Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2021.37.6.12

A Study on the Metallurgical Characteristic of Hammer Scale Produced through Traditional Iron-making Experiments  

Cho, Sung Mo (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Science, Kongju National University)
Cho, Nam Chul (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Science, Kongju National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Conservation Science / v.37, no.6, 2021 , pp. 738-747 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study attempted to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced as a direct smelting method restoration experiment for each raw material of iron. To this end, four hammer scale groups were set up, respectively, by experimenting with Gyeongju-Gampo Iron sand and Yangyang Iron ore. For the analysis, principal component analysis, compound analysis, microstructure observation, and chemical composition were confirmed. As a result of principal component analysis, as forging and refining progressed, the content of Fe increased and the content of non-metallic objects decreased. As a result of compound analysis, iron oxide-based compounds were identified. As a result of confirming microstructure and chemical composition, Wüstite and Fayalite were observed overall, and agglomerated Wüstite were observed in some. Magnetite on shape of polygon and pillar was observed. In addition, it was confirmed that internal defects, impurities, and non-metallic interventions gradually decreased. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced through restoration experiments using various raw material of iron, and compare them with those excavated from Iron manufacture ruins.
Keywords
Hammer scale; Forging and refining; Raw material of iron; Direct smelting method;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Cho, H.K., 2015, Manufacturing technology of iron swords in the Midwestern Korea from 2nd to 6th century AD. Ph.D. dissertation, Kongju University.
2 Cho, S.M., Cho, H.K., Kwon, I.C. and Cho, N.C., 2018, Material characteristic of slags and iron bloom produced by smelting process using sand iron. Journal of Conservation Science, 34(1), 39-50.   DOI
3 Kongju National University, 2017, Development of multi-layered material using the traditional iron making technology and standardization of super premium kitchen knife production. Ministry of Science and ICT, 1-57.
4 Park, J.S. and Jung, Y.D., 2004, Iron technology of Silla as observed in t he microst ruct ure of a sword and a spear excavated from the Hwangnam Great Tomb. Korean Journal of Metals and Materials, 42(3), 307-313.
5 Song, J.I. and Woo, K.D., 2012, Forging process technology as observed in the microstructure of a hammer scale excavated from the Naju Bogam-ri remains. Korean Journal of Metals and Materials, 50(8), 599-603.   DOI
6 Lee, S.D., Cho, N.C. and Kim, S.C., 2017, Material characteristics of smelting slags produced by reproduction experiment of ancient iron smelting: According to Ca content. Journal of Conservation Science, 33(4), 297-312.   DOI
7 Oh, M.J., Cho, H.K., Cho, N.C. and Han, J.U., 2018, Material characteristics of forge welded bar and by- product through reproduction experiment to the refining and forge welding process. Journal of Conservation Science, 34(2), 87-96.   DOI