• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.517-526
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the sugar content, acidity, and viscosity of the Korean frozen desert. Methods: A total of 60 types of frozen desserts marketed in Korea were randomly selected and classified into frozen desserts, milk-fat ice cream group, and non-fat ice cream group according to the classification criteria for frozen desserts. Each product was treated under the same conditions to investigate the component of each product, and sugar content, acidity, and viscosity were measured. Frequency analysis and one-way ANOVA were performed. Results: As a result of analyzing the characteristics related to dental caries activity by group, the frozen dessert had the lowest average pH of 3.67, and the sugar content was significantly higher in the milk-fat group (33.22) and non-fat group (32.89) than in the frozen dessert. The viscosity was also the highest in the milk-fat group at 32.62, and the frozen dessert was significantly lower at 9.42. Conclusions: Due to the abnormal temperature and spread of the coronavirus, consumption of frozen desserts at home is on the rise. To prevent dental caries in children, education is needed for children and their guardians for proper oral care after eating frozen desserts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.138-148
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• 2024

The production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was optimized by serial fermentation of Dendropanax morbiferus extract (DME) using Bacillus subtilis HA and Lactobacillus plantarum KS2020. The 1st alkaline fermentation was performed on 60% DME including 2% glucose and 10% monosodium ʟ-glutamate (MSG) as a precursor. The 1^st fermented DME had 57 mg% tyrosine. Consequently, the 2^nd lactic acid fermentation for 5 days increased the tyrosine content of 106 mg%. The mucilage containing γ-PGA showed a high content of 3.50% on the first day of alkaline fermentation and then increased to 4.10% after 2 days. The precursor (MSG) remaining in the 1^st fermented DME was efficiently converted to GABA by the 2^nd lactic acid fermentation in the presence of 5% skim milk, 1.5% glucose and 0.5% yeast extract, resulting in the production of 18.29 mg/mL GABA. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria increased and indicated 9.49 log CFU/mL on the fermentation for 5 days, and the acidity of co-fermented DME indicated the highest value of 1.55%. Conclusively, the serial fermented DME has multi-functional ingredients containing γ-PGA, GABA, peptides and probiotics.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.387-387
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• 2015

최근 기후변화에 따른 국지성 집중호우 및 돌발홍수 증가로 도심지역에 많은 침수 피해가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 내외수에 영향을 받는 도시 중소하천의 침수 저감을 위하여 침수 예측모형에 적용 가능한 수리학적 계산모형을 개발하는 것이다. 일반적으로 자연하천은 수지형 수계가 대부분이며, 도시 우수관로와 관계배수 시스템 등은 폐합형 수계에 포함되어 수지형 계산모형으로는 도시 중소하천의 유출 모의를 할 수 없다. 폐합형 수계의 계산모형은 수지형에 비해 복잡하지만, 적용대상 수계가 폐합형이 아닌 경우에도 합류점의 유입량을 처리하기가 편리하고, 역방향의 월류 흐름이 존재하는 감조하천에서의 월류 흐름 모의가 가능한 장점을 갖고 있어 도시 내배수 시스템은 물론 자연하천에도 적용 할 수 있다. 본 모형은 절점, 수로 및 계산점으로 구성되는데 동력학적 방법인 1차원 Saint-Venant의 연속 방정식과 운동량 방정식에 수치해법을 이용하여 구하고자 하는 시간과 지점의 수위와 유량을 계산할 수 있게 구성하였다. 수치해법으로는 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 유한차분법 중 안정성과 정확성이 우수한 것으로 평가된 Preissmann의 4점 음해법으로 차분방정식에 Newton-Raphson 방법을 사용하여 유량과 수위 보정치에 Double Sweep 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 유한차분법은 안정성 문제를 수반할 수 있기에 시간 증분이 작을수록 Courant 조건을 만족할 수 있다. 모형 비교 검증을 위하여 동력학적 방법을 적용한 대표적인 폐합형 수계모형인 EPA SWMM을 지원하는 CHI사의 PC-SWMM 프로그램을 이용하여 가상의 폐합 수계를 구축하였다. 일반적으로 상류지점의 경계조건은 하류로 추적될 입력 자료로써, 상류지점과 합류지점은 유입되는 유량값을 그리고 하류지점은 유출되는 수위값을 경계조건으로 입력하였다. 운동량방정식의 에너지 경사와 마찰경사 항에 포함된 조도계수는 변화량에 중요한 물리적 요소이지만, 고정 상수값인 0.03을 적용하여 검증에 용의하도록 하였다. 구축된 모형과 PC-SWWM을 통해 산출된 계산점별 수위와 유량에 RMS 오차를 비교한 결과 만족할만한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서 향후 내외수를 연계에 침수예측모형에 적용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.848-852
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• 2009

하천 제방붕괴 해석을 위한 FFC-9 모형을 개발하였다. 본 모형은 하천제방의 붕괴해석을 위해 하천의 흐름해석 및 제방붕괴 알고리듬이 결합된 물리적 이론에 기반한 프로그램이다. 개발된 프로그램을 이용하여 낙동강 실제제방의 붕괴해석에 적용하였다. 적용된 제방은 경북 고령의 낙동강 본류 우안에 위치하고 있는 실제제방이 2000년 9월 15일 07:40분경에 붕괴를 시작하였다. 붕괴폭은 110m로 최초에는 60m, 수위 강하시 50m로 붕괴는 지속되었다. 붕괴지점의 제방고는 22.80 m이며 계획 홍수위는 20.26m, 사고당시 하천의 수위는 17.10m, 제내지 수위는 9.80m로서 제내지와 제외지의 수위차는 7.3m였다. 제방 붕괴로 인한 여러 피해중 농경지 침수는 150 ha에 이르렀다.. 연구모형을 2000년 9월 12일 00시${\sim}$18일 23시 기간동안 낙동강 유역의 홍수로 인한 제방 붕괴상황에 대해 적용하였다. 계산구간은 현풍${\sim}$적포교의 33.55 km구간으로서 전체 단면의 개수는 67개이며 평균적인 계산거리간격은 ${\Delta}x$ = 0.5 km 이고 계산시간간격은 0.5 hr이며 제방붕괴시의 계산시간간격은 0.25 hr으로 설정하였다. 이 구간에서의 주요 지류로서는 회천과 황강이 고려되었다. 상류단 경계조건으로서는 현풍 수위표지점의 유량 수문곡선을 사용하였고, 하류단 경계조건으로서는 적포교 수위표지점의 수위 수문곡선을 사용하였다. 본 모형에 적용된 조도계수는 이전의 홍수조건으로부터 검증된 $0.020{\sim}0.033$의 범위를 이용하였다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1990

As a link in the studies on the extracellular polysaccharide by lactic acid bacteria, the experiment was conducted to investigate the viscosity variations and rheological properties of 10% reconstituted skim milk and 12% reconstituted whole milk, respectively. 1. 10% reconstituted skim milk cultured by Str. thrennophilus 510 showed strong flow property of pseudoplastic fluid depending upon the production of exopolysaccharide. And the viscosity reached the highest value within 14% concentration. 2. 12% reconstituted whole milk cultured by lactic acid bacteria indicated flow property of pseudoplastic fluid. But there was a big difference in the viscosity as compared with 10% skim milk. 3. The maximum consistency index (k) and the minimum flow behavior index (n) of the fermented milk by Str. thermophilus 510 were 43 and 0.09, respectively. They were 35 and 0.09, in case of Lb. bulgaricus.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-96
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• 1993

Even though the increasing interest in fermented milk, the information on the influence of fermented milk on oral health in literature is sparce. We have investigated the effect of fermented milk on saliva. Thirty-three healthy unmedicated subjects at the age of their twenties were included in this study and divided into control, fermented milk, and milk groups. And, the experiment period was 70 days. The authors examined the number of salivary S.mutans, Lactobacilli, pH, and viscosity at the beginning of the experiment. And, we investigated the changes of the these factors at 10,40, and 70 days after. The authors came to the following conclusions The obtined results were as follows : 1. There were no significant changes in the numbers of saliary S. mutans in the control, fermented milk, andmilk groups through the experimental period. 2. There was no significant change in the number of salivary lactobacilli in the fermented milk group throiugh the experimental period. 3. There was a decrease in salivary pH after 40 and 70 days in fermented milk group. 4. There were no significant changes in the values of salivary viscosity at a low shear rate in all groups, but there were increases in these values at a high shear rate in the fermented milk and milk groups through the experimental period.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.300-304
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• 1987

The rheological properties of gelatinized arrowroot stach solution $(4{\sim}7%)$ followed the power law and showed a pseudoplastic behavior at the temperature range of $30{\sim}66^{\circ}C$. The flow behavior index was essentially remained constant at all temperatures, but decreased as starch concentration increased. The consistency index was exponentially increased with the increase of starch concentration. The activation energy of flow of gelatinized starch solution was $4.068{\sim}4.542\;kcal/mole$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2004

For the development of empirical equation of run-up height, a new surf parameter called' wave action slope' $S_x$ is introduced. Approximate equation has been produced for each band of water depth for the computation of wave run-up height using the laboratory graph of Saville(1958). On the other hand using the laboratory data of Ahrens(1988) and Mase(1989), empirical equations of run-up height have been developed for the general application with considering roughness effect covering a wide range of water depth and wall slope. When Mase tried to relate the run-up height to the Iribarren number, nonlinear relation has been obtained and hence the empirical equation has a power law. But when the wave action slope is adopted as a major factor for the estimation of run-up height the empirical equation shows a linear relationship with very good correlation for the wide range of water depth and wall slope.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2013

In this paper, the illumination performances of three freeform lenses optimally designed for a point source were investigated for several LEDs with different source sizes, and also the tolerance characteristics of the lenses were analyzed. For comparison, two lenses with different sizes were designed with a divergent illumination model, and the last one was done with an overlapped illumination model. As the LED source size increased, the illuminance uniformity decreased more strongly, and the influence of a source misalignment on illumination performance became insignificant. However, the variation of LED radiation characteristics had strong effect on the illumination performance, irrespective of LED source size. Even though the lens based on a divergent illumination model showed superior performance compared to the lens based on an overlapped illumination model, the latter was less sensitive to the variation of LED radiation characteristics.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1997

$H_2$ production by Chromatium sp., a large purple sulfur bacterium blooming in lake Kaiike, under various environmental conditions was examined. Chromatium sp. produced $H_2$ only in the presence of light and $H_2$. Maximum $H_2$ production ($0.01\;{\mu}mol/hr/(mg\;dry\;cell\;weight)$) was obtained in the solution of 20 mg $H_2S-S/l$ under low light intensity (1000 lux) at $30^{\circ}C$. $H_2$ production was severely inhibited by the presence of $N_2\;or\;NH_4^+$. The rate observed for Chromatium sp. was relatively low compared to that of other phototrophic bacteria. Chromatium sp. is probably a most potent Ha producing species in lake Kaiike, since the bacterium readily produced $H_2$ photoautotrophically even at low light intensities by the application of suboptimal $H_2$ concentrations. Based on the photoautotrophic characteristics of bacterial $H_2$ production, it is suggested that Chromatium sp. can be an economic and practical species for biological $H_2$ production system, particularly in temperate region.