• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.453-460
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• 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy and consistency of two different apex locators at both the Apex and 0.5 marks. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six root canals was scheduled for extraction for periodontal or prosthodontic reasons. Thirteen canals were measured using Root ZX and the rest by i-ROOT. The root canal length was measured both the at 0.5 mark and the Apex mark. The file was then fixed to the toot, and the distance from the file tip to the major foramen of each canal was measured after removing the root dentin under the microscope so that the major foramen and the file tip were seen. Results: 1. When the Apex mark was used, 100% of both the Root ZX and i-ROOT groups were within 0.5 mm of the major foramen. 2. When 0.5 mark was used, 100% of the Root ZX group and 77% of the i-ROOT group were within 0.5 mm of the major foramen. 3. In terms of standard deviation and quartile value, the Apex mark was more consistent than 0.5 mark in the Root ZX group, and 0.5 mark was more consistent in the i-ROOT group, but there was no statistically significant difference when compared with t-test. 4. The root canal length difference between the Apex mark and 0.5 mark was 0.22 mm and 0.46 mm in the Root ZX and i-ROOT groups, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the Apex mark was the more consistent mark. Therefore, it is recommended to subtract 0.5 mm, which is the average length between the apex and apical constriction, from the root canal length at the Apex mark to obtain the working length clinically.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.143-143
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• 2012

In/Si (111)-$4{\times}1$ 표면은 저온에서의 $8{\times}2$ 주기의 상과 상온에서의 $4{\times}1$ 주기의 상 사이에 상전이가 나타나는 것으로 알려져 있다. 지금까지의 연구에 의하면 저온 $8{\times}2$ 주기의 상에서는 최근 제시된 hexagon 구조 모형이 가장 설득력 있게 받아들여지고 있으나, 상온 $4{\times}1$ 주기의 상에 대해서는 정적인(static) 구조 모형과 동적요동(dynamic fluctuation) 모형이 제안되었다. 이 두 가지 구조 모형은 모두 2차 상전이를 의미하지만, 최근 엔트로피를 고려한 이론계산 결과는 이 상전이가 1차 상전이를 가짐을 시사하였다. 그래서 우리는 이 표면의 상전이를 저에너지전자회절 실험을 통하여 연구하였고, 온도를 상온에서 저온으로 낮출 때와 저온에서 상온으로 높일 때의 회절세기 변화로부터 가열과 냉각의 두 과정에서 상전이 온도가 서로 다르게 나타나는 히스테리시스 곡선을 보임을 관찰하였다. 이는 주사터널링현미경 이미지에서 $4{\times}1$ 상온 구조와 $8{\times}2$ 저온 구조가 상전이 온도 근처에서 공존하는 것으로 관찰되는 것과 상통하는 결과로 1차 상전이임을 나타낸다. 이에 우리는 이 표면의 구조 상전이가 1차 상전이인 것으로 결론지으며, 이와 함께 표면의 결함이 상전이에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 논의할 것이다.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.51-63
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• 2007

Chitosan, a natural cationic macromolecular material, has been known for its moisturizing and healing effect due to the coating action based on strong ionic bonding when the chitosan is treated on hair strands. In this study, the acidic aqueous chitosan solution was prepared to treat healthy hair, and damaged hair due to bleaching, relatively thin hair and thick hair specimens. The chitosan treatment effect was reviewed by comparing spectrophotometric and mechanical characteristics of the chitosan treated and untreated specimens. Electrostatic voltage was somewhat reduced after the chitosan treatment. Smoothly coated surface was observed, in the SEM images, especially for damaged hair specimens. The values of breaking strength, which is one of the indicators of the internal characteristics of hair, was high in the case of chitosan treated samples. The values of elongation was also high in the case of chitosan treated samples, which proves the chitosan treatment effect. The friction force, one of the indicators of surface characteristics, was reduced for the case of chitosan treated samples.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.226-226
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• 2013

GaN는 III-V족 물질로 밴드갭이 3.4 eV으로 가시광선 영역에서 투명하며 우수한 전기적 특성으로 인해 여러 반도체 분야에서 응용되고 있는 물질이다. GaN 박막의 성장 방법으로는 molecular beam epitaxial 방법과 metal organic chemical vapor deposition 방법이 있지만 고비용인 단점이 있다. 이에 비해 sputtering 방법으로 성장시킨 GaN 박막은 비용이 적게 들고 저온에서 성장이 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 이 연구에서는 radio frequency sputter를 사용하여 GaN 박막을 성장하여 구조적, 광학적 특성을 분석하였다. GaN 박막은 각각 단일층의 그래핀과 c-축 사파이어 기판에 증착 하였으며, 이때 기판온도는 $25^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$로 변화를 주었고, N2 분압은 2 sccm, 5 sccm, 10 sccm으로 변화를 주었다. 그래핀과 사파이어 기판에 성장된 각각의 GaN 박막의 결정성을 투과전자현미경 이미지로 측정하여 비교하였다. $4{\times}10^{-3}$ Torr 진공도와 50 W의 방전 전력과 Ar 10 sccm 분위기에서 20 min 동안 증착된 GaN 박막 두께는 70 nm정도를 가지는 것으로 확인하였다. X-ray Diffraction 측정으로 사파이어 기판 및 (002) 방향으로 성장된 GaN의 피크를 확인하였다. 추가적으로 Photoluminescence 스펙트럼은 N2 분압의 변화와 yellow luminescence 영향을 받는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통하여, 증착된 기판온도와 N2 분압의 변화에 따른 그래핀 및 사파이어 기판에 증착된 GaN 박막의 특성을 비교하였으며, sputtering 방법으로 고품질의 GaN 박막을 성장시킬 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2016

Commercial synthetic resins with great amount of hydrogen atoms were investigated for neutron shielding aggregates. Total three types of resins were considered in this study: high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and ultra molecular weight polyethylene (UPE). When these resins replaced 20, 40, 60 vol% of fine aggregates, mechanical properties were first evaluated including compressive and tensile strengths, and then image/microstructure analyses such as cross-section analysis, SEM, and X-ray CT were performed. The results showed that the compressive and tensile strengths decreased with the increase of replacement ratio of HDPE and PP, which was found through image analysis that it was closely related to the distribution of resins at the failure surface of test specimens. The strength reduction of UPE was quite small compared to HDPE and PP but it abruptly increased when the replacement level exceeded 60 vol%. The results of microstructure analyses indicated that the replacement level significantly affected the amount of air void so that it is critical to determine the reasonable amount of UPE to make cementitous materials for neutron shielding.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

As part of a research dedicated to the field evaluation of the durability of concrete subjected to freezing-thawing, this study analyzes the relationship between the surface roughness and the relative dynamic elastic modulus through image analysis. Four mix compositions with water-to-binder ratios (W/B) of 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% and without AE agent were considered to provoke early freezing. The basic physical properties of the mixes including the relative dynamic elastic modulus and the compressive strength were first evaluated experimentally according to W/B. Then, tests were performed to measure the surface roughness followed by photographs and SEM image analysis. The measured surface roughness tended to increase with larger number of freezing-thawing cycles regardless of W/B. The relative dynamic elastic modulus appeared to increase gradually with the number of cycles for the relatively denser mixes with W/B of 40% and 50%. Besides, the surface roughness increased only at rupture for the mixes with W/B of 60% and 70%. Moreover, the analysis of the photographs of the surface of the mixes with W/B of 40% and 50% revealed that the degradation progressed gradually from the surface with the freezing-thawing cycles. However, for the mixes with W/B of 60% and 70%, apparent change of the surface remained very insignificant until rupture at which damage like cracking could be observed. Consequently, the analysis of surface photograph or the measurement of the surface roughness presented some limitation in assessing the degree of freezing-thawing-induced degradation in case of relatively porous specimens. On the other hand, the photograph and surface roughness appeared to be sufficient for assessing such degradation for the mixes with W/B of 40% and 50%. Accordingly, the image of the surface and the surface roughness are potentially applicable on site for the assessment of freezing-thawing damages in relatively dense mixes.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2012

In this study, the current-voltage curves for metals were measured using cyclic voltammetry. The relationship between the electrochemical properties and surface states of metals were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In cyclic voltammetry, we used a 3-electrode system for the electrochemical measurements. The measurement was conducted at the condition that consists of the first reduction from the initial potential to -1350 mV, continuous oxidation to 1650 mV, and last reduction to the initial potential. The scan rates were 50, 100, 150 and 250 mV/s. The results show the C-V characteristics of metals to be for an irreversible process, which was caused by the oxidation current from cyclic voltammogram, when monoethanolamine (MEA) was used as a corrosion inhibitor. When we used MEA as a corrosion inhibitor, the diffusion coefficient was decreased as the concentration of electrolyte was increased. In the SEM images of copper, we observed an increase of surface corrosion at the increased electrolyte concentration. Addition of $1.0{\times}10^{-3}M$ corrosion inhibitor MEA reduced the effect of corrosion prevention due to the relatively large diffusion coefficient at the electrolyte concentration of 0.1N.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.345-353
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• 2022

In this study, using deep learning, super-resolution images of transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were generated for nanomaterial analysis. 1169 paired images with 256 × 256 pixels (high resolution: HR) from TEM measurements and 32 × 32 pixels (low resolution: LR) produced using the python module openCV were trained with deep learning models. The TEM images were related to DyVO₄ nanomaterials synthesized by hydrothermal methods. Mean-absolute-error (MAE), peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) were used as metrics to evaluate the performance of the models. First, a super-resolution image (SR) was obtained using the traditional interpolation method used in computer vision. In the SR image at low magnification, the shape of the nanomaterial improved. However, the SR images at medium and high magnification failed to show the characteristics of the lattice of the nanomaterials. Second, to obtain a SR image, the deep learning model includes a residual network which reduces the loss of spatial information in the convolutional process of obtaining a feature map. In the process of optimizing the deep learning model, it was confirmed that the performance of the model improved as the number of data increased. In addition, by optimizing the deep learning model using the loss function, including MAE and SSIM at the same time, improved results of the nanomaterial lattice in SR images were achieved at medium and high magnifications. The final proposed deep learning model used four residual blocks to obtain the characteristic map of the low-resolution image, and the super-resolution image was completed using Upsampling2D and the residual block three times.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.108-115
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• 2009

The superlattice infrared photodetector (SLIP) with an active layer of 8/8-ML InAs/GaSb type-II strained-layer superlattice (SLS) of 150 periods was grown by MBE technique, and the proto-type discrete device was defined with an aperture of $200-{\mu}m$ diameter. The contrast profile of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) image and the satellite peak in the x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve show that the SLS active layer keeps abrupt interfaces with a uniform thickness and a periodic strain. The wavelength and the bias-voltage dependences of responsivity (R) and detectivity ($D^*$) measured by a blackbody radiation source give that the cutoff wavelength is ${\sim}5{\mu}m$, and the maximum Rand $D^*$ ($\lambda=3.25{\mu}m$) are ${\sim}10^3mA/W$ (-0.6 V/13 K) and ${\sim}10^9cm.Hz^{1/2}/W$ (0 V/13 K), respectively. The activation energy of 275 meV analyzed from the temperature dependent responsivity is in good agreement with the energy difference between two SLS subblevels of conduction and valence bands (HH1-C) involving in the photoresponse process.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2008

We have succeeded in synthesizing vertically aligned thin multi-walled carbon nanotubes (VA thin-MWCNTs) by a catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) method onto Fe/Al thin film deposited on a Si wafers using an optimum amount of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) additive. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the as-synthesized CNT arrays were vertically well-oriented perpendicular to the substrate with relatively uniform length. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations indicated that the as-grown CNTs were nearly catalyst-free thin-MWCNTs with small outer diameters of less than 10nm. The average wall number is about 5. We suggested a possible growth mechanism of the VA thin-MWCNT arrays. The VA thin-MWCNTs showed a low turn-on electric field of about $1.1\;V/{\mu}m$ at a current density of $0.1\;{\mu}A/cm^2$ and a high emission current density about $2.5\;mA/cm^2$ at a bias field of $2.7\;V/{\mu}m$. Moreover, the VA thin-MWCNTs presented better field emission stability without degradation over 20 hours (h) at the emission current density of about $1\;mA/cm^2$.