• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1991

뇌 혈류의 기능적 영상화는 간질병소의 국소화에 이용되고 있으며 측두엽성간질의 편측화에 여러가지 진단 방법이 이용되고 있으나 만족할만한 결과를 보이지 못하고 있다. 최근 PET또는 SPECT를 이용하여 측두엽성간질에서 발작 간에 측두엽 병소의 대사율 및 혈류의 감소가 나타나며, 이러한 소견은 발작 유발 병소의 편측화에 매우 유용할것이라는 보고들이 있다. 저자들은 측두엽성간질에서 간질 병소를 편측화 하는데에 $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ SPECT의 유용성을 평가 하고자 측두엽성간질 31예에서 발작 간의 $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ SPECT 소견, 뇌파, 자기 공명 영상 및 전산화 단층 소견을 비교하였다. SPECT 소견에 따른 나이, 병력 기간과 병발시 나이 등의 임상 지수 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 31예의 환자중 23예에서(74.2%) 국소 뇌 혈류 감소를 보였으며 17예(54.8%)에서 측두엽에 관류 감소가 관찰 되었다. 비인두 뇌파 표준 뇌파는 24예(77.4%)에서 측두엽에 편측화를 보였으며 SPECT와 뇌파 양자가 모두 편측화된 경우 일치도는 8/12예 (66.7%) 였다. 16예에서 시행된 전산화 단층 영상은 모두 편측화를 보이지 못했으며 27예에서 시행된 자기 공명 영상에서는 단지 1예에서 편측화를 보였다. 이상의 결과로서 발작 간의 $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ SPECT는 측두엽성간질 병소의 편측화에 유용한 보조 검사로 생각된다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.261-272
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• 2012

This study was conducted so as to examine which change tDCS (Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation) for improving working memory can make on the EEC of stroke patients. Among the patients who suffered for more than 6 months by hemiparalysis caused by stroke, 20 patients selected by MMSE and DST were randomly divided into I group (10 patients) fulfilled by only CCT and II group (10 patients) fulfilled by both tDCS and CCT for total 4 weeks, 30 minutes per a day, three times per a week. For examining EEC variation, the absolute spectrum power was calculated by three bands (${\theta}$; 4~8 Hz, lower ${\alpha}$; 8~10.5 Hz, upper ${\alpha}$;10.5~13 Hz) during the task of words, photos and mental calculation with EEC test, before the arbitration, after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks, so the rate of increase and decrease (%) for the reference EEC was obtained. As the results, the first, particular aspects different one another in three bands were detected according to the measuring period and task. The second, in the forth week, there was only a significant difference in lower ${\alpha}$-power of all tasks. Therefore, through the procedure measuring EEC of this study, the degree of working memory's damage can be expressed by numerical value and tDCS should be additionally helpful for brain damaged patients' perception rehabilitation.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2001

Objectives: In narcoleptic patients diagnosed with ICSD (international classification of sleep disorders, 1990) criteria, nocturnal polysomnography, and MSLT (multiple sleep latency test), we tried to find characteristic features of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) in a wakeful state. Methods: We compared eight drug-free narcoleptic patients with sex- and age-matched normal controls, using computerized electroencephalographic mapping technique and spectral analysis. Absolute power, relative power, interhemispheric asymmetry, interhemispheric and intrahemispheric coherence, and mean frequency in each frequency band (delta, theta, alpha and beta) were measured and analyzed. Results: Compared with normal controls, narcoleptic patients showed decrease in monopolar interhemispheric coherence of alpha frequency bands in occipital ($O_1/O_2$), parietal ($P_3/P_4$), and temporal ($T_5/T_6$) areas and beta frequency band in the occipital ($O_1/O_2$) area. Monopolar intrahemispheric coherences of alpha frequency bands in left hemispheric areas ($T_3/T_5$, $C_3/P_3$ & $F_3/O_1$) decreased. Decrease of monopolar interhemispheric asymmetry of delta frequency band in the occipital ($O_1/O_2$) area was also noted. The monopolar absolute powers of beta frequency bands decreased in occipital ($O_2,\;O_z$) areas. Conclusion: Decreases in coherences of narcoleptic patients compared with normal controls may indicate fewer posterior neocortical interhemispheric neuronal connections, and fewer left intrahemispheric neuronal connections than normal controls in a wakeful state. Therefore, we suggest that abnormal neurophysiological sites of narcolepsy may involve complex areas such as neocortex and subcortex as well as the brainstem.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 1992

The pathophysiology of developmental language disorder is a highly controversial matter. In order to investigate the neural mechanisms involved in developmental language disorders, the authors studied three dimensional regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) using Tc-99mH-MPAO in 42 children with developmental language disorders. The results are summarized as follows : 1) 61.9% (26/42) of this series revealed decreased perfusion in SPECT. 2) Regions of hypoperfusion were seen in cerebral cortex(47.6%, 20/42), thalamus(33.3%, 14/42), basal ganglia(11.9%, 5/42) and cerebellum(7.1%, 3/42). This study suggests that developmental language disorder could be due to specific functional impairment of the local brain regions which could not detected by conventional investigations such as brain CT or EEG.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.1992_1993
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• 2009

뇌의 활동전위를 측정하여 원하지 않게 형성된 두뇌의 성향을 뇌파를 조절하여 치료하는 뉴로피드백과 임상적으로 유용하게 사용하고 있고 두뇌의 이상을 일련의 검사를 통해 판단하기 위한 도구인 신경심리검사를 함께 사용하면서 시너지효과를 낼 수 있도록 하는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 신경심리검사는 최초 14개의 컨텐츠로 설계했지만 컨텐츠 추가를 쉽게 할 수 있도록 했고 뉴로피드백을 동시에 할 수 있도록 구성하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1047-1051
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• 2008

Purpose : This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sedatives for pediatric patients using noninvasive procedures. Methods : We performed a prospective study in 446 (aged 1 month-21 y) consecutive pediatric patients undergoing sedation to study noninvasive sedation techniques from February to August 2007. We reviewed demographic data, sedative drugs, dosage, complications, and successful rates of sedation according to the underlying diseases. Results : The overall successful rate of sedation was 435/446 (97.5%). The overall rate of successful sedation using chloral hydrate was 99.1% (420/424), and was 70.6% (12/17) and 60.0% (3/5) with ketamine and midazolam, respectively. Of the neurologic patients (n=172, aged 1 month to 21 years), 136 patients were sedated for EEGs, 5 patients for renal scans, and 31 patients for neuroimaging studies such as brain CT or MRI. All non-neurological patients (n=274, aged 1 month to 5 years) were diagnosed with urinary tract infection and sedated for renal scan. The overall success rate of sedation for this group was 99.6% (273/274). A total of 14 adverse events were observed (3.1%). Most adverse reactions were mild in severity and clinically insignificant. Conclusion : Using chloral hydrate alone has enough effect to sedate non-neurologic patients. However, neurologic patients in the severe course group, especially those suffering from intractable epilepsy, autism, or severe cerebral palsy, must be medicated with chloral hydrate 2 times at most; instead, injections of ketamine or midazolam in the early stage may result in a more promising outcome.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.505-512
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study applied computerized cognitive therapy and proprioception exercise to stroke patients and analyzed improvement in their changes in Electrocephalogram(EEG). METHODS: The subjects were 30 patients who were diagnosed with stroke and they were randomly selected to a proprioceptive training group(n=15), a cognitive training group(n=15). The experiment was performed for three times per week for 6 weeks and EEG was measured before and after the experiment. RESULT: Before and after the experiment in each group of experiments, the ${\alpha}$-and ${\beta}$-wave study showed significant changes but, there was no significant difference in the change between groups before and after the experiment. CONCLUSION: From the above results, the cognitive training and the proprioception training have a positive impact in stroke patients EEG changes, but it is difficult to suggest a better therapeutic interventions. However, as compared with that the cognitive training that directly involved in the cognitive and brain activation, the proprioception training have changes on brain activation. Therefore, of Clinical therapeutic interventions, the proprioception training can be presented effectively to the changes in brain activation in stroke patients.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 1997

The clinical validity of a korean EEG and EP mapping system(Neuronics) was evaluated with schizophrenic patients(n=20), normal controls(n=19), and 10 patients with central nervous system disease(8 patients with cerebrovascular accident, 1 patient with brain mass, and 1 patient with periodic paralysis). In the normal control group, the pattern of resting computerized EEG with eyes closed showed normal parieto-occipital dominance of alpha wave. Compared with normal controls, schizophrenic patients had more delta activity in the frontal region, and less alpha activity especially in the parieto-occipital region. In most cases patients with cortical organic lesions(n=5) revealed increased delta and theta activity and decreased alpha activity on the lesion areas. These findings were compatible with their MRI and clinical findings. However in the cases of subcortical lesions(n=5) EEG showed various findings which suggest diverse influences of subcortical abnormalities on cortical activities. The P300 of schizophrenic group was smaller and more delayed than those of normal controls. These results are generally compatible with the previous studies using other EEG and EP mapping systems consequenty and suggest that the this EEG and EP mapping system(Neuronics) has clinical validity.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.39-52
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• 2021

Objective : This study aimed to identify the characteristics and analyze the quality of studies on memory improvement using a single-subject research design. Methods : Six studies were selected through the Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS), and National Digital Science Library (NDSL). Keywords were memory training, stroke, early dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and single-subject research design. The characteristics and quality levels were analyzed between January 2011 and October 2020. Results : Regarding the quality level, the middle level (7-10 points) was 66.7% of the four articles, and the high level (11-14 points) was 33.3% of the two articles. Reversal designs were used in all studies. Independent variables were errorless learning, smartphone application, cognitive training system (CoTras), spaced retrieval training (SRT) with errorless learning, spaced retrieval training, and iPad applications. The dependent variables included memory, attention, electroencephalogram, instrumental activities of daily living, depression etc., which increased after the intervention. The total session, study period, and intervention time were varied. Conclusion : In single-subject research design related to memory training, occupational therapy intervention was confirmed as an effective method for improving memory and attention. The quality level of single-subject research design was moderate or higher, and high-quality level of studies should be conducted by additional design to increase the validity in the future.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1559-1570
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• 2002

Purpose : There has been no exact answer to the question of when to discontinue antiepileptic drugs(AEDs) in children with well-controlled epilepsy for a long period. This study is about the risk factors of relapse after withdrawal of AEDs in seizure(Sz)-free patients to show a guideline for discontinuation of AEDs. Methods : One hundred and sixty-nine children were diagnosed as epileptic at the Pediatric Dept. of Kyung-Hee Univ. between 1993 to 1998, in whom AEDs had been withdrawn after at least two years of Sz-free period. Univariate analysis using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate analysis using Cox-proportional hazard model were performed for sixteen risk factors. Results : Forty-nine of the 169 patients(28.9%) had recurrence of Szs. The mean follow-up after withdrawal of AEDs was 4.1 years, mean treatment period was 4.1 years, and the mean Sz-free period was 3.3 years. Factors associated with an increased risk of relapse were young age at onset, symptomatic Sz, Sz type in West and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, neurologic deficit, longer Sz-controlling period, shorter total treatment period, number of AEDs used(more than one drug), age at withdrawal of AEDs, and Sz-free period less than two years in univariate analysis using Kaplan-Meier mothod. From multivariate analysis, the factors indicating a significantly higher relapse risk were pre-treatment period after first Sz attack, Sz-controlling period, Sz-free period, number of AEDs used, neurologic abnormalities. Conclusion : For epileptic children who were Sz-free for more than two years, and were more than six-years-old, the discontinuation of AEDs should be considered positively, according to age of onset, Sz type, age at withdrawal of AEDs, total treatment period, Sz-controlling period, number of AEDs used, etiology, neurologic deficit, and the wishes of the patients and the their parents.