• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.979-984
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• 2006

Although iron is essential for many physiological processes, excess iron can lead to tissue damage by promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is increasing evidence that ROS might play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of iron excess on platelet function and the thrombotic response to vascular injury are not well understood. We examined the effects of iron excess-induced oxidative stress and the antioxidants on platelet aggregation. Oxidative stress was accessed by either free iron $(Fe^{+2})$ or hydrogen peroxide $(H_2O_2)$, as well as their combination on washed rabbit platelets (WPs) in vitro. When WPs were stimulated with either $Fe^{+2}$ alone or a subthreshold concentration of collagen, which gave an aggregatory curve with a little effect, and a dose dependent increase in platelet aggregation was observed by increasing concentrations of $Fe^{+2}$ with $H_2O_2$. This aggregation was associated with the iron-catalyzed formation of hydroxyl radicals from $H_2O_2$, and were inhibited by NAD/NADP (proton acceptor), catalase $(H_2O_2\;scavenger)$, tiron (iron chelator), mannitol (hydroxyl radical scavenger), and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), but not by NADH/NADPH (proton donor), superoxide mutase, and aspirin. However, NADH/NADPH, an essential cofactor for the antioxidant capacity by the supply of reducing potentials, showed the effect of an enhanced radical formation, suggesting a role for NADH/NADPH-dependent oxidase. These results suggest that iron $(Fe^{+2})$ can directly interact with washed rabbit platelets and this aggregation be mediated by OH formation as in the Fenton reaction, inhibited by radical scavengers.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

Investigations of underground cavities are required to provide useful information for the reinforcement design and monitoring of the ground subsidence areas. It is, therefore, necessary to develop integrated geophysical techniques incorporating different geophysical methods in order to accurately image and to map underground cavities in the ground subsidence areas. In this study, we conducted geophysical investigations for development of integrated geophysical techniques to detect underground cavities at the field test site in the ground subsidence area, located at Yongweol-ri, Muan-eup, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do. We examined the applicability of geophysical methods such as electrical resistivity, electromagnetic, and microgravity to cavity detection with the aid of borehole survey results. The underground cavities are widely present within the limestone bedrock overlain by the alluvial deposits in the test site where the ground subsidences have occurred in the past. The limestone cavities are mostly filled with groundwater or clays saturated with water in the site. The cavities, thus, have low electrical resistivity and density compared to the surrounding host bedrock. The results of the study have shown that the zones of low resistivity and density correspond to the zones of the cavities identified in the boreholes at the site, and that the geophysical methods used are very effective to detect the underground cavities. Furthermore, we could map the distribution of cavities more precisely with the study results incorporated from the various geophysical methods. It is also important to notice that the microgravity method, which has rarely used in Korea, is a very promising tool to detect underground cavities.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.432-439
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• 2014

This study investigated the perception of employees in restaurants located in Seoul concerning climate change, food safety against climate change and performance of food safety management. The survey was administered to 535 respondents from June 10~13, 2013. Exactly 52.2% of respondents answered that knew of climate change, whereas 7.3% of respondents answered that they didn't know about climate change. 86.6% of respondents recognized that climate change affects food safety. Among food safety management performance, the highest score was observed for thoroughly cooked foods (more than 1 min at $74^{\circ}C$ as internal temperature of foods). For importance of role of operator, respondents recognized that 'confirming food safety guideline' and 'cleaning and disinfecting environment' were important. For 'whether have you seen the food safety guideline against climate change', 32.5% said 'yes' while 67.3% answered 'no' or 'don't know'. Based on these results, employees in restaurants generally recognize climate change and its relationship with food safety. However, food safety education and related guidelines need to be improved to provide related information.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.88-89
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• 2010

최근 인간의 활동범위와 영역이 확대되고 산업이 발전하면서 인간의 삶과 지속가능한 발전 등 도시 기후에 관한 관심도 높아지고 있다. 산업혁명 이후 도시화와 산업화로 인해 인구가 증가하고 도시지역으로 집중됨으로써 도시 열섬화 현상에 대한 도시환경문제가 부각되고 있다. 이는 최근까지도 도시개발에 있어서 기능과 효율성이 우선시 되어 도시기후에 대한 배려가 이루어지지 못하고 있으며, 오히려 과도한 냉난방을 가동하는 등 쾌적한 실내 환경 조성을 위한 노력만을 행해왔다. 도시화에 따른 도시의 열환경 구조의 변화는 토지이용의 변화에 따른 피복상태와 밀접한 관련이 있다는 연구들이 수행된 바 있다. 이렇듯 도시화가 진행됨에 따라서 도심 지표면을 덮고 있는 포장재도 변하고 있다. 대표적인 토지피복재로는 콘크리트와 아스팔트 등의 인공포장재, 수계, 삼림 등으로 크게 나누어 볼 수 있다. 최근 도심의 발달로 인해 도심의 표면은 점차 인공포장재인 아스팔트와 콘크리트로 덮여지고 있다. 인공포장재는 맑은 여름철 낮에 받아들인 열을 야간에도 머금고 있어 도시열섬현상의 주요원인이 된다. 도시화가 진행됨에 따라 토지이용형태가 변화하고 있으며 이러한 토지피복의 변화는 그 지역의 기온과 풍향, 풍속뿐만 아니라 지표온도도 변화시키므로 도시 열환경 구조에 적지 않은 영향을 미치고 있다. 과거에는 자연 환경과 도시공간에 대한 인식이 다른 분야로 나누어져서 다루었지만 현재 위성영상 기술의 발달로 많은 공간 정보를 파악할 수 있게 된 바 도시기후변화에 더욱 직접적이고 근본적인 접근이 쉬워졌다. 원격탐사기법의 활용은 위성자료를 이용하여 동시간대 평면적인 열구조를 정량적으로 파악하는데에 중요한 자료를 제공하여 도시지역을 덮고 있는 인공자재의 존재가 도시열섬의 형성과 밀접하게 연관이 있다는 사실을 짐작할 수 있다. 따라서 도시기후변화의 문제점을 더욱 적극적으로 해결하기 위해서는 토지이용에 따른 지표면 온도 상승의 현황을 파악하고 이를 저감 시킬 수 있는 대책들이 수립되어야 한다. 본 연구는 보다 세분화된 도시 열환경을 정량적으로 분석 평가하기 위해서 토지피복별 분류를 3가지로 대구시 중구 경북대학교 부속 고등학교(이하 사대부고 지점)를 도심지역으로, 경상남도 창녕군 창녕읍 우포늪(이하 우포지점)을 수계지점으로, 경상북도 안동시 길안면 만음리(이하 안동지점) 지점과 대구시 칠곡군 동명면 득명리 팔공산 한티재 도립공원(이하 팔공지점)을 산림으로 분류하여 연구하였다. 대구 계명대학교 기후환경연구실에서 보유하고 있는 AWS(Automatic Weather Station) 자료로 기상요소를 분석하였으며, MODIS Terra 위성영상을 이용하여 지표온도를 추출하고 분석하였다. 또 기상요소와 지표온도를 이용해 회귀식을 도출하여 추정기온을 산출하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 계절에 따른 기온의 시간변화는 여름의 평균기온이 $25.13^{\circ}C$와 $24.12^{\circ}C$로 사대지점과 우포지점의 평균기온이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 이는 도심에서 발생되는 인공열의 영향으로, 우포지점은 수계의 특징이 반영된 결과라 할 수 있다. 둘째, 계절에 따른 풍속의 시간변화는 여름의 경우 우포지점의 풍속이 1.63m/s로 가장 높은 반면 안동지점의 풍속이 0.27m/s로 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 겨울의 경우 팔공지점의 풍속이 1.82m/s로 가장 높게 나타났다. 토지피복에 따른 지표면의 변화가 도시기후에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 평가하고, 또 지표면 온도와 기온과의 차이를 알아보기 위하여 MODIS 위성 영상을 이용하여 세 지점을 대상으로 토지피복에 따른 열환경을 평가 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, MODIS 위성영상을 이용하여 산출한 지표면 온도는 여름철 주간에 안동지점의 경우 주변지역에 비해 지표면 온도가 약 $26^{\circ}C$로 낮게 나타났으며 우포지점의 경우 수계가 가지는 열 완충능력으로 약 $27^{\circ}C$의 낮은 지표면 온도를 나타내었다. 사대지점의 경우 약 $34^{\circ}C$이상의 높은 지표면 온도를 나타내었다. 둘째, MODIS 위성영상을 이용하여 산출한 지표면 온도와 관측된 기온과의 회귀식을 도출하여 상관분석 한 결과, 모든 지점의 값에서 상관성 및 신뢰도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 상관분석의 결과를 통하여 추정한 기온은 지표면 온도와의 차이가 있지만 유사한 패턴의 결과로 추출되었다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 도시의 인공자재를 이용한 건축과 개발이 도시열섬현상을 유발하는데 중요한 역할을 하는 것을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 논문의 연구결과를 바탕으로 도시계획에 있어서 인공구조물에 의한 기온과 풍속이 받는 영향을 고려하여 도심의 인공구조물의 배치나 자재에 대한 개발이 이루어져야 할 것이며 열교환의 방해 및 바람순환이 확보되는 구조로 개선되어야 할 것이다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.388-402
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• 1996

Background : To compare the diagnostic accuracies of High-resolution CT(HRCI) and chest radiography in the diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative lung disease(DILD). Methods : This study included ninety-nine patients with a diagnosis of acute or chronic DILD, representing 20 different diseases. Twelve normal subjects were included as control. The disease state was confirmed either pathologically or clinically. Radiographs and CT scans were evaluated separately by three independent observers without knowledge of clinical and pathologic results. The observers listed three most likely diagnoses and recorded degree of confidence. Results : The sensitivity of HRCT in the detection of DILD was 98.9% compared to 97.9% of chest radiography. Overall, a correct first-choice diagnosis was made in 48% using chest radiographs and in 60% using HRCT images. The correct diagnosis was among the top-three choices in 64% when chest radiographs were used, and in 75% when HRCT images were reviewed. Overally a confident diagnosis was reached more often with HRCT(55%) than with chest radiography(26%). The correct first-choice diagnosis increased remarkably when the HRCT was used in usual interstitial pneumonia, miliary tuberculosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis and lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Conclusion : HRCT is confirmed to be superior to conventional radiography in the detection and accurate diagnosis of DILD. HRCT is especially valuable in the diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia, miliary tuberculosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, and lymphangitic carcinomatosis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2007

The goal of the study is to provide basic information that can be used to come up with environmental interpretation methods that are appropriate to the conditions of urban parks. For this matter, research was conducted to find out whether the environmental interpretation that was provided to the visitors of the World Cup Park Visitor Center encouraged them to become interested in the environment and to understand how such environmental interest was related to the level of satisfaction that the visitors were experiencing from their visits to the park. At the same time, the research was designed to find out whether the park's visitors were affected differently in terms of their environmental interests and their experience depending on the two different types of environmental interpretations; Interpreter's Interpretation and Self-guiding Interpretation. Experimental result showed no statistically meaningful correlation between environmental interpretation and environmental knowledge, though the experimental group subjected to environmental interpretation was found to have higher environmental knowledge than that of the control group, which was not subjected to environmental interpretation. As for the correlation between environmental knowledge, which was acquired through environmental interpretation, and environmental interest, the group, which showed big changes in terms of the volume of environmental knowledge, was found to have higher environmental interest than that of the group, which recorded a low level of changes in the volume of environmental knowledge. Also, the difference in their level of environmental interest was big enough to be acknowledged statistically. Also environmental interest, which was created thanks to environmental interpretation, was found to affect the level of satisfaction visitors feel when visiting the park. Even though the study was intended to find out how environmental interpretation affects park visitors by means of analysis that can be proved based on facts, it was difficult to control some of the variables due to the circumstances under which the experiments were conducted. Despite this, the study can be considered meaningful in the fact that the researches and experiments were conducted at a park that is actually visited by people. It is also believed that as one of the first studies done on the World Cup Park, it could serve as a basis upon which future studies could be carried out.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.20
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• pp.141-171
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• 2004

Even though only 3 sijo are in high school textbook. through these 3 sijo each type can be understood in that each represents pyung sijo, sasul sijo, and present sijo. To learn with learner-centered activities, which aim for full knowledge acquisition regarding literary works, as the preparing stage, students can learn what theyll learn by teachers. Sijo are, so to speak, formed with three chapters, and stand for the world that is colorless, scentless, and flavorless. So, the theme can be found with ease. Compared with other genres, sijo can be formed creating background with ease. Moreover, sijo are not too long, so learners can paraphrase it. Sijo that express private experiences with the everyday language can be related to other genres or everyday language. So, sijo are last to present. In the teaching phase, on the gradation of concretion and gradation, writing or presentation activities are presented. After classroom, learners keep a reaction journal. In the phase of concretion and gradation, learners can apprehend that typical differences of the emotions of poetic speakers is from typical differences, even though emotions of poetic speakers of (1)$\cdot$(2)$\cdot$(3) that is each stand for pyung sijo, sasul sijo, and present sijo are roughly summarized loneliness, desolateness, and gloominess. Moreover, these typical differences are from social, political. and cultural settings, namely, the differences of contexts. In this teaching model. learners should prepare for content regarding context and text before the class. Teachers should act as an assistant to help learners pre-understand their subjective experiences and imaginations.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.253-292
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• 2011

This study is significant of groping for the autonomous perspective of a medication system for the establishment of harmonious regional labor-management relationship and investigating a plan to minimize previously labor disputes through both analyzing mediation cases and finding out any core issue from the labor-management relationship, with matters experienced in the mediation field when I had served as a mediator. Specially, this study has also objectives to prevent previously any labor dispute through analyzing and minimizing the issue of the labor dispute by case and to establish harmonious labor-management relationship thereby. Further since it is necessary to understand the organization and roles of the regional labor relations commission in order to understand the concrete matters in respect of the labor dispute mediation, this study shall be to explore in detail the matters relating hereto and to acquire general knowledge of mediation through case analysis. Additionally, there is little studies exploring alternative research for the establishment of reasonable labor-management relationship with core issues referred a mediation to the labor relations commission through both the position heightening of the labor relations commission and the analysis of core issues until now. Thus, this study may provide a theoretical base for raising a technique to enhance negotiation skill through acquiring the previous training or full knowledge on the approaching manner to be taken by the labor and management in the collective bargaining or wage bargaining on the basis of items analyzed by core issue. The heightening perspectives to be acquired through the analysis of 50 or more mediation cases are as follows. First, it deems to be important what position each mediation party takes. Second, the information acquired by an investigator in the preliminary investigation before holding the mediation is very importantly utilized in the mediation. Third, the gumption of mediators in charge of the mediation is very helpful for the resolution of a case. Fourth, it shall be preceding to understand dispute issues. After reviewing fully the investigation report of an investigator, if separate review is required, it is tried to hold a separate meeting and then reduce the number of issues asserted by the labor & management and, if the number of such issues is reduced, the mediation may approach to be concluded. Fifth, it shall be kept in mind that any matter other than the scope of the law be based on not the judgement of mediator but the legal interpretation. Sixth, it is necessary for both labor and management parties to take a positive approach so as to make the healthy labor & management relationship anchored. Seventh, notwithstanding the mediators are part-time and take a service attitude, it shall be encouraged to abstain from slandering or inveighing against the mediators because the mediation is taken against oneself. Eighth, it is necessary to convert the management's recognition about a labor union. Ninth, it is necessary to not raise any issue on the matters, such as time-off system and multiple labor union, etc., which are legally enforced. Tenth, it is confirmed that the regional labor relations commission plays a bridge role of narrowing down the issue difference between the labor and management.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.167-195
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• 2012

This study focuses on the characteristic of socio-psychological gender of a consumer except a biological gender. Socio-psychological gender is the self-image of a consumer which is related to the gender role. The goal of this study is, first, to examine if socio-psychological gender has more effect on the purchase intention than biological gender. Second, by classifying a group with femininity among socio-psychological gender, it is to examine what kinds of shopping value it aims at. Finally, it is to examine the difference between men and women from the purchase intention according to the circumstances. The result of this study is summarized as follows. First, a consumer can have both characteristics of biological gender and socio-psychological gender. There are masculinity, femininity, bisexuality, and undifferentiated type for the classification of socio-psychological gender. This study shows that there is relatively much bisexuality which has masculinity and femininity at the same time. The outcome showed that the purchase intention was higher for the product which corresponds to socio-psychological gender of a consumer than biological gender. Second, it indicated that a group with femininity pursued pleasurable shopping as compared to a group with masculinity. By contrast, it showed that a group with masculinity aimed at practical shopping more greatly. Finally, it showed that while women are less sensitive to the purchase intention at the male-dominated circumstances, men's purchase intention get lower at the female-dominated circumstances.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.341-350
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• 1998

Background: Airway hyperreponsiveness is a cardinal feature of asthma. It consists of both an increased sensitivity of the airways, as indicated by a smaller concentration of a constrictor agonist needed to initiate the brochoconstrictor response and an increased reactivity, increments in response induced subsequent doses of constrictor, as manifested by slopes of the dose-response curve. The purpose of this study is to observe the relationship between bronchial sensitivity and reactivity in asthmatic subjects. Method: Inhalation dose-response curves using methacholine were plotted in 56 asthmatic subjects. They were divided into three groups(mild, moderate and severe) according to clinical severity of bronchial asthma. PC20 were determined from the dose-response curve as the provocative concentration of the agonist causing a 20% fall in FEVl. PC40 were presumed or determined from the dose response curve, using the PC20 and the one more dose after PC20. Reactivity was calculated from the dose-response curve regression line, connecting PC20 with PC40. Results: PC20 were 1.83mg/ml in mild group, 0.96mg/ml in moderate, and 0.34mg/ml in severe. PC40 were 7.l7mg/ml in mild group, 2.34mg/ml in moderate, and 0.75mg/ml in severe. Reactivity were $24.7{\pm}17.06$ in mild group, $46.1{\pm}22.l0$ in moderate, and $59.0{\pm}5.82$ in severe. There was significant negative correlation between PC20 and reactivity (r= -0.70, P<0.01). Conclusion: Accordingly, there was significant negative correlation between bronchial sensitivity and brochial reactivity in asthmatic subjects. However, in some cases, there were wide variations in terms of the reactivity among the subjects who have similar sensitivity. So both should be assessed when the bronchial response tor bronchoconstrictor agonists is measured.