• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.846-851
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• 2003

Background: To clarify the clinical significance of the aortic nodes in resected non-small cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe. Material and Method: One hundred fifty six patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe were studied. Patients who received preoperative induction therapy, non-curative operation or defined as operative mortality were excluded from this study. Result: In N2 left upper lobe tumors, aortic nodes comprised 52.7% of the metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes. In single station N2 disease, a frequently metastasized station was aortic node (64.3%). 5-year actuarial survival according to the N status was 65.0% in N0, 30.4% in N1, and 17.9% in N2. There was no statistically significant difference in survival between N1 and N2 diseases (p=0.06). The patients with metastasis to aortic node alone had a comparatively good prognosis (5-year survival: 35.6%) than other N2 diseases (5-year survival: 4.6%) (p=0.01) and had a similar survival outcome as N1 diseases (p=0.97). Considering the aortic node as N1 node, 5-year survival according to the N status was 65.0% in N0, 31.2% in N1, 4.6% in N2 and significant survival difference was observed between N1 and N2 disease (p=0.00). In multivariate analysis, the male sex (hazard ratio 6.892, p=0.011) and the involvement to the aortic node alone (hazards ratio 2.799, p=0.009) were the significant factors affecting postoperative survival. Conclusion: According to the our data, involvement to the aortic node alone in left upper lobe tumors should be grouped with N1 disease because this combined category reflects the surgical outcome more accurately.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.2
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• pp.229-236
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• 2018

Pesticides are widely sprayed by the growers in street trees and planting areas which include urban forests, community forests and city parks to control pests. Spraying pesticides not only affect the people who sprayed but also affect the unspecified citizens who's are exposed to pesticides sprayed trees by contact or inhalation. A few studies have been conducted to measure the amount of pesticides in forest area but no studies have been conducted to measure the pesticide amount in tree in public living space. So, in our study, we investigated the amount of pesticides in cotton gloves, in leaf residue, and respiratory exposure for a certain period of time after applying Fenitrothion EC to Korean boxweed tree (Buxus Koreana) to know the safety time of pesticides after spraying. We found that, up to 4d, there was no significant difference of the amount of Fenitrothion on leaves. But the amount of pesticides on gloves was significantly higher on 1h ($510.1{\mu}g$) and 24h ($405.4{\mu}g$) than 48h ($45.0{\mu}g$) after spraying. The amount of pesticides on inhalation was also significantly higher in 1 h ($0.2{\mu}g$) and 24 h ($0.1{\mu}g$) than 48 h after spraying. After 48h, we did not find pesticides amount in inhalation. Thus, we was considered necessary to pay attention to 48h after spraying of pesticide Fenitrothion.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2000

Field collections were made from six gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Populations in Kyonggy and Cheju areas during the period 1987∼1997. Characteristics of gypsy moth populations at different phases were examined in terms of egg mass density, relative larval density, plant damage, and fecundity. Males captured in pheromone trap were recorded, and we examined if there was a relationship between numbers captured and the population density during the following generation. Egg mass density was closely related with larval density, and furthermore these densities were correlated with the level of plant damage, indicating that larval dispersion was limited in oviposition areas. The gypsy moth population cycle was short in Korea with the period from population development to innocuous level usually lasting 2∼3 years. Male caught by pheromone trap (mean number of males caught per trap per day in peak emergence period) was positively correlated with egg mass densities in the following season (r²=0.93). A low fecundity was detected from outbreak populations which accompanied defoliation. Fecundity of gypsy moth ranged from 538 to 601 at other phases.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.698-705
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• 1994

The basic medium oil modified alkyd resin was synthesized from linseed oil fatty acid(LOFA), phthalic anhydride(PAA), maleic anhydride(MA) and trimethylol propane(TMP) by condensation polymerization at $230^{\circ}C$. MA/TMPTA modified water-reducible alkyd resins were synthesized with TMPTA graft copolymerization onto the basic resin at $180^{\circ}C$. Acid value of the resin was controlled by the addition amount of MA and N,N-dimethylethanol amine(DMEA) was used as a neutralizing agent to prepare of the water-reducible alkyd resin. The effect of TMPTA on the graft copolymerization of the resin was studied by measuring molecular weight glass transition temperature(Tg), viscosity, graft efficiency, and gel contents of melanin cured film. Heat resistance, UV resistance and water resistance of cured film of MA/TMPTA modified resin was compared to those of TMA/TMPTA modified alkyd resin. The molecular weight, viscosity gel contents and graft efficiency of water reducible alkyd resin were increased according to the TMPTA graft copolymerization, but Tg was decreased. The viscosity was lower when the solid contents reached 40% than that of 30% content and also and also became lower with the extent of neutralization ratio, The heat resistance, UV resistance and water resistance of the MA/TMPTA modified alkyd resis were better than those of TMA/TMPTA modified alkyd resin but the storage stability of the TMA/TMPTA alkyd resis was better than that of MA/TMPTA modified alkyd resin.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.61-70
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• 2008

Load settlement behaviors and load transfer characteristics of rock-socketed pile subjected bi-directional load at pile tip were investigated using bi-directional pile load tests (BD PLT) performed on ten large-diameter drilled shafts at four sites. Based on test results, additional pile-toe displacement ($w_{bs}$) by coupled soil resistance was analyzed, and thus equivalent top loaded load-settlement curve of pile subjected bi-directional load was proposed by taking into account the coupled soil resistance. Through comparisons with field case studies, it is found that for test piles there exists effect of coupled soil resistance, which is represented by wbs, and thus an equivalent curve obtained by existing uncoupled methods can overestimate bearing capacity of piles by BD PLT. On the other hand, the analysis by the proposed method with soil coupling effect has a considerably larger settlement when compared with the results by uncoupled load transfer method and estimates reasonable load-settlement behaviors of test piles. In case of pile socketed in high strength rocks, however, effects of coupled soil resistance can be neglected.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.379-385
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• 2013

In this study, partial drilled shafts (Bottom Cast-in-place Concrete pile) were applied to the pilot test site to ensure the bearing capacity; we used the skin friction force in the IGM to analyze the feasibility of the application of IGM theory. The soil characteristics were analyzed in cohesive, non-smear, and smooth conditions for the application of the IGM theory via geotechnical investigation and measurement of the disturbance and surface roughness. Static load and load transfer tests were conducted to calculate the allowable bearing capacity and the skin friction force by depth. The skin friction force increased with increase in the depth and standard settlement, showing a very high correlation. In addition, because the unconfined strength ($q_u$), which is the most important parameter in the cohesive IGM, cannot be measured in a weathered granite area, the static load and load transfer test results and the N value were used to obtain $q_u$.

• Clean Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2000

Catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds(benzene, toluene, xylene) over transition metals/ALO-6 catalysts was investigated in a fixed bed flow reactor system at atmospheric pressure. The orders of catalytic activities for the complete oxidation of toluene were Cu>Mn>Fe>V>Mo>Co>Ni>Zn for 15% transition metals/ALO-6 catalyst system. Increasing the calcination temperature resulted in decreasing the specific surface areas of catalyst, subsequently the catalytic activity. The loading of Cu on ALO-6 had a great effect on the catalytic activity and 5% Cu/ALO-6 catalyst showed higher catalytic activity, which may be contributed to the uniformly distributed active sites. Benzene, toluene and xylene were completely oxidized to carbon dioxide over 5% Cu/ALO-6 catalyst at over $380^{\circ}C$ and 4.5 g-cat.hr./g-mole. The orders of the kinds of reactants for catalytic activity over 5% Cu/ALO-6 were toluene>xylene>benzene. As the concentration of reactant increased, the catalytic activity decreased due to self-poison of reactant.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

$\alpha$-Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase excreted from a newly isolated Geobacillus thermosacchalytycus was purified through the ultrafiltraion, hydrophobic Sepharose CD-4B affinity chromatography, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, respectively. The molecular weight of the purified CGTase was 69 kDa and its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined to be Asn-Leu-Asn-Lys-Val-Asn-Phe-Val-Ser-Asp-Val-Val-Val-Gln-Ile. The optimum pH and temperature were pH 6.0 and$ 60^{\circ}C$, respectively, and stably at the pH range of 6.0-8.0 and $60^{\circ}C$ in the presence of $Ca^{++}$. The excreted CGTase from the thermophilic G. thermosacchalytycus was $\alpha$-type showing a high coupling activity for the transglycosylation on various glucosides. The coupling reaction was carried out according to the random ternary complex mechanism.m.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.420-427
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• 2004

This paper presents real time implementation of 4kbps EHSX (Enhanced Harmonic Stochastic Excitation) speech coder that combines the harmonic vector excitation coding with time-separated transition coding. The harmonic vector excitation coding uses the harmonic excitation coding for voiced frames and used the vector excitation coding with the structure of analysis-by-synthesis for unvoiced frames, respectively. For transition frames mixed with voiced and unvoiced signal, we use the time-separated transition coding. In this paper. we present the optimization methods of implementation speech coder on the EMS320C6701/sup (R)/ DSP. To reduce the complex for real-time implementation. we perform the optimization method in algorithm by replacing the complex sinusoidal synthesis method with IFFT. and we apply fully pipelines hand assembly coding after converting it from floating source to fixed source. To generate a more efficient code. we also make use or the available EMS320C6701/sup (R)/ resources such as Fastest67x library and memory organization.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.1222-1228
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• 2020

The adsorption and ion exchange properties of tin phosphate were studied in an aqueous solution of KCl, varing the pH and metal ion concentration in the solution. The data were explained on the basis of chemical equilibrium. Tin phosphate behaved as an acidic ion exchanger and had an adsorption selectivity toward the bivalent transition metal ions in the following order : Cu⁺² > Co⁺² > Ni⁺². As in the case of a weekly acidic exchanger, the change in hydration of metal ions played the dominant role in determining the selectivity of tin phosphate. In all cases the extent of adsorption increased with an increase in temperature and concentration. The apperance of irregular kinks in the titration curves justified the presence of several exchangeable adsorption sites with different pKa values.