• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.366-374
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• 2017

This study investigates enzyme stabilization in clay-rock bricks through mechanical tests and image processing. Appropriate soil mixtures were designed using clay/crushed rock with ratios of 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, and 30/70 by weight to verify the strength of the enzyme brick and soil compaction. The maximum compressive and flexural strengths in the 60/40 ratio mixture were found to be 5MPa and 1.25MPa, respectively; however, the maximum dry unit weight of $2.073g/cm^3$ was found in the 50/50 clay/gravel ratio mixture. Generally, the strength of the enzyme brick was improved by 27%. The paper concludes that in order to achieve optimal strength, soils should be mixed with the 60/40 clay/gravel ratio, which provides an adequate strength, while 50/50 ratio should be used for achieving more compaction. The SEM-EDX observation and Matlab image processing verified how the bond structure appeared after enzyme stabilization. It was found that enzymes created bond with the clay soil and the crushed rock for rendering strength and stability.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.87-98
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• 2011

Clay bricks with lime mortar are recently popular since they are eco- and environment-friendly construction material being capable of air flow and moisture movement. However, there is little study on those of clay brick an lime mortar while relatively many researches on the structural characteristics of concrete bricks with cement mortar are available in Korea. Furthermore, the current Korean Building Code of masonry structures was established on the base of the Foreign Codes which does not reflect Korean masonry construction circumstance, such as material characteristics and section properties. To overcome these problems, experiments of masonry structures constructed using clay bricks with lime mortar were carried out to evaluate their structural characteristics such as, prism compressive strength, adhesive strength and diagonal tensile(shear) strength. Also this research compares the mechanical characteristics between clay bricks with lime mortar and concrete bricks with cement mortar to provide information that will be used for revisions of the domestic standards for masonry structures. As masonry structures constructed with clay bricks and lime mortar show different aspects over the ones constructed with concrete bricks and cement mortar, we suggest estimation equation of prism compressive strength and diagonal tensile strength on masonry structures constructed with clay bricks and lime mortar.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2009

This study was conducted to search possibilities of the use of sludge from waterworks industry in the manufacturing of red clay bricks. Different compositions of the sludge were added into the raw materials of the bricks and required engineering characteristics of the manufactured bricks were examined. Compressive strength, plasticity, and surface absorption of the recycled bricks were analyzed and were compared with the bricks quality standard rules and regulation for quality assurance of the product. Compressive strength of the bricks made in a ratio 75% clay, 5% sludge and 20% silica was found 261.3 $kg_f/cm^3$ and that was comparable with first grade bricks standard. Compressive strength of the bricks made in a ratio 70% clay, 10% sludge, and 20% silica was found 249.9 $kg_f/cm^3$ while it was decreased to 217.3 $kg_f/cm^3$ when bricks were made in a ratio 65% clay, 15% sludge and 20% silica. However, these values of compressive strength were in agreement with the bricks quality standard. Surface absorption of the bricks made by the mixing of 20% silica with varying amount of sludge, i.e., 5%, 10%, and 20% was found 10%, 9.65% and 10.92% respectively. These values satisfied the quality standard of bricks of grade 1 and 2. Recycling of proper amount of sludge in bricks making could produce bricks of high engineering characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.103-105
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• 2017

대구광역시 동구에 위치한 'A'아파트를 중심으로 진입로, 보도, 보차도, 휴게공간, 체육공간의 점토벽돌블록포장, 소형고압블록포장, 인조화강석블록포장에 대해서 발생 하자를 조사하였다. 먼저 하자분석을 위해 하자유형 및 종류를 정의하여 현장조사표를 개발하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 각 공간 및 블록종류에 따른 하자를 조사 분석하였다. 그 결과 진입로의 소형고압블록은 16.14개/$m^2$, 보도의 소형고압블록은 12.04개/$m^2$, 점토벽돌블록포장은 9.55개/$m^2$, 인조화강석블록은 3.66개/$m^2$로 나타났다. 보차도의 소형고압블록은 10.82개/$m^2$, 인조화강석블록은 2.59개/$m^2$, 휴게공간과 체육공간의 점토벽돌블록은 각각 13.64개/$m^2$, 6.02개/$m^2$개의 하자가 발생하였다. 다음으로 블록별 발생하자 종류를 살펴보면, 소형고압블록에서는 골재분리, 인조화강석블록에서는 얼룩이 가장 많았고, 점토벽돌블록은 보도에서는 침하가, 휴게공간과 체육공간에서는 얼룩의 발생량이 많았다. 마지막으로 하자발생부위별로 살펴보면 진입로, 보도, 보차도에서는 경계부의 하자가 많이 발생했으며, 휴게공간에서는 중앙부의 하자가 많이 나타났다. 반면 체육공간에서는 중앙부와 경계부의 차이가 거의 나지 않은 것으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 2003

The production of industrial wastes have increased due to the growth of population and industrial development. Among these wastes, especially amount of paper ash has been increased year after year. If it is possible to reuse industrial wastes, it will be beneficial not only economically but also environmentally. In this study, the possibility of the utilization of paper ash were investigated as a construction materials through a series of laboratory testing carried out to evaluate physical properties, compaction, consolidation, permeability and compressive strength characteristics. Concrete bricks with replacement ratio of paper ash at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20%, and clayey bricks with replacement ratio of paper ash at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30% were used in the test in order to evaluate its quality. As a result of tests, it were shown that the maximum replacement ratio of paper ash satisfying the quality standards of concrete bricks and clayey bricks were 11.5% and 12%, respectively.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.16-23
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• 2010

Coal briquette use has dramatically increased because of high oil prices. Hence, it is necessary to develop an environment-friendly recycling technique of the coal briquette ash. The coal briquette ash contains a large amount of an unburned carbon content and a mullite with high thermal property, so it is considered to be used as raw materials of sintered eco-brick. This study aimed to investigate on how the unburned carbon affects properties of the sintered eco-brick. The eco-brick was mixed with the ratio of 50 wt% coal briquette ash having the unburned carbon 10.5 wt% and 50 wt% cullet, then being sintered at $950^{\circ}C$, which of the compressive strength was in line with the first class of the sintered clay brick standard(KS L 4201). In particular, the compressive strength of the sintered eco-brick was equal to the first class of the KS L 4201 despite the increase of mixing ratio for coal briquette ash with 1.0 wt% unburned carbon to 70 wt%.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.511-520
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to estimate the firing temperature of fired clay brick by applying high temperature X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis. The clay bricks, which were excavated from a Buddhist temple in Karatepa, Uzbekistan were composed of quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, mica, chlorite, limestone, hornblende, etc. Some clay bricks contained gypsum, which was presumed to have been used to improve the adhesive strength of the brick. Estimating the firing temperature using a geologic thermometer, the UZ-1 sample was identified as being in the quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene series, and the firing temperature was estimated to be $900-1200^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, applying the high temperature XRD method to the UZ-5 sample, it was found that the limestone was destroyed at $1000^{\circ}C$ and the diffraction peak of chlorite was weakened at $1050^{\circ}C$. Moreover, pyroxene series minerals developed at $1050^{\circ}C$ in the reproduction experiment. These results indicate that the clay bricks used in the temple were produced in a kiln that reached a temperature of more than $1000^{\circ}C$. Thus, high temperature XRD analysis can more accurately estimate firing temperatures as compared to the firing temperature mineral identification method and it can be used to determine the creation and extinction temperature range of minerals.

• Korean Architects
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• s.614
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• pp.28-31
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• 2020

(주)공간세라믹이 주최하는 공모전 '제1회 공간세라믹(점토벽돌) 건축상'이 지난 4월 1일 시작됐다. 총 상금 1억 원이 걸린 이 공모전에는 건축법 22조에 따라 올해 4월 1일부터 2021년 3월 31일 사이에 준공된 점토건축 활용 건축물이라면 공간세라믹 홈페이지를 통해 응모가 가능하다. 민간기업에서 개최하는 건축상 공모전이 드문 상황에서 반가운 소식이 아닐 수 없다. 게다가 벽돌 건축물을 다룬다고 한다. 수천 년 간 이어져온 오래된 친환경 건축 재료지만 과거에 비해 수요가 많이 줄어든 벽돌. 공모전을 개최된 계기가 무엇일까. 5월 13일 공간세라믹 본사에서 공모전 주최자 조백일 공간세라믹 대표를 만났다

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.21-22
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• 2019

This study is designed to apply natural clay replaceable redmud as ceramic material by mixing redmud with the materials used in existing brickmaking in laboratory environment. Therefore, through this study, the redmud is recycled as a raw material for clay bricks and presented as a basic material for the use of redmud in clay bricks.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.25-34
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• 2003

This paper is focused on an experimental study in order to investigate the utilization of sewage sludge ash as the cover and liner materials for the waste disposal landfill or as construction materials. A series of tests were performed to evaluate the basic properties, compaction, compressive strength, consolidation, permeability, and CBR of sewage ash. Specially, clay bricks were made as increasing replacement ratio of sewage ash (such as 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30%). And tests were fulfilled for its quality. Bentonite and lime were used as the additives to improve permeability properties of sewage sludge ash. As a result of tests, it was shown that the permeability coefficient decreases as increasing bentonite content and the percentage of bentonite was roughly needed 20% to keep the permeability coefficient below $1{\times}10^{-7}cm/sec$. The results of unconfined compression tests show that sewage ash meets the criteria of the unconfined compression strength for cover material. It was shown that the compressive strength decreases as increasing the replacement ratio of sewage sludge ash and the maximum replacement ratio of sewage sludge ash to satisfy the quality standards of the third degree bricks was about 15%.