• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.2 s.95
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to perform a basic study on the interaction between lanes, which can be achieved through analyzing traffic breakdown at the microscopic level. Using aerial photographic data for the microscopic analysis, this study analyzed the characteristics of traffic flow at a merging area. This research produced aggregated traffic data such as flows, speeds, and densities in 30 second intervals by lane for the macroscopic analysis and individual headway data by lane for the microscopic analysis. The paper contains an analysis of lane characteristics through flows, speeds, densities, and headway variations and also investigates the influence of ramp flows on mainline flows with space-time diagrams. Firstly, the merging area in this study is divided into three sections: before-merging, during-merging, and after-merging. The transition process was analyzed at each lane. Secondly, the breakdown was observed in detail with data divided in 50-foot units. The breakdown was checked through the relationships between ramp and freeway mainline flows, various techniques were proposed to analyze the breakdown, and the formation of breakdown was introduced as three stages in this study. In the near future, the findings of this study could contribute to determining the dynamic capacity on freeways by easily understanding changeable traffic breakdown patterns over time and space.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2004.10d
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• pp.251-258
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• 2004

본 연구는 연결어미가 글 이해와 기억에 미치는 영향을 조사하고, 연결어미의 효과와 글읽기 능력과는 어떤 관련성이 있는지를 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 연결어미로는 인과 관계와 부가 관계를 나타내는 연결어미가 사용되었다. 앞뒤에 제시되는 두 문장의 국소적 응집성(Local coherence)을 형성하는데 연결어미가 도움을 준다면, 연결어미가 있는 경우에 문장을 이해하는 속도가 빨라지고 글 내용을 기억하는 데에도 도움을 줄 것으로 예측하였다. 만일에 글읽기 능력이 연결어미를 적절히 사용할 수 있는 능력에 의해서도 영향을 받는다면, 연결어미의 출현 여부와 읽기 능력간에 상호작용이 있을 것으로 예측하였다. 실험 1에서는 인과 관계 연결어미를 사용하여 문장 읽기 시간에 연결어미의 출현이 미치는 효과와 문장 회상에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 인과 관계 연결어미는 뒤의 문장을 읽는데 촉진적인 효과를 주었으며, 이런 연결어미의 효과는 읽기 능력에 관계없이 일관된 촉진 효과를 나타냈다. 또한, 연결어미의 출현은 문장의 회상에 도움을 주었으며, 연결어미가 문장 회상에 미치는 효과는 읽기 능력의 상하에 관계없이 일관되게 나타났다. 실험 2에서는 부가 관계 연결어미가 문장 읽기 시간과 회상에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 실험 결과. 부가 관계 연결어미 역시 인과 관계 연결어미와 유사한 형태의 효과를 보였다. 실험 1과 실험 2의 결과는 인과 관계와 부가 관계 연결어미가 앞뒤 문장의 응집성 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 주고, 이런 연결어미의 글읽기에 대한 효과는 글읽기 능력에 관계없이 일정하다는 것을 시사한다.건이 복합 명사의 중심어 선택과 의미 결정에 재활용 될 수 있으며, 병렬말뭉치에 의해 반자동으로 구축되는 의미 대역 패턴을 사용하여 데이터 구축의 어려움을 개선하고자 한다. 및 산출 과정에 즉각적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 이러한 정보들은 현재 구축중인 세종 전자사전에도 직접 반영되고 있다.teness)은 언화행위가 성공적이라는 것이다.[J. Searle] (7) 수로 쓰인 것(상수)(象數)과 시로 쓰인 것(의리)(義理)이 하나인 것은 그 나타난 것과 나타나지 않은 것들 사이에 어떠한 들도 없음을 말한다. [(성중영)(成中英)] (8) 공통의 규범의 공통성 속에 규범적인 측면이 벌써 있다. 공통성에서 개인적이 아닌 공적인 규범으로의 전이는 규범, 가치, 규칙, 과정, 제도로의 전이라고 본다. [C. Morrison] (9) 우리의 언어사용에 신비적인 요소를 부인할 수가 없다. 넓은 의미의 발화의미(utterance meaning) 속에 신비적인 요소나 애정표시도 수용된다. 의미분석은 지금 한글을 연구하고, 그 결과에 의존하여서 우리의 실제의 생활에 사용하는 $\ulcorner$한국어사전$\lrcorner$ 등을 만드는 과정에서, 어떤 의미에서 실험되었다고 말할 수가 있는 언어과학의 연구의 결과에 의존하여서 수행되는 철학적인 작업이다. 여기에서는 하나의 철학적인 연구의 시작으로 받아들여지는 이 의미분석의 문제를 반성하여 본다.반인과 다르다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이 결과가 옳다면 한국의 심성 어휘집은 어절 문맥에 따라서 어간이나 어근 또는 활용형 그 자체로 이루어져

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.123-141
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• 2017

This study predicted urban green spaces for 2020 based on two scenarios keeping or freeing the green-belt in the Daegu metropolitan city using a hybrid Cellular Automata(CA)-Markov model and analyzed the spatial dynamics of urban green spaces between 2009 and 2020 using a land cover change detection technique and spatial metrics. Markov chain analysis was employed to derive the transition probability for projecting land cover change into the future for 2020 based on two land cover maps in 1998 and 2009 provided by the Ministry of Environment. Multi-criteria evaluation(MCE) was adopted to develop seven suitability maps which were empirically derived in relation to the six restriction factors underlying the land cover change between the years 1998 and 2009. A hybrid CA-Markov model was then implemented to predict the land cover change over an 11 year period to 2020 based on two scenarios keeping or freeing the green-belt. The projected land cover for 2009 was cross-validated with the actual land cover in 2009 using Kappa statistics. Results show that urban green spaces will be remarkably fragmented in the suburban areas such as Dalseong-gun, Seongseo, Ansim and Chilgok in the year 2020 if the Daegu metropolitan city keeps its urbanization at current pace and in case of keeping the green-belt. In case of freeing the green-belt, urban green spaces will be fragmented on the fringes of the green-belt. It is thus required to monitor urban green spaces systematically considering the spatial change patterns identified by this study for sustainably managing them in the Daegu metropolitan city in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2023

In this study, the load transfer characteristics of the base and skin of drilled shafts were analyzed and the load sharing ratio was calculated by performing a load transfer large-scale model test and three-dimensional numerical analysis considering the similarity of drilled shafts, which is the design target. From the linear behavior of drilled shafts shown in the large-scale model test and 3D numerical analysis results, the skin load transition curve for the design conditions of this study was proposed by Baquelin et al., and the base load transition curve was proposed by Baquelin et al. For the horizontal load transition curve, the formula proposed by Reese et al. was confirmed to be appropriate. The test value was slightly larger than the numerical analysis value for the axial load at the rock socketing, but the load sharing ratio at the rock socketing increased, on average, about 27.8% as the vertical load increased. The analysis value of the vertical settlement of the pile head under the vertical load was evaluated to be slightly smaller than the test value, and the maximum vertical settlement of the pile head in the model test and analysis maximum vertical load was 10.6 mm in the test value and 10.0 mm in the analysis value, and the maximum vertical settlement value at the base of the pile was found to be a test value of 2.0 mm and an analysis value of 1.9 mm. The horizontal displacement at the head of the column (ground surface) and the head of the pile during the horizontal load was found to agree relatively well with the test value and the analysis value. As a result of the model soil test, the horizontal load measured at the maximum horizontal displacement of 38.0 mm was evaluated to be 24,713 kN, and the horizontal load in the numerical analysis was evaluated to be 26,073 kN.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.17-20
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• 2006

한국에너지기술연구원에서는 가정용 고분자연료전지 열병합 발전시스템을 위한 통합형 천연가스 연료처리 시스템을 개발해 왔다. 가정용 시스템으로서 필수적인 소형화와 고효율을 현실화하기 위해, 연료처리 시스템의 각 단위 공정 즉 수증기 개질, 수성가스 전이, 선택적 산화 공정 등을 이중 동 심관형 반응기에 통합하여 상호 열교환이 용이하도록 반응기를 설계하였다. 현재 시험 운전 중인 Prototype-I 연료 처리 시스템은 1kW급 고분자 연료전지 열병합 발전 시스템에 개질 가스를 공급하기 위해 설계되었으며, 기초 성능은 정격 부하 운전시 열효율 78% (HHV 기준), 메탄 전환율 91%이다. 개질 가스 내 일산화탄소 농도는 고분자 연료전지 전극의 피독을 피하기 위해 10ppm 이하로 유지되어야 하며, Prototype-I 연료 처리 시스템은 백금과 루테늄 촉매를 적용한 선택적 산화 반응기를 통해 개질 가스 내 일산화탄소 농도를 10ppm 이하로 제거하였다. 일반 가정에서는 고분자 연료전지 시스템의 부하 변동이 예상되기 때문에 연료 처리 시스템의 부하 변동 운전 특성도 살펴보았다 정격 부하에서 80%, 60%, 40%로 부하를 변동하며 운전하였고, 각 부하에서 안정한 메탄 전환율과 10ppm이하의 일산화탄소 농도를 보였다. 80%까지는 열효율이 77%로 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으며, 60%에서는 76%, 40%에서는 72%로 열효율이 감소하는 현상을 보였다 연료 처리 시스템의 일일 시동-정지 운전시 내구성을 테스트 중이다. 현재까지 50여회의 일일-시동 정지를 시도하였다 시동 후 약 세 시간가량의 정력 부하 운전을 실시한 후 부하 변동을 실시하였고, 총 운전 시간 8시간 정도 운전한 후 시스템을 정지하였다 메탄 전환율과 일산화 탄소 농도, 열효율을 모니터링 하고 있으며, 현재까지 초기 성능을 그대로 유지하고 있다. 앞으로 일일시동-정지 운전 시험을 지속하면서 초기 시동 특성 및 부하 변동에 따른 응답 특성 개선, 그리고 연료전지와의 연계 운전을 실시할 예정이다

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.379-385
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• 1997

Purpose : Ovarian dysgerminoma is a highly radiosensitive malignant tumor occurring in young age group. The conventional treatment was total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by radiotherapy. We retrospectively analyzed the treatment results of Patients who had received radiotherapy in the era before chemotherapy was widely used. Material and Method : Twenty two patients with ovarian dysgerminoma were treated at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital between August, 1980 and May, 1991. Four patients were excluded from this study, because three patients received incomplete treatment and one received combined chemotherapy. Sixteen patients received postoperative radiotherapy and two patients had radical radiotherapy as tumor was unresectable. Median follow-up period was 99 months (range, 51-178) Median age was 22 years (range, 11-42). Among the postoperatively treated patients, three Patients were in stage IA, eight in stage IC, two in stage II, and three in stage III. One patient had Turner's syndrome. Radiotherapy was performed with high energy photon (telecobalt unit or linear accelerator, either 6MV or 10MV), The radiation dose to the whole abdomen was 1950-2100cGy (median, 2000) and 1050-2520cGy was added to the whole pelvis, the total dose to the whole pelvis was 3000-4500cGy (median, 3500). Prophylactic Paraaortic area irradiation was done in six Patients (dose range, 900-1500cGy). One patient who had positive Paraaortic node, received radiation dose of 1620cGy, followed by additional 900cGy to the gross mass with shrinking field. Total dose to the paraaortic node was 4470cGy. Six patients, including one who had paraaortic node metastasis, received Prophylactic irradiation to mediastinum and supraclavicular area (2520cGy). Of the two patients with unresectable tumors who received radical radiotherapy, one was in stage III and the other was in stage IV with left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis. The stage III patient received radiation to the whole abdomen (2000cGy), followed by boost to whole pelvis (2070cGy) and paraaortic area (2450cGy). Stage IV patient received radiation to the whole abdomen (2000cGy), followed by radiation to the whole pelvis and paraaortic area (2400cGy), mediastinum (2520cGy) , and left supraclavicular area (3550cGy) .Results : The 5 year local control rate was $100\%$ in patients who received postoperative adiuvant radiotherapy after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Only one patient in stage III who did not receive prophylactic irradiation to mediastinum developed mediastinal metastasis. but was salvaged by chemotherapy. So. the 5 year overall survival rate uras also $100\%$. Two patients who received radiation only, are alive without disease at 112 and 155 months. Conclusion : Postoperntive adjuvant radiotherapy as well as radical radiotherapy in unresectable ovarian dysgerminoma was very effective. aut chemotherapy is also an effective treatment modality We now recomrneifd chemotherapy for Patients who need to save their ovarian functien and reserve radiotherapv fov chemo-resistant tumor or recurrence alter che motherapy.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.4 s.20
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• pp.288-294
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• 2005

Purpose: Superficially spreading (SS) early gastric cancer (EGC) is characterized by wide horizontal extension without deep vertical invasion. It is a relatively rare form of EGC, and it's clinicopathological (C-P) characteristics are not evident. This study aimed to clarify their C-P characteristics. Materials and Methods: We defined SS EGC as invading less than the submucosal layer that measured more than 60 mm in diameter or wider than $5{\times}5cm \;(25cm^2)$ in width. The C-P characteristics and prognosis were compared between 69 patients with SS EGC and 319 patients with the common type EGC (EGC except SS type). Results: For SS EGC lymph node metastases, Lauren's diffuse type, lymphatic invasion were significantly higher than in common type EGC. In patients with SS EGC, all of the metastatic lymph nodes were anatomically distributed within the paragastric region, with fewer along the left gastric artery and common hepatic artery. In 6 cases of SS EGC with resection marqins less than 10 mm, there was no death during the follow-up period (4 to 13 years after operation) if margins were not involved. Age (>58 yrs), tumor site (upper 1/3), lymph node metastasis, submucosal invasion were statistically significant poor prognostic factor in univariate survival analysis. In multivariate survival analysis, age and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. However, tumor diameter or width was not a significant prognostic factor. Conclusion: Although SS EGC has histologically distinct properties, gastrectomy with free surgical margins and appropriate lymph node dissection $(D1+{\beta})$ could be a suitable treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 1999

In order to clarify ecological survival strategy of Rumex crispus community dominating under contaminated area of lower region of Kumho riverside including Chimsangyo (CS), Paldalgyo (PD), Talseochon (TS) and Kumhogyo (KH), we analyzed the content of heavy metals and inorganic matter and vegetative growth. R. crispus showed rapid formation of community by high growth rate, high T/R ratio and showed maximum T/R ratio at the contaminated area Talseochon. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in R. crispus showed high value in shoot than that of root. T/R ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus showed 3.1∼3.6 and 1.5∼4.5 for the early growth stage, and 6.7∼17.3 and 3.9∼8.3 for the late one, respectively. The absorbed heavy metals by riot were translocated to shoot, the heavy metal content in shoot higher than those in root of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Pb for 3.6, 1.7, 1.5 and 4.8 times, respectively. Distribution ratio of the heavy metals in each organ showed 61∼85% and 15∼39% for shoot and root, respectively. R. crispus accumulated heavy metals in the order of Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb in shoot, and showed maximum values of Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb for 89.7, 376.6, 2946.1 and 13.2 ㎍/g dw, respectively at Talseochon in April. A physiological and morphological characteristics of R. crispus showed thickened leaf, increased water content above 80% and rapid growth of shoot. R. crispus showed ecological adaptation to the contaminated area by transportation of heavy metals and inorganic matter to shoot, and by accumulation of Ca ion in root.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 2005

Purpose: to know the treatment result of squamous cell carcinoma in extremity had poor prognosis with risk factor including burn scar and chronic osteomyelitis. Material and Methods: Between Octorber 1993 and September 2002, 20 patients with squamous cell carcinoma in extremity had no distant metastasis was got operation and followed over 36 months. Amputation was done when it was hard to get enough wide margin or neurovascular structure was involved instead of wide excision. Mean age of patients was 57.2 years old and male to female was 16 to 4. TMN staging and histologic grading were performed. Results: There were 6 metastasis (30%) in 20 cases for mean 48.3 months (36-84 months). 3 metastasis to local lymph node and 3 distant metastasis were happened at lung (in 3 cases) and thorasic vertebra (in 1 case). Survival was 18 cases at last look. 5-year survival rate was 50%. 3 local recurrence was developed at average 11 months (4-18 months). Complication was focal skin defect after wide excision and skin graft in 2 cases. The patients by wide excision got average 1.9 time operation and by amputation got average 1.3 time. Conclusion: Squamous cell carcinoma at extremity in Korea had high metastasis rate due to burn scar and chronic osteomyelitis, and it showed equal treatment result which treated by wide excision compared with amputation.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.155-161
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• 2005

In this paper, commercial CFD program FLUENT v5.3 is used for simulation of MCFC stack. Besides using conservation equations included in FLUENT by default, mass change, mole fraction change and heat added or removed due to electrochemical reactions and water gas shift reaction are considered by adding several equations using user defined function. The stacks calculated are 6 and 25 kW class coflow stack which are composed of 20 and 40 unit cells respectively. Simulation results showed that pressure drop took place in the direction of gas flow, and the pressure drop of cathode side is more larger than that of anode side. And the velocity of cathode gas decreased along with the gas flow direction, but the velocity of anode gas increased because of the mass and volume changes by the chemical reactions in each electrodes. Simulated temperature profile of the stack tended to increase along with the gas flow direction and it showed similar results with the experimental data. Water gas shift reaction was endothermic at the gas inlet side but it was exothermic at the outlet side of electrode respectively. Therefore water gas shift reaction played a role in increasing temperature difference between inlet and outlet side of stack. This results suggests that the simulation of large scale commercial stacks need to consider water gas shift reaction.