• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.138-153
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• 2015

A Jincheon Seokjangri B23 furnace was reconstructed and iron smelting experiment was performed to investigate an ancient Baekjae iron production process. The work mainly described in this paper is the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ experiments among the several experiments carried out at Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. Iron ore(magnetite) and oak charcoal were used as a source and a foot bellow was used for air supply. Common results of the experiments are masses of iron, slag and charcoal formed in the furnace. Most iron lumps were formed nearby the tuyere rather than the area of tapping hole. Metallographic and chemical analysis shows that the iron lumps can be used for either forge or cast depending on their carbon content. Low Fe content and glassy texture of the inner slags suggest that the operation environment was quite reducing. Based on the results of the iron smelting experiments, measurements and analysis, various information was obtained regarding physical-chemical and metallurgical processes of the ancient iron smelting process. It is firmly believed that its undisclosed contents can be revealed more in depth with continual reconstitution experiments.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.631-640
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare analytical results of sand iron bars reproduced by the traditional iron-making method through a destructive analysis and a non-destructive analysis. For these studies, we produced two types of samples. One was sample(SI-A), a part of the sand iron bar for destructive analysis. The other was SI-B(9 ㎠) for non-destructive analysis. A metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope were used for the destructive analysis, and neutron imaging analysis with the Hokkaido University Neutron Source (HUNS) at Hokkaido University, Japan, was used for the non-destructive analysis. The results obtained by destructive analysis showed that there was ferrite and pearlite of fine crystallite size, and some of these showed Widmanstätten ferrite microstructure grown within the pearlite and coarse ferrite at the edge of the specimen. The results from the neutron imaging analysis showed that there was also ferrite and pearlite with 3 ㎛ α-Fe of BCC structure. Based on these results, neutron imaging analysis is capable of identifying material characteristics without destroying the object and obtaining optimal research results when applying it to objects of cultural heritage.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.433-442
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• 2018

In this study, metal properties were compared by preparingthree iron knives from steel ingots produced via traditional iron-making, and ingot which jointed the steel of modern times. Metal microscope and SEM-EDS analysis revealed fine ferrite and pearlite structures of the hypo-eutectoid steel of Fe-C alloys. All samples also exhibited martensite on the blade of the knife. By Vicker's hardness analysis, the hardness of the sand iron knife (K1) was 533.38 HV, sand iron-nickel steel knife (K3) was 514.8 HV, and sand iron-carbon steel knife (K2) was 477.02 HV. The mass reduction due to wear was 0.058% for K1, 0.059% for K3, and 0.144% for K2. EPMA(Electron probe micro-analyzer) analysis of the surface pattern of the specimens confirmed that the patterns were exposed due to differences in the content of C or the chemical composition. Additional research on heat treatment processes is needed to increase the abrasion resistance of blades. Traditional steel ingots could produce high-quality steel if combined with nickel steel.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.63-80
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the Kwang-yang Iron and Steel Co.(KSCO) on the industrialization of the economic structure in Kwang-yang area. The research used the shift-share analysis and regional growth rate differential analysis. KSCO has influenced this area by changing the economic structure from traditional agriculture and fisheries to the manufacturing industry. KSCO also has influenced the population of Kwang-yang area. The number of employees grew from 594 in 1981 to 29,865 in 1992. However, after 1992, employee numbers decreased to 23,399 in 1998. KSCO was constructed in the region of traditional agriculture and fisheries in 1981. The social and economic status of the Kwang-yang area has changed greatly due to the growth of KSCO and the corresponding influx in population. KSCO has developed the related industry and changed this area into a booming industrial city. The number of employee has rapidly increased. At the end of the year 2000, 17,240 people work for KSCO and 39,593(28.7%) of the total population of Kwang-yang are related to KSCO.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.738-747
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• 2021

This study attempted to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced as a direct smelting method restoration experiment for each raw material of iron. To this end, four hammer scale groups were set up, respectively, by experimenting with Gyeongju-Gampo Iron sand and Yangyang Iron ore. For the analysis, principal component analysis, compound analysis, microstructure observation, and chemical composition were confirmed. As a result of principal component analysis, as forging and refining progressed, the content of Fe increased and the content of non-metallic objects decreased. As a result of compound analysis, iron oxide-based compounds were identified. As a result of confirming microstructure and chemical composition, Wüstite and Fayalite were observed overall, and agglomerated Wüstite were observed in some. Magnetite on shape of polygon and pillar was observed. In addition, it was confirmed that internal defects, impurities, and non-metallic interventions gradually decreased. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced through restoration experiments using various raw material of iron, and compare them with those excavated from Iron manufacture ruins.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2018

This study replicated traditional smelting methods to produce iron blooms from sand iron. The metallurgical properties of the slag and the iron blooms were analyzed. The sand iron materials used in the smelting experiments, which were based on ancient documents, were collected from Gyeong-Ju and Pohang. Analysis by WD-XRF and XRD showed that Gyeong-Ju's sand iron contains a high-titanium, with magnetite, and Pohang's sand iron contains a low-titanium, which magnetite and ilmenite were mixed. Analysis of the slag with XRD, and the micro-structure with metal microscopes and SEM-EDS, confirmed that the major compounds in the slag of the Gyeong-Ju's sand iron were fayalite and $w\ddot{u}stite$, and those in the slag of the Pohang's sand iron were titanomagnetite and fayalite. The differences in the main constituents were confirmed according to the Ti quantity. Finally, we observed the microstructures of the iron blooms. In the case of the iron bloom produced from Gyeong-Ju's sand iron, the outside was found to be dominantly a pearlite of eutectoid steel, while the inside was a hypo-eutectoid steel where ferrite and pearlite were mixed together. While, the major component of the iron bloom produced from Pohang's sand iron was ferrite, which is almost like pure iron. However, there were many impurities inside the iron blooms. Therefore, this experiment confirmed that making ironware required a process that involved removing internal impurities, refining, and welding. It will be an important data to identify the characteristics of iron by-products and the site through traditional iron-making experiments under various conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2012.06b
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• pp.244-246
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• 2012

대규모 실시간 시스템인 SCADA 시스템은 수처리, 발전, 보일러, 제철, 석유화학 등 산업전반에 걸쳐 사용되는 시스템이다. 현재는 국산화가 잘 이루어져 아직까지 큰 문제가 없는 분야이지만, 전통적인 방법론을 통해 개발된 시스템을 사용하고 있다. 복잡하고 규모가 큰 시스템에서는 전통적인 방법론으로는 잠재된 오류나 이로 인한 피해여부를 파악할 수 있는 방법이 없다. 본 논문에서는 모델기반 명세 및 검증 언어인 Statecharts를 이용해 소프트웨어공학적 기법을 SCADA 시스템의 통신 모듈에 적용시켜 시스템의 안전성과 신뢰성을 향상시키고자 한다.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.57
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• pp.77-111
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• 2001

I intend to show that if we pay attention to the symbolism and boundary of places which are associated with our daily lives, this will help us to understand the characteristics and background of the ancient sites, archaeological phenomenas. I will give as

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.3
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• pp.63-77
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• 1999

지방자치단체별로 특성화된 이벤트의 개발은 지역사회의 경제 문화 발전에 많은 영향을 끼치면 또한 주민들의 적극적인 참여로 인해 그 시너지효과는 더욱 커진다. 지역이벤트를 개최목적과 지역특성반영정도에 따라 분류하였다. 이벤트개최목적을 주민공동체의식함양과 지역경제활성화로 나누고, 또한 이벤트의 내용이 지역특성을 반영하는 정도에 따라 분류하여 이벤트의 형태를 4가지로 나누었다. 지역주민공동체의식함양을 목적이며 지역단위특성이 있는 이벤트를 지역고유이벤트라 하였고, 이는 지역의 전통문화 또는 지역의 지리적특성 등을 살리면서 지역주민의 공동체의식을 높이는 것을 목적으로 하는 이벤트이다. 반면에 같은 목적을 가지면서도 지역특성이 반영되는 정도가 낮은 이벤트가 있을 수 있다. 이는 체육대회 등 순수 공동체의식제고에 목적을 둔 이벤트이다. 또한 문화적 요인 등 뿐만 아니라 지역산업의 특성을 지니면서 지역경제활성화를 목적으로 하는 이벤트가 있을 수 있고, 동일한 목적을 지향하지만 지역단위특성을 반영하는 정도가 낮은 이벤트가 있을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 경남과 전남에서 실시되고 있는 이벤트들의 현황을 보고, 동서지역 특성을 살핀 다음, 동서지역 특성에 맞는 이벤트 개발방향을 모색하였다. 경남과 전남은 각기 독특한 특성을 가지면서도 수려한 한려해상, 지리산, 섬진강과 같은 자연자원을 공유하고 있으며, 또한 전남과 경남 공히 넓은 평야를 중심으로 하는 쌀농사라는 공통점이 있고, 그리고 전남에는 제철, 석유화학 등 기간산업이 경남지역에는 중공업 산업들이 발달해 있다. 이러한 요인들을 결합하여 양지역의 특성을 살리면서 효과적으로 연계할 수 있는 이벤트 개발방향이 모색되었다. 또한 충무공 이순신, 장보고, 사명대사, 허준과 같은 역사적 인물들이 동서지역을 넘자들면서 활동을 하였는 바 이를 이벤드화 하는 방안도 모색되었다.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.440-452
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• 2019

This research has analyzed SI, the traditional steel, and SIHS(SI + HS), SICS(SI + CS), and SINiS(SI + NiS), the materials that were produced through welding and reprocessing three modern steel- HS, CS, and NiS- that have different carbon content. The purpose of the analyzation was to improve the definition of the multi-layered pattern that appears in the forging process. In observing modified structures on the commissures of three modern steel that have different carbon component to the SI, SINiS produced the most significant multi-layered pattern as well as the excellent welding quality. The excellent welding quality was due to the content of nickel which helped the forge welding process with other materials. There was no significant difference in crystal grain per materials, and SICS showed the highest hardness. At the measurement of EPMA for commissures of the materials, SINiS showed the highest definition of the multi-layered pattern due to the nickel and carbon content. The results above showed that the carbon steel with nickel content is the best material for the most definite multi-layered pattern, expressed from the multi-layered structure which is a characteristic of traditional forge welding technology. It is expected that the result of this research can be utilized as the technical data in further researches regarding the relics excavated from ancient welding process and their multi-layered structure and patterns.