• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.113-121
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• 1999

This Study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of GalHwaHaJungTang(GHT) on the gastric lesions indused by ethanol in rats. Rats were pretreated with GHT extract 1.7ml/kg, 3.4ml/kg, 5ml/kg and then were given orally 1ml of absolute ethanol 30min later. The animals were killed 1hr after ethanol treatment In morphorogic change, ethanol induced prominent longitudinal hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach. But GHT-pretreatment showed a dose-depentent decrease in the mucosa lesions. GHT extract siginificantly reduced lipid peroxidation and also induced an increase of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and gluthathion(GSH) levels, but showed no influence in the type conversion of xanthine oxidase. These results suggest that the proposed gastroprotective effect may involve activation of antioxidant effects, but independent of the xanthine oxidase system.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 1998

Platelet activating factor (PAP) has been known as implicating as one of potent inflammatory mediators and reported 0 be involved in inflammation and allergy. PAF induces ciliary dysfunction and epithelial damage of human paranasal sinus mucosa in vitro. However, several recent papers have reported that PAF may not readily damage the airway epithelium. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural evidence to elucidate the pathogenesis of epithelial damage induced by PAF. Sixteen $\mu\textrm{g}$ g of PAF was applied into the maxillary sinuses of 6 rabbits. Rabbits were divided into 2 subgroups along with time interval at 1st and 3rd experimental day, and sinus mucosae were taken for the histopathologic study using electron microscopy. At 1st day, epithelial cells showed no ultrastructural change. Ultrastructures of the cilia were well preserved. Subepithelial space showed no evidence of the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Intravascular platelet aggregation and swelling of endothelial cells were evident. At 3rd day, epithelial cells showed vacuolar degeneration. Fusion of cilia forming giant cilia and focal loss of cilia were evident. Eosinophils were infiltrated in subepithelial and intraepithelial space. Swelling of endothelial cells, and migration of inflammatory cells into the connective tissue were evident. This study implies that epithelial damage induced by PAF may be secondary to the cytotoxicity of mobilized eosinophils rather than direct cytotoxicity of PAF.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2012

The exposure of gastric mucosa to ethanol produces acute ulcers mediated by inflammatory processes, hemorrhagic erosions and increase of reactive oxygen species. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Coptidis Rhizoma(CR) aqueous extracts on hydrochloride (HCl)/ethanol induced gastric ulcer in mice as compared with rebamipide (30 mg/kg) and ranitidine (100 mg/kg). Stomach ulcers were induced by oral ingestion of HCl/ethanol. CR extracts (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) were orally administered, once a day for 7 continuous days, and 1 hr after last 7th treatment of CR extracts stomach ulcers were induced. Effects of CR extracts on HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer were evaluated based on gross and microscopic observations with anti-oxidant activities. All three different dosages of CR extract significantly decreased HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer compared with the HCl/ethanol control mice. CR extracts also strengthened the antioxidative defense systems - decreased the level of lipid peroxidation but increased the level of catalase, superoxide dismutase and nitrate/nitrite compared with the HCl/ethanol control. The effects of CR extract 500 mg/kg were similar to that of 30 mg/kg rebamipide, and CR extract 250 mg/kg showed similar anti-ulcer effects as compared with ranitidine 100 mg/kg. These results suggest that the gastroprotective effects of CR extracts on mice ulcer models can be attributed to its ameliorating effect on oxidative damages.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.923-935
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• 2023

Rubus crataegifolius (RC), Ulmus macrocarpa (UM), and Gardenia jasminoides (GJ) are well-known folk medicines in Asia used to treat various gastrointestinal disturbances. The present study evaluated the gastroprotective effect of LS-RUG-com, a mixture of commercially prepared powders of RC, UM, and GJ with a ratio of 3:1:2(w/w/w) against HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis, indomethacin-induced ulcers, and esophageal reflux-induced esophageal mucosal damage and Helicobacter pylori infections. In addition, TNF-α and IL-1β expressions were also determined and measured in esophageal tissue. As to HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis, the LS-RUG-com treatment at a dose of 150 mg/kg showed a remarkable anti-gastritis effect. Regarding indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers, the LS-RUG-com treatment had a significant anti-gastric ulcer effect. Furthermore, in the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) model experiment, the LS-RUG-com treatment resulted in the histological recovery of stomach damage and mucosal injuries. Furthermore, the LS-RUG-com treatment led to an increase in gastric content pH, an increase in mucus protection, and a decrease in gastric pepsin output with a significant decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β. As to the Helicobacter pylori infected animal model, LS-RUG-com had a notable inhibitory effect on Helicobacter growth. The use of RC, UM, or GJ in isolation or the LS-RUG-com treatment as whole had good effects in terms of anti-oxidation, anti-neutralization, gastric acid secretion inhibition, and anti-lipid peroxidation, which supported the use of natural products as systemic gastric protective agents. Our results suggest that the LS-RUG-com might be a significant systemic gastroprotective agent that could be utilized for the treatment and/or protection from gastric disturbances and related damage.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.326-340
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• 2016

GHS was compared with that of current RDA directives in skin and eye irritation for plant protection products (PPPs). According to the result of evaluation and classification of skin and eye irritation by RDA directives and GHS for 59 PPPs, 25.5% of PPPs were changed the classification of skin irritation from slightly and moderately by RDA directives to Not Classified by GHS, and 45.8% of PPPs were changed the classification of eye irritation from slightly by RDA directives to Not Classified by GHS. 6.8% of PPPs in skin irritation and 5.1% in eye irritation were classified more highly as category 1 by GHS because of irreversible effect. According to the result of comparison with GHS classification by data of irritation study for PPPs and by GHS classification and concentration of active substances, 25.5% was changed more lowly and 3.4% more highly in skin irritation, and 25.4% was changed more lowly and 11.9% more highly in eye irritation. It is needed to draw a plan to supplement for other results between GHS and RDA directives.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.339-345
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• 2013

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of central signaling molecules that respond to numerous stimuli and are known to participate in processes of cell survival and death. However, it is not clear on data for cell-type specific activation of MAPKs in the progression of gastric ulcer. In the present study, we assessed how MAPKs localized at various cell types during the progression of gastric ulcer induced by ibuprofen. Gastric ulcer was induced by the repeated treatment of 200 mg/kg ibuprofen with 8 hrs interval in a day. Animals were sacrificed at 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs after oral treatment of ibuprofen and gastric tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical and immunoblotting evaluation. Immunoreactivity of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was mainly expressed at the proliferating zone of gastric mucosa in control rats. But, these signals for p-ERK were highly shifted from cells of proliferating zone to parietal cells of the basal regions 24 hrs after treatment of ibuprofen. p-ERK signal was strongly expressed in epithelial cells adjacent to ulcer margin and new capillary and infiltrated inflammatory cells within granulation tissue of the ulcer base above 48 hrs after treatment of ibuprofen. While, phospho-c-Jun $NH_2$ terminal kinase (p-JNK) was mainly localized to the nuclei of the surface epithelial cells and the glandular epithelial cells in early gastric injury. Also, p-JNK was often observed as a scattered pattern in different regions of gastric mucosa with early gastric injury. Gradually, signal of p-JNK was strongly stained in infiltrated inflammatory cells and fibroblasts within severe ulcer base. Phospho-p38 (p-p38) MAPK was observed as scattered pattern within connective tissues of gastric mucosa. Especially, p-p38 MAPK showed strong signal in infiltrated macrophages within ulcer base. These results show that each MAPK has a specific role in various cell types during the progression of gastric ulcer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2008

Purpose: Oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy to the head and neck area, is a common acute complication and is considered as the most severe symptom for cancer patients in the early stages of treatment. This study was proposed to establish the oral mucositis mouse model induced by a single dose of radiation for the facility of testing therapeutic candidates which can be used for the oral mucositis treatments. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control, 16 Gy, 18 Gy, and 20 Gy. Oral mucositis was induced by a single dose of radiation to the head and neck using 6 MV x-Ray from linear accelerator. After irradiation, body weight and physical abnormalities were checked daily. Tongue tissues from all groups were taken on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 14, respectively and H&E staining was conducted to examine morphological changes. Results: Body weight dramatically decreased after day 5 in all irradiated mice. In the 16 Gy treatment group, body weight was recovered on day 14. The histology data showed that the thickness of the epithelial cell layer was decreased by the accumulated time after radiation treatment, up to day 9. Severe ulceration was revealed on day 9. Conclusion: A single dose of 16 Gy is sufficient dose to induce oral mucositis in Balb/C mice. Significant changes were observed in the Balb/C mice on days 7 and 9 after radiation. It is suggested that this mouse model might be a useful standard tool for studying oral mucositis induced by radiation.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 1996

Gatric mucosa is exposed to toxic, reactive oxygen species generated within the lumen. Nitric oxide protected acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by maintaining glutathione homeostasis. The present study examined the role of nitric oxide in mediating hydrogen peroxide - induced damage to gastric cells. Hydrogen peroxide was generated by glucose oxidase acting on ${\beta}-D-glucose$. L-arginine, $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester, or $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ were treated to the cells with glucose/glucose oxidase. Lipid peroxidation and nitrite release and cellular content of glutathione were determined. As a result, dose - dependent increase in lipid peroxide production as well as dose - dependent decrease in nitrite release and cellular glutathione content were observed in glucose/glucose oxidase - treated cells. Pretreatment of L-arginine, a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, prevented the increase of lipid peroxide production and the reduction of nitrite release as well as glutathione content. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase such as $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester and $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ did not protect hydrogen peroxide - induced cell damage. In conclusion, nitric oxide protects gestric cells from hydrogen peroxide possibly by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and by preserving cellular glutathione stores.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to present the potential application of tissue adhesive in the management of traumatized gingival wound in clinical dental hygiene practice. Cyanoacrylate adhesive has been used for closure of superficial laceration without suturing, which is available in periodontal and oral surgery. Small gingival or mucosal lacerations may occur by improper or excessive instrumentation of the dental hygienist during scaling and root planing procedure. In this circumstances, tissue adhesive is very effective, simple, and convenient method as an alternative to conventional wound closure by suturing. The tissue adhesive consists of monomeric n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, which polymerizes quickly in contact with tissue fluid. The sutureless treatment of gingival laceration with tissue adhesive has advantages of good esthetic results, less trauma, time saving, antibacterial and hemostatic effects. In addition, local anesthesia as well as re-visit for dressing and removal of suture are not required. Use of tissue adhesive could be beneficial to both dental hygienist and patient in the management of procedural error.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2008

It is recognized that Schwann cells (SC) are essential for peripheral nerve development and regeneration. SIS (small intestinal submucosa) consists of some growth factors which can stimulate cell activity without immune rejection responges. SCs were harvested from the femurs and tibias of female Fischer rat and then suspended with $2{\times}10^6$ cell/sponge in SIS sponge. Fischer rat received an implant consisting of the SCs and the SIS sponge at the place of a 5 mm gap created by the sciatic nerve resection. Thin sections were stained with H &E staining and immunostaining of S-100, GFAP and NF after 1, 2, and 4 weeks. It was observed that the effects of the SIS sponge with SCs on neuroinduction(Group II, with scaffold & cell) are strong as much as uninjured model(Control I), and significantly stronger than SIS sponge model (Group 1, with scaffold only) and blank model (Control II). In conclusion, these results suggest that SIS sponge filled with SCs may have an important role for peripheral nerve regeneration of tissue engineering.