyze the three ontological characteristics of 'Person'. First the person has an indefinable character and is not substitutable since he is the true self which is the inner and spiritual being constituting the self-consciousness of an individual. The person has his individuality precisely because he is an individual and his being sovereign in having his own world. Next, the person's individuality has an ontological solitude from his own perspective. Nevertheless, having essentially an existential openness since it receives the elements that compose his own world by relationship and communication between men, and being connected unremittedly, the person is paradoxical. Finally, the person appears as a dynamic thing that continues to create the new self-consciousness. And this dynamism of the person wants to proclaim its self identity while at the same time, aim for a "personification of society" based on the love of humanity. Because of this we can say that the thought of Emmanuel Mounier on the person may be a new type of "humanism" that can give light to the misery of modern society.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 1997

The changes of electroencephalogram(EEG) in patients with dementia are most commonly studied by analyzing power or magnitude in certain traditionally defined frequency bands. However because of the absence of an identified metric which quantifies the complex amount of information, there are many limitations in using such a linear method. According to chaos theory, irregular signals of EEG can also result from low dimensional deterministic chaos. Chaotic nonlinear dynamics in the EEG can be studied by calculating the correlation dimension. The authors have analyzed EEG epochs from three patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and three matched control subjects. The multichannel correlation dimension is calculated from EEG epochs consisting of 15 channels with 16,384 data points per channel. The results showed that patients with dementia of Alzheimer type had significantly lower correlation dimension than non-demented controls on 12 channels. Topographic analysis showed that the correlation dimensions were significantly lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease on frontal, temporal, central, and occipital head regions. These results show that brains of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type have a decreased complexity of electrophysiological behavior. We conclude that the nonlinear analysis such as calculating correlation dimension can be a promising tool for detecting relative changes in the complexity of brain dynamics.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.295-301
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• 1996

We investigated the characteristics of cognitive-behavioral response to auditory hallucinations in 27 schizophrenic patients. The results were as follows : 1) The most frequent cognitive and behavioral response was healthy cognitive one such as suppression or ignoring and increasing physiological arousal, respectively. 2) The characteristics of auditory hallucinations in good/fair copers was that if was more likely to be mild in severity and insight-oriented And increasing physiological arousal was used more frequently in good/fair copers and unhealthy cognitive-behavioral response was used more frequently in poor copers. 3) Out of 3 variables(duration, insight and severity of auditory hallucinations), the insight of auditory hallucinations was the only factor which made difference in unhealthy cognitive response. In conclusion, there were quite a diverse and unique cognitive-behavioral response to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.

• Korean small business review
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.91-117
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to study the effect of internatioanl entrepreneurial orientation of small and medium-sized Chinese manufacturing companies on export performance. A total of 183 corporate data were used for empirical analysis for Chinese manufacturing export companies. In summary, first, international entrepreneurial orientation was shown to have a significant positive effect on export performance, second, international etrprenurial orientation was shown to have a significant positive effect on absorption capacity, and third, the stronger environmental dynamics and network capacity, the stronger international business orientation and export ability. The implications of this study are summarized as follows. It suggests that the more innovative, enterprising and risk-taking Chinese SMEs are, the better their export performance and the better their ability to absorb foreign knowledge. It also suggests that small business managers must continue to strengthen their network capabilities to improve export performance through international entrepreneurial orientation, and this relationship is further strengthened in a dynamic environment. It also suggests that the impact of firm's absorption capacity on export performance will weaken over time.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-44
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• 2023

Hexagram Bi (比 ䷇ 8) is one of the hexagrams comprised of one-unbroken line and five-broken lines. The hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines symbolize the relationship and dynamics between one yang-consciousness and the five-yin unconsciousness. The hexagram of one-unbroken line and five-broken lines has six different images depending on the position of the one unbroken line from the beginning line to the top line. In terms of psychology, this means that the position change of one yang line in relation to five yin lines may symbolize the function of consciousness which clarifies and determines the content of the psyche. In addition, the flow of psychic energy can be examined through the process of one unbroken line's movement. In other words, the psychic contents of the beginning line of hexagram Bok (復 ䷗ 24), which is the beginning of the hexagram of one-unbroken line and five-broken lines, proceed sequentially, and then arrive at the process of the last sixth, hexagram Bak (剝 ䷖ 23) through the fifth, the hexagram Bi (8). That is, it can be said that the content of the hexagram and the line determined according to the position of one unbroken line show a certain psychic flow. As a result, the first hexagram Bok (復 ䷗ 24), after recovering and starting newly, means the beginning of consciousness. After that the process of proceeding with the second, third, and fourth lines represents the flow of consciousness. And in the fifth place, the fifth line of hexagram Bi, it reaches its peak and is placed in the optimal state of consciousness because of its right and centered position at this hexagram Bi. Like nature, the psyche gradually enters the path of decline from the highest state, which leads to the last sixth, the top line of hexagram Bak. However, the top line of the hexagram Bak, where everything falls off, contains the content of starting again in its top line. It is the beginning line of hexagram Bok to inherit this. This means the circumambulation of the psyche that changes from a psychologically difficult state of depression to a stage of recovery. There is a stage that must be passed in this circulation process, and that is the hexagram Gon (坤 ䷁ 2). October(tenth month)'s hexagram Gon is placed between hexagram Bak, the ninth month of the lunar calendar, and hexagram Bok, the eleventh month of the lunar calendar. This represents that the flow of recovery must go through a maternal process of hexagram Gon. The retreat to the psychological uterus is inevitable in regenerating the psyche. This process flows from the hexagram Bak and through hexagram Gon to the hexagram Bok. At this situation the hexagram Gon acts the absolutely necessary role. In addition, the main body of the hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines, including the Bi hexagram, is also the Gon hexagram composed of six-broken lines. In other words, all six hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines have a certain relationship with the Gon hexagram, and it would be meaningful to look at the correlation between the unbroken lines of the hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines and the corresponding broken lines of the hexagram Gon. This can be said to be the dynamics of the maternal unconscious connected to the state of consciousness in six forms. Therefore, each hexagram of one-unbroken and five-broken lines symbolizes the expression of the integration the mother archetype with the consciousness. Revealing this well is the meaning of the hexagram of one-unbroken and five-broken lines. Its hexagram image consists of a combination of Gon (☷), which symbolizes the mother, and the thunder (☳) the eldest son, the water (☵) the middle son and the mountain (☶) the third son. As a result, the hexagram Bok (復 ䷗ 24), Sa (師 ䷆ 7), Gyeom (謙 ䷠ 15), Ye (豫 ䷏ 16), Bi (比 ䷇ 8) and Bak (剝 ䷖ 23) are sequentially created in the order of the unbroken line. This is symbolically the evolutionary process of consciousness. In this way, the hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines, which mean the conjunction of mother and son, represent the advancing relationship between the maternal unconscious and consciousness. In addition, the relationship with the mother according to the position of the son is related to the dynamics of mother archetype to the attitude of consciousness. The psychological meaning can be deduced from the flow of six lines of hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines. And the state in which the activation of the consciousness is at its peak is the fifth line of the hexagram Bi, and comparing it with the contents of the corresponding fifth line of hexagram Gon not only can find the state and meaning of the conjunction of consciousness and the maternal unconscious, but the entire flow can be compared to the individuation process.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

Objectives The aim of this study was to develop a new Korean psychotherapeutic model in terms of emotion.Methods We compared the five minds mutual restriction therapy with short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP). We summarized 4 similarities and 4 differences of these two models of psychotherapy.Results 1. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) needs active intervention of the therapist, with a restricted therapeutic focus and session. It blends with the present state of oriental neuropsychiatric clinics, and is suitable for Korean medical psychiatrists to apply short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) to their clinical settings. 2. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) and five minds mutual restriction therapy are similar, in that they both mainly use the emotions, needing restricted therapeutic focus and sessions, and active intervention of the therapist. 3. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) and five minds mutual restriction therapy are different in their methods of arousing therapeutic emotion, the necessity of the patient being unconscious, the standard of patient selection, and the importance of follow up.Conclusions It is necessary to develop a new Korean psychotherapeutic model, which amalgamates the advantages of both methods of psychotherapy, and considers the present state of clinic. It is necessary that the Korean medical psychiatrists introspect themselves, since they are not merely therapists but also a role model for the patient.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 2015

This article focuses on an analysis of entrepreneurship education programs at U.S. college and universities in order to determine distinctive features of those programs. To this end, we delved into the entrepreneurship programs including Martin Trust Center for MIT, Harvard University VIP program, Polsky Center of Chicago University and Stanford University program. By analyzing major roles, curriculums, and characteristics of the programs, three types of distinctive features emerged. The first feature is dynamic education-focused programs, which provide students with opportunities for applying what they have learned through startup competitions. The second is local-based programs, which take the lead in local startups by focusing on the local industry. The third is the programs with support and encouragement for startups. Based on the three types of features, we suggested critical factors for successful entrepreneurship education.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 1991

Test situations are relatively specific and are experienced by everyone. The major purposes of this overview are to review the current concepts and theories of test anxiety and based on this review to suggest future directions in test anxiety theory and research. Test anxiety can be explained in terms of drive-oriented approach. trait-state anxiety theory, cognitive theory, cognitive and emotional approach, and psychodynamic theory. Usually, high test-anxious students keep the following characteristics : 1) The test situation is seen as difficult, challenging and threatening. 2) The individual sees himself as ineffective, and inadequate in handling the task at hand. 3) The individual focuses on undesirable consequences of personal inadequacy. 4) Self-deprecatory preoccupations are strong and interfere or compete with task-relevant cognitive activity. 5) The individual expects and anticipates failure and loss of regard by others. Future directions in test anxiety research should be focused to elucidate the nature and construct of test anxiety and the etiological factors of test anxiety by conducting research on the relationship between parental or social attitude and test anxiety. The effects of test anxiety on memory, attention, and cue utilization should be performed to elucidate the relationship between test anxiety and performance.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.199-209
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• 2020

This study was done to explore deeply the essence and meaning of gratitude experience of mothers who cares child with schizophrenia. This study was analysed through the use of the phenomenological method of Giorgi. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and field records with five motheres who cares child with schizophrenia. Data analysis revealed 18 sub-components, 5 components: 'I'm like fallen seed on barren soil without gratitude', 'gratitude coming into bud like sprout,' 'gratitude grown up into a tree through tolerance', 'gratitude bearing fruit of self-sufficiency and desire', and 'gratitude getting much richer with giving. The results from the study contribute to promoting understanding of the gratitude experience of mothers who cares child with schizophrenia and will be helpful for development of positive family nursing intervention.