• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2014

The conventional best relay selection based on all the channel information for the first and second hops in dual-hop systems has a large consumption of resources for channel feedback. In this paper, we analyze the average bit error rate for partial relay selection based on the channel information only for the first hop in dual-hop decode-and-forward relaying systems, where we assume independent Rayleigh fading channels. In particular, we provide an exact and closed-form expression for the average bit error rate of M-ary QAM. Also, through numerical investigation, the performance of the partial relay selection is compared with the performance of the best relay selection, and the performance is evaluated for different numbers of relays and various average channel power ratios for the first and second hops.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.146-154
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• 2007

In this paper, we have presented a real-time transfer mechanism for the delay-sensitive data in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks). The existing methods for real-time data transfer select a path whose latency is shortest or the number of hops is least. Although the approaches of these methods are acceptable, they do not always work as efficiently as they can because they had no consideration for the link error rates. In the case of transmission failures on links, they can not guarantee the end-to-end real-time transfer due to retransmissions. Therefore, we have proposed an algorithm to select a real-time transfer path in consideration of the link error rates. Our mechanism estimates the 1-hop delay based on the link error rate between two neighboring nodes, which in turn enables the calculation of the expected end-to-end delay. A source node comes to choose a path with the shortest end-to-end delay as a real-time route, and sends data along the path chosen. We performed various experiments changing the link error rates and discovered that this proposed mechanism improves the speed of event-to-sink data transfer and reduces delay jitter. We also found that this mechanism prevents additional energy consumption and prolongs network lifetime, resulting from the elative reduction of transmission failures and retransmissions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.817-824
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• 2015

Experiments were carried out to investigate the flow and mass transfer characteristics of an orifice nozzle. Measurements of primary and suction flow rates, dissolved oxygen concentration, and electric power were obtained. Vertically injected mixed-jet images were captured by a direct visualization technique with a high speed camera unit. The mass ratio, volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and mass transfer performance were calculated using the measured data. As the primary flow pressure increases, the mass ratio decreases slightly, while the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and electric power increase. As the primary flow pressure increases and the mass ratio decreases, the mass transfer rate increases because of the fine bubbles and wider distribution of the bubbles.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 1978

열에너지의 저장시스템은 축열채조, 열전달기기와 용기 및 보온재의 3개 주요부로 이루어진다. 축열재료는 현열계의 경우 온도가 상승하거나 잠열이용의 경우 상변화가 생기는 재료를 말한다. 열전달기기는 열에너지를 열원으로부터 축열재로 건열시키거나 축열재로부터 열부하측으로 열에 너지를 전달시키는 역할을 한다. 보온이 된 용기는 축열재를 외부로부터 열차단이 되도록 하여 외부로의 에너지 손실이 없도록한다. 열에너지저장시스템의 주성능득성은 용량, 에너지전달원, 저장온도에 의하여 주어진다. 여기서 용량은 축열재가 저장할 수 있는 에너지의 양을 뜻하고 열 전달율은 에너지원으로부터 축열재료로 또는 반대로 축열재료로부터 에너지부하측으로 전달시킬 수 있는율을 의미한다. 축열온도는 현열계에서는 축열재의 온도가 된다. 이 해설에서는 최근 발간 된 수 개의 자료를 발췌하여 간략히 그 내용을 알리고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.3 s.117
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• pp.390-401
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• 2006

This study was conducted to understand the phytoplankton-zooplankton trophic linkage in Lake Paldang ecosystems (Paldang Dam and Kyungan Stream) from April to December 2005. Zooplankton were filtered as two size groups (microzooplankton (MICZ): 60{\sim}20\;{\mu}m$, macrozooplankton (MACZ): >$200\;{\mu}m$), and their clearance rates and C-fluxes on phytoplankton were measured. Grazing experiments were performed in the laboratory with the different zooplankton densities (0, 2, 4, 8x of ambient density, n=2). Diatoms, such as Aulacoseira and Cyclotella were dominant phytoplankton taxa at both sites. Among phytoplankton communities, total carbon biomass of phyflagellates was much higher than others at both sites. Rotifers numerically dominated zooplankton community, while cladocerans dominated carbon biomass. Both phytoplankton and zooplankton density and biomass were high in spring, but decreased markedly after summer monsoon season. plankton biomass at Kyungan Stream was significantly higher than that of Paldang Dam. Zooplankton clearance rate and amount of C-flux were relatively high in the spring and then decreased after summer at both sites. Seasonal change of C-flux was similar to that of zooplankton biomass (P<0.001, n=7). MACZ clearance rate and C-flux were higher than those of MICZ. Water residence time and physical disturbance in summer appeared to affect zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton at the study sites. Our results indicate phytoplankton were an important energy source for zooplankton in Lake Paldang ecosystem. Furthermore, C-flux of plankton food web is affected by not only biological components but also physical parameters.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3B
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• pp.323-334
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• 2008

Present study examined the functionality of the solitary wave (tsunami) control of the two-rowed porous submerged breakwater by numerical experiments, using a numerical wave tank which is based on the Navier-Stokes equation to explain fluid fields and uses a Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to capture the free water surface. Solitary wave was generated by the internal wave source installed within the computational zone in the numerical wave tank and its wave transformations by structure were compared with those in the previous study. Comparisons with the precious numerical results showed a good agreement. Based on these results, several tow-dimensional numerical modeling investigations of the water fields, including wave transformations, reflection, transmission and energy flux, by the one- and two-rowed permeable submerged breakwater under solitary waves were performed. Even if, it is a research of the limited scope, in case of two-rowed permeable submerged breakwater with $h_0/h=0.925$ ($h_0$ is height of submerged breakwater and h is water depth), the wave height damping in range of $l/L_{eff}>0.4$($L_{eff}$ is effective distance of solitary wave) can reach nearly 60% of the incident wave height. In addition, it is found that reflection coefficient increases nearly 47% and transmission coefficient decreases nearly 18% than one-rowed one. The numerical results revealed that the tow-rowed submerged breakwater can control the incident solitary wave economically and more efficiently than the one-rowed one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.56-63
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• 1998

The present study investigated local heat transfer characteristics around a film cooling hole with variations of free stream turbulence intensity The film cooling jet is injected through a single hole inclined at $30^{\cire}$ to the surface and laterally at $45^{\cire}$ for the blowing rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0. Turbulence generating grids are used at upstream of the film cooling hole to change the turbulence intensity of free stream. Free stream turbulence intensity without grids is 0.5%. Two different turbulence generating grid is installed at different at locations upstream of the film cooling hole so that turbulence intensity of free stream varies from 3% to 10%. The naphthalene sublimation technique has been employed to determine local heat/ mass transfer coefficients. With low free stream turbulence intensity, heat/mass transfer augmented area by coolant or free stream is distinguished evidently. However, when free stream turbulence intensity is high, heat transfer is enhanced in all region and heat transfer enhanced regions are not clearly divided due to vigorous mixing of coolant and free stream. The peak values of heat/mass coefficients are decreased and the distributions of heat/mass transfer coefficients are more uniform with high turbulence intensity. The effect of turbulence intensity on heat transfer characteristics is more evident as blowing rate is higher.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.304-304
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• 2008

최근 이동통신의 사업의 발달로 인하여 제품의 고속신호 전달에 대한 관심이 부각되고 있다. 이로 인해 고집적 LTCC 모듈로 제작이 가능하고 고속신호 전달이 용이한 저유전율과 낮은 loss특성을 요구하는 소재 개발의 지속적인 연구를 필요로 한다. 지금까지의 ceramic/glass composite에서 주로 사용된 ceramic filler는 $Al_2O_3$로 낮은 유전율을 구현하는데 한계가 있었다. Cordierite는 낮은 유전율(${\varepsilon}r$ < 4)을 나타내는 filler로서 저유전율 기판소재로 사용될 가능성이 높지만 아직까지 보고된 결과들이 미흡한 실정이다. 선행 연구에서 cordierite filler와 $SiO_2-B_2O_3-Al_2O_3$-RO (R Zn, Sr, Ba, Ca)계의 glass를 혼합하여 LTCC 용 기판소재로서의 가능성을 확인한 결과 5.0~5.5 의 낮은 유전율과 1,000~1,500의 Q를 나타내는 것을 확인 하였다. 하지만 sheet로 제작 시 $B_2O_3$ 계로 인해 볼밀 공정에서 슬러리를 응집시켜 점도를 증가(gelation)시키는 현상이 발생하였다. 이를 개선하기 위한 glass 조성의 $B_2O_3$ 함량을 5%줄여 만든 glass를 이용해 미세구조, 유전율과 Q 그리고 강도를 측정하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.120-131
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• 1988

A souce term model describes mathematically the source of radionuclides as they begin slow migration and decay in deep groundwater. Various source term models based on mass-transfer analysis and measurement-based source term models are reviewed. Ganerally, two processes are involved in leaching or dissolution: (1) chemical reactions and (2) mass transfer by diffusion. The chemical reaction controls the dissolution rates only during the early stage of exposure to groundwater. The exterior-field mass transfer may control the long term dissolution rates from the waste solid in a geologic repository. Mass-transfer analyses re3y on detailed and careful application of the governing equations that describe the mechanistic processes of transport of material between and within phases. If used correctly, source term models based on mass-transfer theory are valuable and necessary tools for developing reliable predictions.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.10-21
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• 1985

The sound velocity (compressional wave) and attenuation coefficient in the marine surface sediments in the nearshore areas off the Pohang, Pusan, Yeosu and Kunsan were investigated in terms of the geotechnical properties of the marine surface sediments in the water depth range of 10-50 meters. The marine surface sediments in the study areas are variable, that is, sand to clay. Due to the various four different study area, the sound velocities and attenuation coefficients in the surface sediment facies vary 1,44m/sec to 1,510m/sec in velocity and 0.82dB/m to 3.70dB/m in coefficient respectively. In fact, the sound velocity increases with increasing of density and mean grain sizes of the sediments, and however, with decreasing of porosith. The correlation equations between the sound velocith and geotechnical properties of mean grain size, density, and porosity were expressed as the following: Vp=1512.28406-9.16083(Mz)＋0.20795(Mz)$\^$2/, Vp=1876.15527-597.50397(d)＋210.48375(d)$\^$2/, Vp=1559.47217-2.09266(n)$\^$2/. where Vp is sound velocity, Mz is mean grain size, d is density, and m is porosity, respectively. However, the relationship between the attenuation and geotechnical properties were different from that of sound velocity and geotchnical properties. Furthermore, the correlation equations between attenuation coefficient and geotechnical properties were expressed as the following: a=1.85217＋0.67197(Mz)-0.09035 (Mz)$\^$2/, a=48.87859＋58.21721(d)-16.3.143(d)$\^$2/, a=2.06765＋0.07215(n)-0.00111(n)$\^$2/, where a is attenuation coefficient. The high attenuation appeared in the silty sand through fine sand facies in sediment and k values in these facies were in the range of 0.86 to 0.89 dB/m/KHz.