• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

Today each hospital is trend that change rapidly by up to date, digitization and introducing newest medical treatment equipment. So, we introduce new CR system and supplement film system's shortcoming and PACS, EMR, RTP system's network that is using in hospital harmoniously and accomplish quality improvement of medical treatment and service elevation about business efficiency enlargement and patient Accordingly, we wish to introduce our case that integrate reflex that happen with radiation oncology here upon to PACS using CR system and estimate the availability. We measured that is Gantry, Collimator Star Shot, Light vs. Radiation, HDR QA(Dwell position accuracy) with Medical LINAC(MEVATRON-MX) Then, PACS was implemented on the digital images on the monitor that can be confirmed through the QA. Also, for cooperation with OCS system that is using from present source and impose code that need in treatment in each treatment, did so that Order that connect to network, input to CR may appear, did so that can solve support data mistake (active Pinacle's case supports DICOM3 file from present source but PACS does not support DICOM3 files.) of Pinacle and PACS that is Planning System and look at Planning premier in PACS. All image and data constructed integration to PACS as can refer and conduct premier in Hospital anywhere using CR system. Use Dosimetry IP in Filmless environment and QA's trial such as Light/Radition field size correspondence, gantry rotation axis' accuracy, collimator rotation axis' accuracy, brachy therapy's Dwell position check is available. Business efficiency by decrease and so on of unnecessary human strength consumption was augmented accordingly with session shortening as that integrate premier that is neted with radiation oncology using CR system to PACS. and for the future patient information security is essential.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2014

Purpose : Spin-echo (SE) technique is most commonly used pulse sequence for T1-weighted MR imaging. T1-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T1FLAIR) is a relatively new pulse sequence and it provides higher tissue contrast between the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of the brain than T1-weighted SE (T1SE) sequence. However, there has been controversy for the evaluation of enhancing brain tumors with T1FLAIR compared to T1SE. The purpose of this study was to compare T1FLAIR and T1SE sequences for the evaluation of enhancing intracranial tumors. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two patients with enhancing brain tumors were evaluated with contrast-enhanced (CE) T1SE and T1FLAIR imaging. Eight quantitative criteria were calculated: lesion-to-WM contrast ratio (CR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), lesion-to-GM CR and CNR, lesion-to-CSF CR and CNR, and WM-to-GM CR and CNR. For qualitative evaluation, two radiologists assessed lesion conspicuity on CE T1SE and T1FLAIR sequences with three-scale: 1, T1SE superior; 2, sequence equal; T1FLAIR superior. Results: Seventy-nine tumors (31 primaries, 48 metastases) were assessed. For quantitative measurement, the T1FLAIR lesion-to-GM, lesion-to-CSF, WM-to-GM CR and CNR values were comparable and statistically superior to those of the T1SE images (p < 0.001 in all). However, lesion-to-WM CR and CNR were similar on both two sequences without statistically significant difference (p = 0.661, 0.662, respectively). For qualitative evaluation, both radiologists assessed that T1FLAIR images were superior to T1SE images for the evaluation of lesion conspicuity. Conclusion: For the evaluation of enhancing intracranial tumors, T1FLAIR sequence was superior or comparable to T1SE sequence.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.153-166
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate consumers' perceptions on monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) in social media. Data were collected from Naver blogs and Naver web communities (Korean representative portal web-site), and media reports including comment sections on a Yonhap news website (Korean largest news agency). The results from Naver blogs and Naver web communities showed that it was primarily mentioned MSG-use restaurant reviews, 'MSG-no added' products, its safety, and methods of reducing MSG in food. When TV shows on current affairs, newspaper, or TV news reported uses and side effects of MSG, search volume for MSG has increased in both PC and mobile search engines. Search volume has increased especially when TV shows on current affairs reported it. There are more periods with increased search volume for Mobile than PC. Also, it was mainly commented about safety of MSG, criticism of low-quality foods, abuse of MSG, and distrust of government below the news on the Yonhap news site. The label of MSG-no added products in market emphasized "MSG-free" even though it is allocated as an acceptable daily intake (ADI) not-specified by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). When consumers search for MSG (monosodium L-glutamate) or purchase food on market, they might perceive that 'MSG-no added' products are better. Competent authorities, offices of education and local government provide guidelines based on no added MSG principle and these policies might affect consumers' perceptions. TV program or news program could be a powerful and effective consumer communication channel about MSG through Mobile rather than PC. Therefore media including TV should report item on monosodium L-glutamate with responsibility and information based on scientific background for consumers to get reliable information.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.115-151
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• 2010

Recently Korean universities show very rapid increases in both patents and R&D (research and development) expenditures. During the period from 1970 to 2008, university R&D spending has on the average increased 15.3% annually. Along with steady increases in R&D spending, university's research outputs have also continuously increased. In 1990 Korea as a total published 1,613 SCI-level scientific papers and Korean universities applied 27 patents to Korea patent office. In 2008, Korea published more that 35,000 SCI papers and Korean universities applied about 7,300 patents. The growth of scientific articles had begun from the early 1990s whereas the growth of patent has ignited entering the 2000s. The paper tried to investigate university research through the window of patent. Patents lie between invention and innovation and represent the potential value of invention which will be realized at the marketplace. Since Korean patents do not contain citation information, the paper used US patents-NBER patent database-as the main data. The key empirical question is whether Korean university patents granted from USPTO are characteristically different from other Korean patents granted from USPTO. Previous studies on US and Europe show that corporate patents are more stylized in appropriablity of invention, whereas university patents basicness. In case of Korea, the paper confirmed the appropriability characteristic of corporate patents; but the Korean unversity patents are not distinguishable in terms of basicness. The paper estimated the citation frequency function-an empirical model which was firstly developed by Caballero and Jaffe (1993) and later articulated by Jaffe and Trajtenberg (1996, 2002). The model is specified mainly composed of two interacting parts-diffusion effect and obsolescence effect of new ideas or innovations. Estimation results show that differences in forward citations between university and corporate patents are not statistically significant, after controlling self-citation. Since forward citations represent the quality of patents, this estimation result implies that there are no statistically significant quality differences between university and corporate patents. Prior research results, based on the same model of citation frequency function, about US and some European cases show that, in terms of forward citations, university patents are generally superior to corporate patents -for the case of US- or, the former not inferior to the latter-for the case of most of Europe. It is argued that some important and significant policy changes caused the rapid rise of university patents in Korea. Policy changes include the revision of technology transfer act allowing the ownership of publicly-funded research results to researchers and the changes in faculty/professor evaluation which gives more credit to the number of patents. These policy changes have triggered the rapid growth of the number of university patents. The results of the empirical analysis in this paper indicated that Korea now needs to make further efforts to enhance the quality of university patents, not just to produce more numbers of patents.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.4 s.38
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• pp.133-156
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• 2005

This study clarifies the concept of the education content relevance in order to evaluate the content relevance of Technology & Home Economics in a secondary school, and design its standards based on the preceding study. In other words, four standards such as the amount of studying content, the degree of difficulty, the validity of contents and the sequence of contents are established. Also, a survey on the current status of nationwide units targeting students, teachers, and professors was conducted to collect actual data about relevance evaluation. The results are as follows. First, as for the evaluation in terms of the amount of studying content, the majority of respondents answered that it decreased by about $30\%$ when compared to the 6th Technology & Home Economics Curriculum However, middle school teachers pointed out that the number of classes is not enough considering the fact that it's an activity-oriented subject. So, they acknowledged that the amount of study time during a Technology Sl Home Economics class is 'quite a lot.' Second, the evaluation in the degree of difficulty is divided into two responses. Teachers responded that it's reasonable overall, but according to students, it's difficult. Especially, the chapters that students don't understand well including 'The Elements of Draftsmanship,"' 'Understanding of Machinery,' 'Electronics & Electricity Technology,' and 'Energy & Transportation Technology.' In the Home Economics area, 'The Design of Home Life' is the only chapter that students don't understand well. Third, as for the validity of contents, the chapters that were not considered as important considering the objective of Technology Sl Home Economics Curriculum include 'The Elements of Draftsmanship,' 'Computer & Processing,' and 'The Management of Resources and Environment.' Fourth, as for the sequence of contents, the survey was conducted including the name of the course asone of the survey items. The majority of teachers wanted it as it is, but the Professors of education colleges who wanted the 3rd name to connect the course with the elementary school course was a little more $(50.5\%)$ than the ones who don't want any changes $(45.5\%)$. The follow-up study should correct and complement the standards that this study suggested through analytic and critical review according to the character & goal of the subject. Based on such standards, the evaluation of content relevance should be continued to realize the quality control of the curriculum systematically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.253-266
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• 2010

This study describes the prevalence of nutrition labelling use and its association with demographic factors, knowledge and perception of nutrition labelling, and awareness of nutrition labelling usefulness among 282 college students, aged 21~23 years, in Busan Gyeongnam area. The subjects consisted of 150 of male (53.2%) and 132 of female (46.8%) students. 31.3% of male students and 50% of female students reported reading nutrition labelling always or usually, while 34.7% of male and 13.6% of female subjects reported that they don't use nutrition labelling. Although most of the subjects perceived the need of nutrition labelling, their knowledge and understanding of nutrition labelling and their awareness of nutrition labelling usefulness were not enough to apply the information from the nutrition labelling in their daily life, even in the subjects who reported reading nutrition labelling always or usually. This statement might be one of the reasons why there were no significant differences among the groups divided by nutrition labelling use in regards to the dietary habit or snack eating habit in this study. Therefore, a practical nutrition education program on nutrition labelling should be provided for the college students to increase nutrition labelling use and to apply the information from nutrition labelling in their daily life in order to maintain healthy dietary habit.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.214-225
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• 2005

The mountain village development program in Korea started in the mountain villages, the 45.9% of total land and one of the typical marginal region, from 1995 to achieve the equilibrium development of national land and the sustainable mountain development in Chapter 13 in Agenda 21, and it has been accelerated to increase the happiness and the quality of life of mountain community residents through the expansion by province and the improvement of related laws and regulations. This study has been aimed to analyze the response of main stakeholder's -mountain village residents and local government officials - on mountain villages development, and to provide the future plan as community development. The survey and interview data were collected from the mountain villages which already developed 59 villages and developing 15 villages in 2003. The mountain village development program has achieved the positive aspects as community development plan in the several fields, - the voluntary participation of residents, the establishment of self-support spirit as the democratic civilians, the development of base of income increasement, the creation of comfortable living environment, the equilibrium development with the other regions. Especially the mountain residents and local government officials both highly satisfy with the development of base of income increasement and the creation of comfortable living environment which are the main concerns to both stakeholder. However through the mountain development program, it is not satisfied to increase the maintenance of local community and the strengthening of traditional value of mountain villages. Also to improve the sustainable income improvement effects, it is necessary to develop the income items and technical extension which good for the each region. In the decentralization era, it is necessary for local government should have the more active and multilateral activities for these. With this, the introduction of methods which the mountain community people and the local government officials could co-participate in the mountain villages' development from the initial stages and the renovation of related local government organizations and the cooperatives will be much helpful to the substantiality of mountain development program. Also it is essential for the assistance of central government to establish the complex plan and the mountain villages network for all mountain area and the exchange of information, the education and training of mountain villages leader who are the core factor for the developed mountain villages maintenance, the composition of national mountain villages representatives. In case the development proposals which based on the interests of the main stakeholder's on mountain community could be positively accepted, then the possibility of the mountain village development as one of community development will be successfully improved in future.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2007

Destruction of oral soft and hard tissues and resulting problems seriously affect the life quality of xerostomic patients. Although artificial saliva is the only regimen for xerostomic patients with totally abolished salivary glands, currently available artificial salivas give restricted satisfaction to patients. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the development of ideal artificial saliva through comparing viscosity and wettability between CMC solutions and human saliva. Commercially-available CMC is dissolved in simulated salivary buffer (SSB) and distilled deionized water (DDW). Various properties of human whole saliva, human glandular saliva, and a CMC-based saliva substitutes known as Salivart and Moi-Stir were compared with those of CMC solutions. Viscosity was measured with a cone-and-plate digital viscometer at six different shear rates, while wettability on acrylic resin and Co-Cr alloy was determined by the contact angle. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The viscosity of CMC solutions was proportional to CMC concentration, with 0.5% CMC solution displaying similar viscosity to stimulated whole saliva. Where as a decrease in contact angle was found with increasing CMC concentration. 2. The viscosity of human saliva was found to be inversely proportional to shear rate, a non-Newtonian (pseudoplastic) trait of biological fluids. The mean viscosity values at various shear rates increased as follows: stimulated parotid saliva, stimulated whole saliva, unstimulated whole saliva, stimulated submandibular-sublingual saliva. 3. Contact angles of human saliva on the tested solid phases were inversely correlated with viscosity, namely decreasing in the order stimulated parotid saliva, stimulated whole saliva, unstimulated whole saliva, stimulated submandibular-sublingual saliva. 4. Boiled CMC dissolved in SSB (CMC-SSB) had a lower viscosity than CMC-SSB (P < 0.01 at shear rate of $90s^{-1}$). 5. For human saliva, contact angles on acrylic resin were significantly lower than those on Co-Cr alloy (P < 0.01). 6. Comparing CMC solutions with human saliva, the contact angles between acrylic resin and human saliva solutions were significantly lower than those between acrylic resin and CMC solutions, including Salivart and Moi-Stir (P <0.01). The effectiveness of CMC solutions in terms of their rheological properties was objectively confirmed, indicating a vital role for CMC in the development of effective salivary substitutes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.345-352
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• 2009

This study utilized 332,625 records of linear type scores consisting for 15 primary traits, 22,175 final score and 84,612 pedigree information of 22,175 Holstein cows from 1993 to 2007 in Korea to estimate genetic parameters for 16 type traits. Genetic and error (co)variances between two traits selected from 16 traits were estimated using bi-trait pairwise analyses with DFREML package. The estimated heritabilities for stature (ST), strength (STR), body depth (BD), dairy form (DF), rump angle (RA), thurl width (TW), rear legs side view (RLSV), foot angle (FA), fore udder attachment (FUA), rear udder height (RUH), rear udder width (RUW), udder cleft (UC), udder depth (UD), front teat placement (FTP), front teat length (FTL) and final score (FS) were 0.31, 0.21, 0.25, 0.10, 0.29, 0.19, 0.09, 0.06, 0.12, 0.13, 0.12, 0.08, 0.26, 0.20, 0.28 and 0.15, respectively. ST had the highest positive genetic correlation with BD (0.90), while RLSV had the highest negative genetic correlation with FA (-0.56). RA had negative genetic correlation with most udder traits (-0.17~-0.02). Especially, RUW had the higher positive genetic correlation with STR (0.60), BD (0.62), and TW (0.49), however, UD had the higher negative genetic correlation with STR (-0.40) and BD (-0.40). FTL had negative genetic correlation with FUA, RUH, RUW, UC and UD. FS had positive genetic correlation with UC, UD and FTP (0.12, 0.18 and 0.20). However, additional research is needed on the use of these parameters in the genetic evaluation because estimated genetic and error variance-covariance matrices were not positive definite.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.8-25
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• 1994

The study was conducted to obtain the genetic information on heterosis and combining ability of the quantitative characters for F1 hybrid breeding in silkworms. Six parental varieties and each set of 30 diallel crosses in F1's were used as materials, and bred on the randomized complete block design with three replications. Fourteen characters were observed with the twenty samples in each tray. The data were analyzed for (1) heterosis and combining ability in F1 hybrid. The heterosis in the weight and the length of cocoon showed positively high at 24.51%, and 23.4%, respectively and the weight of the whole cocoon as well as the weight of the whole cocoon layer showed a siginificant heterosis ranging from 15.56% to 15.71% and from 17.14% to 19.01%, but the fifth and the total instar period showed negative heterosis. It was found that the combination between, C70XRomogua and N9 X Romogua showed highly a negative heterosis on the fifth instar period and for the cocoon weight. The female of N9+Sansuian and the male of Romogua X Sansurian have a high heterosis effect, on the cocoon shell weight, and Sansurian X Romogua(reciprocal) on the length and the weight of cocoon filament with no regard to sexuality. The significant maternal and cytoplasmic effect on heterosis of the cocoon weight and the cocoon shell weight were observed with the combinations, N9 X C5, N63 X C70 and on the length of the cocoon filament with the combinations, Sansurian X N63, Sansurian X C5, Sansurian X C70 and N9 X C70, N63 X C70 on the weight of cocoon filament. As mean squared of GCA, SCA and RCA were significant with these combining ability for all characters resulted from additive and non-additive altogether and there is a significant difference between reciprocals. Sansurian showed a negative GCA effect on the fifth and total larval duration, but the higher positive GCA effects took places with varieties N9 and C5 on the length, width, weight of cocoon, cocoon shell weight, percentage of cocoon shell weight, length and weight of cocoon filament, percentage of raw-silk with no regard to both generations and silkworm sexuality. The values of SCA between the cross combinations varied generation-wise and sex-wise. It was shown that SCA value for the fifth instar period was highly negative for Sansurian X C70, Romogua X C70, Sansurian X C5, Romogua X C5, but it was positive effect on the cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight with N9 X C5, and C70 X Sansurian, on the length of cocoon filament with N9 X C5, Romogua X Sansurian on the weight of cocoon filament between Romogua and N63 and on the percentage of raw-silk between the combination of Sansurian X Romoga.