• Maritime Security
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.57-82
• /
• 2022

The objective of this treatise is to explore the limitations of the current navy manpower utilization system and the ways to improve it from the perspective of Generation Z. As Generation Z, following Millennials, has finally come of age, this new group is constituting a gradually greater proportion of military personnel. Due to the typical characteristics of naval operations, the harmony between Millennials and Generation Z, which is differentiated from Generation X in view of dispositions and traits, is one of the essential issues to be discussed. Generally, in a naval vessel, there are numerous pieces of equipment necessary to carry out a wide range of missions and a large number of crew members who operate them with consistent levels of fighting power. This is all while members are living together within the narrow space throughout the 24 hours of each day. Under such particular circumstances, any inter-generational conflicts may have a disruptive effect on the successful accomplishment of naval missions. Currently, new generations of military personnel are facing social difficulties in different aspects compared with the previous generations, and also have different viewpoints on the military. In this regard, in order to foster true harmony between generations, it is considered necessary to take a closer look at the inter-generational differences from their respective standpoints and to examine whether the military organization has taken adequate steps to respond to such changes. Accordingly, Chapters 1 and 2 cover the environments in which Millennials and Generation Z were raised during their childhood to young adulthood, which are distinct from those of older generations, their viewpoints formed based on such backgrounds, and the need to resolve various conflicts between generations. In Chapter 3, the current actions taken by overseas military powers to enhance the coexistence with Generation MZ are analyzed to find the significant implications they had. Chapter 4 examines the operation environments specific to the navy; identifies the potential barriers to achieving harmony between generations by assessing the current status of personnel utilization in the Korean navy in terms of the seaman, petty officer, and the officer, as well as policy; and outlines the solutions to drive harmony. Finally, Chapter 5 emphasizes the need to establish a genuine empathy between generations based on the understanding of unique inter-generational characteristics. This section also discusses the importance of addressing difficulties in utilizing technology-centered naval manpower, and forecasts a scenario of a naval organization that resolves the problem of utilizing naval personnel and the inter-generational conflicts in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.173-180
• /
• 2014

Estrogen can promote or inhibit cellular proliferation depending on tissue cell types and physiological condition and acts through the signal transduction pathways mediated primarily by estrogen receptors. This study examined the effects of fulvestrant (Ful), a well-known antagonist for the estrogen receptor, on the action of $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) with respect to the proliferation and apoptosis of Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. We used different concentrations of E2, Ful, and E2 plus Ful during different treatment durations. Treatment with 15-40 ${\mu}M$ E2 significantly inhibited proliferation in a time-dependent manner, although it had no influence in concentrations up to 1 ${\mu}M$. Interestingly, Ful at 10-40 ${\mu}M$ also inhibited cellular proliferation in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, Ful enhanced rather than decreased the inhibitory effect on cellular proliferation by E2 in combined treatment for 10 days. Thus, Ful does not appear to have an antagonistic effect on estrogen's anti-proliferative action in CHO cells. In TUNEL assays to confirm DNA fragmentation by E2 and/or Ful, CHO cells treated with 20 ${\mu}M$ E2 showed a TUNEL-positive reaction in most DAPI-stained nuclei, and cells treated with either 40 ${\mu}M$ Ful or 40 ${\mu}M$ Ful plus 20 ${\mu}M$ E2 also exhibited a TUNEL-positive reaction but at a lower rate compared to the E2-treated cells. These results indicate that Ful does not have an antagonistic effect on estrogen's anti-proliferative action in CHO cells, suggesting that the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-related mechanism(s) through DNA fragmentation by E2 and Ful may be mediated by different signal transduction pathways.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.525-530
• /
• 2023

Digital drawing subjects require the subdivision of evaluation elements and the graduality of evaluation according to the recent movement of the innovative curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to present the criteria for evaluating the drawing and to propose it as a rubric evaluation. In the text, criteria for beginner evaluation were technical skills such as the accuracy and consistency of the line, the ratio and balance of the picture, and the ability to effectively utilize various brushes and tools at the intermediate levels. In the advanced evaluation section, it is a part of a new perspective or originality centered on creativity and originality, and a unique perspective or interpretation of a given subject. In addition, as an understanding of design principles, the evaluation of completeness was derived focusing on the ability to actively utilize various functions of digital drawing software through design principles such as placement, color, and shape. The importance of introducing rubric evaluation is to allow instructors to make objective and consistent evaluations, and the key to research in rubric evaluation in these art subjects is to help learners clearly grasp their strengths and weaknesses, and learners can identify what needs to be improved and develop better drawing skills accordingly through feedback on each item.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 1994

As a foundational study for processing persimmon leaves tea, the physico-chemical characters were investigated in persimmon leaves from Chungdo Bansi, Sagoksi, Kyungsan Bansi and Hiratanenasi during growth. Flesh weights increased rapidly until the middle of May and then decreased slightly. Moisture contents decreased continuously from $79{\sim}81%$ at the beginning of May during growth. Water soluble tannin contents reached $1.55{\sim}2.25%$, maximum values at the middle of May and at the beginning of June, and increased again at the middle of July and then decreased. Contents of catechins, precursor of condensed tannin, indicated $12{\sim}27\;mg%$ at the middle of May and reached $17{\sim}34\;mg%$, maximum values at the middle of June. Contents of catechin were low in order of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicallocatechingallate, (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epicatechingallate. Sugars present in persimmon leaves were composed of sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose and mannitol. Sucrose increased continuously, glucose and fructose decreased during growth. Raffinose content was less than 0.1%. Glucose and fructose took more than 90% until the beginning of May, and then sucrose took up $60{\sim}80%$ of total sugar contents. Total vitamin C contents indicated maximum values at the middle of May and at the beginning of June in Chungdo Bansi, Sagoksi and Kyungsan Bansi, maximum vaule at the middle of July in Hiratanenasi. From the basis of these data It was suggested that proper period for picking persimmon leaves prior to processing persimmon leaves tea was from the middle of May to the beginning of June. Since maximum values for most of chemical components occurred at the middle of May and at the beginning of June and persimmon leaves thicken after the middle of June.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.10B
• /
• pp.946-961
• /
• 2008

This study aims to provide guidelines on future policy for restructuring the scheme of aid programs associated with If small and medium-sized enterprises (i.e. SME) in Korea. For this purpose, we investigate an empirical dataset of recent aid programs deployed by Ministry of Information and Communication (i.e. MIC) for the last four years First, it is examined that the programs are practiced in accordance with their own policy objective by comparing matching samples between two groups such as program beneficiary and non-beneficiary companies. Second, positioning transition of programs within a same category is visualized in terms of two business portfolio analysis matrices. Third, an affiliation network matrix of (he programs is newly developed and then we attempt to analyze the programs relationship by the application of multidimensional scaling method to the affiliation network matrix. The empirical dataset is composed of two different kinds of corporate datasets. One is a corporate dataset of 8,994 beneficiary companies that are aided by MIC during the year of '03-'06. The other is also a corporate dataset of 18,354 non-beneficiary companies that have no records of the program supports during the years at all. Particularly, the matching samples of non-beneficiary companies are prepared in order to have comparable corporate age years (i.e. CAY) against beneficiary companies' CAY. Results show that; 1) up-to-date, the programs are properly assigned to IT SME conforming to their own policy objective; 2) however, as the year goes on, the following two distinct positioning transitions are revealed such as (1) both CAY and corporate sales (i.e. SAL) are increased simultaneously, (2) ratio of intangible assets (i.e. RIA) is decreased and ratio of operating gain to revenue (i.e. ROR) is increased. Hence, the role of the programs gets weakened with regard to providing seed money to technology innovation-typed IT SME so that a managerial adjustment of the programs is required consequently; 3) even though the model adequacy is not satisfactory through the analysis of multidimensional scaling method, the relationship of indirect-typed programs can relatively be stronger than that of direct-typed programs.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.367-377
• /
• 2008

We studied the change of bone mineral density (BMD) by age, body mass index (BMI), coffee, carbonated drink, alcohol, smoking, and exercise in adults who checked in health center. The number of study subjects was total 268 persons (women of 136 persons and men of 132 persons). The BMD was determined in lumbar spine and femoral neck by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. And we got some results as below : 1. In women, mean body height was $155.8{\pm}6.0cm$, mean body weight was $56.8{\pm}7.9kg$, and mean BMI was $23.4{\pm}3.1kg/m^2$. In men, mean body height was $169.1{\pm}6.0cm$, mean body weight was $69.0{\pm}9.5kg$, and mean BMI was $24.1{\pm}2.7kg/m^2$. 2. BMD decreased as age increased, and the age was the most determinant factor for BMD (p<0.01). Women's BMD decreased rapidly in the groups aged $\geq$50s, while men's BMD decreased gradually with age. In addition, for both sex, lower BMD was measured in lumbar spine than in femoral neck. 3. BMD increased in high BMI, and BMD with BMI increased distinctly in the group aged 50s. But their relationship was not significant. 4. In view of the distribution by three BMD categories, women's BMD was mostly normal in the groups aged $\geq$40s, but the rate of osteopenia and osteoporosis was similar in the group aged 50s, and the rate of osteoporosis was the highest in the groups aged 60s and 70s. Men's BMD was mostly normal through all groups except the group aged 70s. 5. Coffee and carbonated drink were not influenced in BMD. But alcohol-drinking group showed higher BMD than non-drinking group, and alcohol was statistically significant determinant for BMD (p<0.05). Smoking and exercise were not statistically significant determinant of BMD.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.306-317
• /
• 2007

Reproductive cycle with the gonad developmental phases, first sexual maturity, spawning frequency, sex ratio of the dusky mud hopper, Periophthalmus modestus were investigated by histological observations. Monthly variations of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) began to increase in May and reached a maximum in June when the gonad was getting mature during the period of higher ground (water) temperature-long day length. Changes in the GSI showed a negative correlation to the HSI, but coincided with the fatness index. The reproductive cycle can be classified into five successive stages: in female, early growing stage (April to May), late growing stage (April to May), mature stage (May to June), ripe and spent stage (June to August), and recovery and resting stage (August to March); in males, growing stage (April to May), mature stage (May to June), ripe and spent stage (June to August), and recovery and resting stage (August to March); According to the frequency distributions of egg diameters during the breeding season, Periophthalmus modestus is presumed to be a summer breeder, asynchronous group and polycyclic species to spawn 2 times or more during the spawning season. Total eggs and mature eggs in absolute fecundity and relative fecundity (per cm) increased with the increase of body length. Total eggs and mature eggs in absolute fecundity and relative fecundity (per g) did not increase with the increase of body weight. Percentages of first sexual maturity of females and males ranging from 5.1 to 5.5 cm in body length are over 50%, and 100% for fish over 7.1 cm in body length. The sex ratios of females to males over 5.1 cm in body length were not significantly different from a 1 : 1 sex ratio.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.110-123
• /
• 2021

We investigated geochemical constituents of pore-water and sediment, rates of organic carbon (C_org) oxidation and sulfate reduction (SR), and benthic nutrient flux (BNF) to elucidate characteristic of C_org oxidation and its control in the coastal area near Lake Shihwa. The study sites were selected in the vicinity of Soraepogu (E0), Songdo tidalflat (E1) and Oido dock (E3) and in front of floodgate Shihwa tidal plant (E5). The C_org contents in the sediments and concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in pore water exhibited the highest value at EO, and gradually decreased toward the outer sea (E1, E3, E5). Rates of anaerobic C_org oxidation (260.6 mmol C m^-2 d^-1) and SR (91.4 mmol S m^-2 d^-1) at E0 were 4-9 and 6-54 times higher than at the site of outer sea (E1, E3, E5). Rates of SR at E3 and E5 accounted for 11-23% of anaerobic C_org oxidation, whereas it comprised 47-70% of anaerobic C_org oxidation at E0 and E1. Rates of C_org oxidation and SR showed a highly positive correlation with the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (r² = 0.795 and 0.777, respectively). The BNF at E0, E1, and E3 accounted for 120-510% and 26-178%, respectively, of the N and P required for primary production in the water column. Overall results suggest that the C_org oxidation in the sediment controlled by concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the pore water and the excessive C_org oxidation stimulates the benthic nutrient flux, which may cause a phytoplankton bloom in the water column.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.415-425
• /
• 2001

Background : The correlation between the high resolution computed tomography(HRCT) emphysema score and the physiologic parameters including resting and exercise pulmonary function test was investigated in 14 patients($60.6{\pm}10.3$ years) with pulmonary emphysema. Methods : The patients underwent a HRCT, a resting pulmonary function test, and incremental exercise testing(cycle ergometer, 10 W/min). Computed tomography scans were obtained on a GE highlight at 10 mm intervals using 10 mm collimation, from the apex to the base after a full inspiration. The emphysema scores were determined by a CT program 'Density mask' outlining the areas with attenuation values less than -900 HU, indicating the emphysema areas, and providing an overall percentage of lung involvement by emphysema. Results : Among the resting PFT parameters, only the diffusing capacity(r=-0.75) and $PaO_2$ (r=-0.66) correlated with the emphysema score(p<0.05). Among the exercise test parameters, the emphysema score correlated significantly with the maximum power(r=-0.74), maximum oxygen consumption(r=-0.68), anaerobic threshold(V-slope method: r=-0.69), maximal $O_2$-pulse(r=-0.73), and the physiologic dead space ratio at the maximum workload(r=-0.80)(p<0.01). Conclusion: We could find that exercise testing parameters showed a much better correlation with the HRCT emphysema score, which is known to have a good correlation with the pathologic severity than the resting PIT parameters. Therefore it is suggested that exercise testing is superior to resting PIT for estimating in the estimation of the physiologic disturbance in emphysema patients.