• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.12 no.4 s.37
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• pp.307-313
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• 2005

Electromigration behavior in the Sn96.5Ag3.0Cu0.5 solder lines was investigated and compared Sn96.5Ag3.0Cu0.5 with eutectic SnPb. Measurements were made for relevant parameters for electromigration of the solder, such as drift velocity, threshold current density, activation energy, as well as the product of diffusivity and effective charge number (DZ$\ast$). The threshold current density were measured to be $2.38{\times}10^4A/cm^2$ at $140^{\circ}C$ and the value represented the maximum current density which the SnAgCu solder can carry without electromigration damage at the stressing temperatures. The electromigration energy was measured to 0.56 eV in the temperature range of $110-160^{\circ}C$. The measured products of diffusivity and the effective charge number, DZ$\ast$ were $3.12{\times}10^{-10} cm^2/s$ at $110^{\circ}C$, $4.66{\times}10^{-10} cm^2/s$ at $125^{\circ}C$, $8.76{\times}10^{-10} cm^2/s$ at $140^{\circ}C$, $2.14{\times}10^{-9}cm^2/s$ at $160^{\circ}C$ SnPb solder existed incubation stage, while SnAgCu did not have incubation stage. It was thought that the diffusion mechanism of SnAgCu was different from that of SnPb.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.100-109
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• 1999

Purpose: Preamplifier and amplifier are very important parts for developing a portable counting or imaging gamma probe. They can be used for analyzing pulses containing energy and position information for the emitted radiations. The commercial Nuclear Instrument Modules (NIMs) can be used for processing these pulses. However, it may be improper to use NIMs in developing a portable gamma probe, because of its size and high price. The purpose of this study was to develop both preamplifier and amplifier and measure their performance characteristics. Materials and Methods: The preamplifier and amplifier were designed as a charge sensitive device and a capacitor resistor-resistor capacitor (CR-RC) electronic circuit, respectively, and they were mounted on a print circuit board (PCB). We acquired and analyzed energy spectra for Tc-99m and Cs-137 using both PCB and NIMs. Multichannel analyzer (Accuspec/A, Canberra Industries Inc., Meriden Connecticut, U.S.A) and scintillation detectors (EP-047(Bicron Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial EP-047 (Ceramics Co., Ohio, U.S.A) with $2"{\times}2"$ NaI(T1) crystal and R1535 (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Electron Tube Center, Shizuoka-ken, Japan) with $1"{\times}1"$ NaI(T1) crystal were used for acquiring the energy spectra. Results: Using PCB, energy resolutions of EP-047 detectors for Tc-99m and Cs-137 were 12.92% and 5.01%, respectively, whereas R1535 showed 13.75% and 5.19% of energy resolution. Using the NIM devices, energy resolutions of EP-047 detector for Tc-99m and Cs-137 were measured as 14.6% and 7.58%, respectively. However, reliable energy spectrum of R1535 detector could not be acquired, since its photomultiplier tube (PMT) requires a specific type of preamplifier. Conclusion: We developed a special preamplifier and amplifier suitable for a small sized gamma probe that showed good energy resolutions independent of PMT types. The results indicate that the PCB can be used in developing both counting and imaging gamma probe.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.1 s.90
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• pp.19-31
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• 2002

To investigate the association between the hypertrophy of adenoid and jaw morphology during growth, this paper was based on children patients with experimental adenoids (male-15 subjects at each bone age group, female-15 subjects at each bone group) and comparing them to data taken from a control group (male-15 subjects at each bone age group, female-15 subjects at each bone group) with normal respiratory function. The comparisons between the groups were done at each growth stage using cervical vertebrae maturation index(CVMI) of Hassel. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The differences in craniofacial morphology between experimental group and control group were appeared from CVMI 3 and CVMI 4 (aroud adolescent period) in males, and from CVMI 1 in females. 2. The mandibular position of experimental group was more inferior than control group. The difference appeared at adolescent period(male : at CVMI 4, female : at CVMI 5). 3. Experimental group had greater anterior facial height than control group. This difference seemed a relation with lower anterior facial height. The difference appears at CVMI 3(11.94 ${\pm}$ 1.38 years old, at adolescent period) in male and at CVMI 1 in female. 4. The adenoid size of control male group was increased until CVMI 2(10.58 ${\pm}$ 1.07 years old, just before adolescent growth peak) and then decreased, but in female the adenoid size was decreased from CVMI 1(6.92 ${\pm}$ 0.53 years old).

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.53
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• pp.177-211
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• 2017

In the course of the emergence and development of new ICT technologies and services such as Big Data, Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence, the future will change by these new innovations in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The future of this fourth industrial revolution will change and our future will be data-based society or economy. Since there is personal information at the center of it, the development of the economy through the utilization of personal information will depend on how to make the personal information protection laws. In Korea, which is trying to lead the 4th industrial revolution, it is a legal interest that can not give up the use of personal information, and also it is an important legal benefit that can not give up the personal interests of individuals who want to protect from personal information. Therefore, it is necessary to change the law on personal information protection in a rational way to harmonize the two. In this regard, this article discusses the problems of duplication and incompatibility of the personal information protection law, the scope of application of the personal information protection law and the uncertainty of the judgment standard, the lack of flexibility responding to the demand for the use of reasonable personal information, And there is a problem of reverse discrimination against domestic area compared to the regulated blind spot in foreign countries. In order to solve these problems and to improve the legislation of personal information protection in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, we proposed to consider both personal information protection and safe use by improving the purpose and regulation direction of the personal information protection law. The balance and harmony between the systematical maintenance of the personal information protection legislation and laws and regulations were also set as important directions. It is pointed out that the establishment of rational judgment criteria and the legislative review to clarify it are necessary for the constantly controversial personal information definition regulation and the method of allowing anonymization information as the intermediate domain. In addition to the legislative review for the legitimate and non-invasive use of personal information, there is a need to improve the collective consent system for collecting personal information to differentiate the subject and to improve the legislation to ensure the effectiveness of the regulation on the movement of personal information between countries. In addition to the issues discussed in this article, there may be a number of challenges, but overall, the protection and use of personal information should be harmonized while maintaining the direction indicated above.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.5 s.250
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• pp.323-334
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• 2005

Background: Gene therapy is a new and promising option for the treatment of severe myocardial ischemia by therapeutic angiogenesis. The goal of this study was to elucidate the efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis by using VEGF165 in large animals. Material and Method: Twenty-one pigs that underwent ligation of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: intramyocardial injection of pCK-VEGF (VEGF) or intramyocardial injection of pCK-Null (Control). Injections were administered 30 days after ligation. Seven pigs died during the trial, but eight pigs from VEGF and six from Control survived. Echo-cardiography was performed on day 0 (preoperative) and on days 30 and 60 following coronary ligation. Gated myocardial single photon emission computed tomography imaging (SPECT) with $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ sestamibi was performed on days 30 and 60. Myocardial perfusion was assessed from the uptake of $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ sestamibi at rest. Global and regional myocardial function as well as post-infarction left ventricular remodeling were assessed from segmental wall thickening; left ventricular ejection fraction (EF); end systolic volume (ESV); and end diastolic volume (EDV) using gated SPECT and echocardiography. Myocardium of the ischemic border zone into which pCK plasmid vector had been injected was also sampled to assess micro-capillary density. Result: Micro-capillary density was significantly higher in the VEGF than in Control ($386\pm110/mm^{2}\;vs.\;291\pm127/mm^{2};\;p<0.001$). Segmental perfusion increased significantly from day 30 to day 60 after intramyocardial injection of plasmid vector in VEGF ($48.4\pm15.2\%\;vs.\;53.8\pm19.6\%;\;p<0.001$), while no significant change was observed in the Control ($45.1\pm17.0\%\;vs.\;43.4\pm17.7\%;\;p=0.186$). This resulted in a significant difference in the percentage changes between the two groups ($11.4\pm27.0\%\;increase\;vs.\;2.7\pm19.0\%\;decrease;\;p=0.003$). Segmental wall thickening increased significantly from day 30 to day 60 in both groups; the increments did not differ between groups. ESV measured using echocardiography increased significantly from day 0 to day 30 in VEGF ($22.9\pm9.9\;mL\;vs.\;32.3\pm9.1\;mL;\; p=0.006$) and in Control ($26.3\pm12.0\;mL\;vs.\;36.8\pm9.7\;mL;\;p=0.046$). EF decreased significantly in VEGF ($52.0\pm7.7\%\;vs.\;46.5\pm7.4\%;\;p=0.004$) and in Control ($48.2\pm9.2\%\;vs.\;41.6\pm10.0\%;\;p=0.028$). There was no significant change in EDV. The interval changes (days $30\~60$) of EF, ESV, and EDV did not differ significantly between groups both by gated SPECT and by echocardiography. Conclusion: Intramyocardial injection of pCK-VEGF165 induced therapeutic angiogenesis and improved myocardial perfusion. However, post-infarction remodeling and global myocardial function were not improved.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Miscellaneous cereal have been largely consumed in Korea as due to their physiological functions beneficial to human health. The cereals are currently a social concern because they have been found to contain heavy metals. Thus, monitoring heavy metals in the cereals is an important requirement for food safety analysis. In this study, we determined arsenic concentration in the cereals randomly harvested from different markets. METHODS AND RESULTS: Inorganic arsenic was determined by ICP-MS coupled with HPLC system. The HPLC-ICP-MS analysis was optimized based on the limit of detection and recover test to reach $0.13-1.24{\mu}g/kg$ and 94.3-102.1%, respectively. The concentrations of inorganic arsenic equivalent to daily exposure were levels of $19.91{\mu}g/day$ in mixed grain, $1.07{\mu}g/day$ in glutinous rice, $0.77{\mu}g/day$ in black brown rice, $0.13{\mu}g/day$ in barley and $0.11{\mu}g/day$ in soybeans. CONCLUSION: The levels of arsenic in miscellaneous cereals were found lower than the recommended The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) levels, suggesting that the cereals marketed in Korea are not potential concern in risk assessment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-50
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• 1976

As a continuation of series of works on the pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng. three kinds of behavioral experiments were carried out using rats and mice. The occurrence of component Posterns of general behavioral activity in rat was examined by visual scanning using the ting sample method in the ad lib. And he hunger deprivated situation. In normal ad lib. situation, the eating behavior of rat treated with 100mg/kg of ginseng saponin was significantly more frequent than that of saline control at the night and throughout the 24 hr period. But grooming was less frequent than the control at the same period. In the hunger situation followed by 90~120 hrs of feed deprivation, the locomotive activity and rearing awe significantly more often and sleeping was less frequent in the two dosage g roups of ginseng saponin (10 and 100 mg/kg) than in the saline group though out the observation period. Training of avoidance conditioning in rats was done in a two-way shuttle box. The number of conditioned response (CR) in which the animal avoided sucessfully an electric shock by running in to the other compartment of the hex was regarded as an index of learning performance. Ginseng saponin in doses of 2.5 mg/kg Produced a significantly increased CR in total avoidance tria1s compared with the control. Although other dosage groups of ginseng saponin (5.0, 50mg and 100 mg/kg) showed no significant statistical difference from the normal control, it tended to increase in CR in the ginseng groups than in the control. An aggressive behavior in mice was observed in n shock-generating fighting box. The occurrence of reflexive fighting between two animals induced by an electric shock applied to the feet war checked as an index of aggression. The occurrence of reciprocal fighting episode immediately after the onset. Of the shock was significantly decreased in the dosage group of 400 mg/kg ginseng saponin, but it did net differ in the 100 mg/kg group of ginseng saponin from the control group. The dose, 400 mg/kg of ginseng saponin, inhibited fighting behavior in more than 80% of the Pairs. but 100 mg/kg of ginseng did inhibit it in less than 20% of the pairs.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.308-314
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• 2007

The analytical method of HPLC with the radial-flow electrochemical cell (RFEC) has been developed to determine doxorubicin, epirubicin, nogalamycin, daunorubicin and idarubicin simultaneously by employing a reversed-phase chromatography. Anthracyclines were detected at -0.74 V vs. a Ag/AgCl (0.01 M NaCl) reference electrode, a potential of diffusion current plateau in the mobile phase. At a $V_f$ of 1.0 mL/min doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin and idarubicin appeared at a retention time ($t_r$) of 6.4 min, 7.4 min, 12.7 min and 18.4 min, respectively, while at a $V_f$ of 0.6 mL/min, doxorubicin, epirubicin, nogalamycin, daunorubicin and idarubicin appeared at a $t_r$ of 9.9 min, 11.5 min, 13.5 min, 19.6 min and 28.7 min, respectively. The linearity between each anthracycline injected ($2.40{\times}10^{-7}M{\sim}1.42{\times}10^{-5}M$) and peak area (charge) was excellent with the square of the correlation coefficient ($R^2$) higher than 0.999. The detection limits were $1.0{\times}10^{-8}M{\sim}1.5{\times}10^{-7}M$ for the five anthracyclines. Within-day precision for the five anthracyclines were in reasonable relative standard deviations less than 3 % ($1.00{\times}10^{-6}M{\sim}1.42{\times}10^{-5}M$) except the lower concentrations less than $0.7{\mu}M$. Solid phase extractions of $1.00{\times}10^{-5}M$ epirubicin, $0.48{\times}10^{-5}M$ nogalamycin and $1.52{\times}10^{-5}M$ daunorubicin from human serum with a $C_{18}$ cartridge resulted in 97 %, 100 % and 90 % of recoveries, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1995

We compared stress/rest myocardial Tc-99m-MIBl tomographic image findings with rest/stress rubidium-82 tomographic images. In 23 patients with coronary artery disease (12 of them received bypass grafts before) and 6 normal subjects, rest rubidium PET study was performed : rubidium-82 and Tc-99m-MIBI were injected simultaneously to each patient after dipyridamole stress for rubidium PET and MIBI SPECT; and rest MIBI SPECT was performed 4 hours thereafter. We scored segmental decrease of rubidium or MIBI uptakes into 5 grades for 29 segments from 3 short-axis, vertical and horizontal slices. Scores were summed for each major arterial territory. When more score than two grade-2's or one grade-3 was considered as the cue for significant stenosis for major arterial territories, 67% of 46 stenosed arteries were found with MIBI studies and 78% of them by rubidium studies. Fourteen among 28 grafted arterial territories of 12 post-CABG patients were found normal with both rubidium and MIBI. Segmental scores were concordant between rubidium and MIBI in 72% of 709 stress segments and in 80% of 825 rest segments. Stress rubidium segmental scores were less than stress MIBI scores in 9%, so were rest rubidium scores. Stress rubidium scores were more than stress MIBI scores in 20% of segments, and rest rubidium segmental scores were more than rest MIBl scores in 11%. Rank correlations (Spearman's rho's more than 0.7(stress) and 0.5(rest), slopes (MIBI/rubidium) around 0.7(stress) and 0.9 (rest)) suggested deeper and wider defects in stress with rubidium. Slope over 1 (MIBI/rubidium) with LAD segemental scores at rest and 7 territories which had much larger score with MIBI revealed exaggeration of rest defects with rest MIBI in same-day stress/rest study. Difference scores (stress-rest for each territory) suggesting Ischemia were larger with rubidium (slope of MIBI/rubidium around 0.45). As has been implied by animal or separate-day-human studies, these segmental analyses with simultaneous examination in patients told that rubidium PET flow studies disclose ischemia more often than MIBI studies and that rest MIBI studies in same-day stress/rest-sequence gave a little larger rest defect than they would have shown.