• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.477-482
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• 2002

In order to control the micro-pore structure of glassy carbon (GC), an activation agent of KOH was introduced as the glassy carbon was prepared from phenolic resin with a curing agent of phosphoric acid. The yield and properties of GC were investigated as a function of KOH content. Although the GC produced without KOH had nonporous structure except the trace of bubble formation, the GC with KOH had very porous structure. The surface area of GC with KOH increased continuously up to 870 $m^2$/g with the increase of KOH content. The carbonization yield and apparent density measured in water reduced from 40 to 15% and iron 1.5 to 0.9 g/$cm^3$, respectively, and the electrical resistivity increased from $50{\times}10^{-4}$ to $60{\times}10^{-4}$$\Omega$.cm with the increase of KOH content.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.203-206
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• 2009

Polyaniline Emeraldine salt (PANI-salt) prepared by the common chemical oxidative polymerization caused the corrosion of the metallic injection mold by protonic acid such as HCl which used as a dopant. PANI-salt, polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), was obtained by the emulsion polymerization in nonpolar organic solvent, toluene. In this study DBSA was used as a dopant along with a surfactant. PANI-salt and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) have a good solubility in toluene. Blends with different ratio of PANI and HIPS were prepared through a solution-cast blending. The structure of PANI-salt was characterized by FT-IR and UV-Vis. The morphology, thermal, and electrical properties for PANI-HIPS blends were investigated. Injection molded under $103^{\circ}C$, 120 psi, PANI-HIPS showed the highest electrical conductivity ($6.02{\times}10^{-5}\;S/cm$) after blending PANI (50 mL) and HIPS (1 g).

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.77-77
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• 2010

그래핀(Graphene)은 한 겹(layer)의 2차원 판상 구조에 탄소원자들이 육각형의 기본 형태로 배열되어 있는 나노재료로서, 우수한 역학적 강도와 화학적, 열적 안정성 및 흥미로운 전기 전자적 성질을 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근, 이러한 특징적이고도 우수한 물성으로 인하여 기초물성 연구에서부터 차세대 응용까지 고려한 각종 연구들이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 일반적으로 그래핀을 얻는 방법에는 물리 화학적 박리, 열화학증기증착법(TCVD), 탄화규소의 흑연화, 흑연산화물의 환원 등의 방법들이 알려져 있다. 그 중 TCVD법이 두께의 균일성이 높은 그래핀을 합성하는데 가장 적절한 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 TCVD법은 탄소를 포함하는 원료가스를 분해하기 위하여 고온의 공정을 필요로 하게 되지만, 향후 산업적 응용을 고려한다면 대면적 그래핀의 저온합성법 개발은 풀어야 할 시급한 과제로 인식되고 있다. 현재는 메탄을 원료가스로 사용하여 $900^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 그래핀을 합성하는 추세이고, 최근 아세틸렌등의 활성원료가스를 이용하여 $900^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 저온 합성한 연구결과들도 속속 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고주파 플라즈마를 이용하여 비교적 저온에서 탄소원료가스를 효율적으로 분해하고, 확산플라즈마 영역에 TCVD 챔버를 결합한 하이브리드 화학증기증착법을 이용하여 그래핀의 저온합성을 도모하였다. 원료가스로는 메탄을 사용하였고, 기판으로는 전자빔증착법으로 증착한 니켈 박막 및 구리포일을 사용하였다. 실험결과, 그래핀은 $600^{\circ}C$ 부근의 저온에서도 수 층으로 이루어진 그래핀이 합성된 것을 확인하였다. 합성한 그래핀은 분석의 용이함 및 향후 다양한 응용을 위하여 실리콘산화막 및 투명고분자 기판 위에 전사(transfer)하였다. 합성된 그래핀의 구조평가를 위해서는 광학현미경과 Raman분광기를 주로 사용하였으며, 원자힘현미경(AFM), 주사전자현미경(SEM), 투과전자현미경(TEM) 등도 이용하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1085-1093
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• 2017

Plasticizers are materials added to give softness and elasticity to plastics having rigid properties to give soft properties as products, and they are mainly added to high molecular materials to give flexibility to improve workability and to improve cold resistance, resistance to volatility and electrical properties. It is used for the purpose. Most plasticizers are inert liquids, similar in function to solvents but with high molecular weight and no volatility. In addition, when dissolved in petrochemical products, only the plasticizer is separated by the matrix effect with other compounds, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of DOA and DOP, which are representative components of petrochemical products, were conducted using MD-GC/MS and developed an optimal plasticizer analysis method.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Composite electrodes for rechargeable batteries generally consist of active material, electric conductor, and polymeric binder. And their composition and distribution within the composite electrode determine the electrochemical activity in the electrochemical systems. However, it is not easy to quantify the physical properties of composite electrodes themselves using conventional experimental analysis tools. So, 3D structural modeling and simulation can be an efficient design tool by looking into the contact areas between particles and electric conductivity within the composite electrode. In this study, while maintaining the composition (LiCoO₂ : Super P Li^® : Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVdF) = 93 : 3 : 4 by wt%) and loading level (13 mg cm^-2) of the composite electrode, the effects of LiCoO₂ size (10 ㎛ and 20 ㎛) and electrode density (2.8 g cm^-3, 3.0 g cm^-3, 3.2 g cm^-3, 3.5 g cm^-3, 4.0 g cm^-3) on the physical properties are investigated using a GeoDict software. With this tool, the composite electrode can be efficiently designed to optimize the contact area and electric conductivity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.353-359
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• 2004

The extent of silica flocculation can be modified by varying the silica concentration, aqueous phase pH, salt and polvmer concentration. High volume fraction W/O emulsion stabilized by hydrophobic silica was established with various aqueous phase conditions for cosmetic application. By increasing the silica concentration up to $1.0\;wt\%,$ the size of droplet decreased. A high silica concentration increased the viscosity of continuous oil phase by network formation, which resulted in target size of droplet. The stability of W/O emulsion is improved as increasing the aqueous phase pH. At low and intermediate pH, the emulsions became more stable by adding salt $(0.083\;mol\;dm^{-3}\;MgSO_4).$ At high PH, the presence of salt caused significant destabilization. The gelation behavior of the emulsion indicates that the effect of salt on silica-stabilized emulsion is derived from an electrostatic attraction. The addition of xanthan gum in aqueous phase increased the mono-dispersity of the W/O emulsion by making water more hydrophobic and hindering the recombination of droplets. In conclusion, these results indicate that very stable emulsifier-free, finely dispersed W/O emulsion can be achieved for cosmetic application by changing the aqueous phase composition.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.877-887
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• 1996

The ideal membranes for membrane-covered oxygen probes system should be selectively permeable for oxygen and chemically inert, and have good mechanical strength. Polysulfone(PSf) was selected to develop the membrane for membrane-covered oxygen electrodes system. PSf membranes have properties such as good reproducibility, good mechanical strength, chemical inertness, and high heat resistance. PSf membranes were cast from polymer solution on the glass plate at constant temperature, and casting solvents used were tetrahydrofuran(THF), methylene chloride, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP). Tricresyl phosphate(TCP) as plasicizer was added to PSf to increase the softness of membrane. The permeation characteristics were observed for pure oxygen and nitrogen through pure PSf membranes by variable volume method and membrane-covered electrode system. The permeability coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen measured by variable volume method were slightly decreased with increasing of upstream pressure. The permeation properties of PSf membrane using methylene choride as casting solvent were not affected by the PSf amount of polymer solution. The permeability coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen for PSf membrane containing TCP were very slightly lower than those for pure PSf membrane, but ideal separation factors were slightly higher. The flexibility of PSf membrane containing 2wt% TCP was better than that of pure PSf membrane. It was expected that this increase in flexibility would solve the difficulty of fixing the membrane to the cathode. The membrane-covered oxygen probes system was composed of anode, cathode and electrolyte. The type of the anode was Ag/AgCl half-cell, that of cathode was Ag, and the electrolyte was 4N KCl solution. The result of sampled current voltametry for PSf membrane showed the plateu region at -0.3V~-1.0V. The correlation coefficient of oxygen partial pressure versus current for PSf membrane was relatively high, 0.99949. It was concluded that PSf membrane was the good candidate for the membrane-covered oxygen probes system.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.418-425
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• 2015

Polycaprolactone (PCL) and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) have been considered as useful materials for orthopedic devices and osseous implants because of their biocompatibility and bone-forming activity. However, PCL-based scaffolds have hydrophobic surfaces reducing initial cell adhesion or proliferation. To overcome the limitation, we fabricated surface-modified PCL/BCP nanofibers using gamma-irradiation for bone tissue engineering. PCL/BCP nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning and then we supplemented hydrophilicity by introducing acrylic acid (AAc) through gamma-irradiation. We confirmed the surface of nanofibers by SEM, and then the initial viability of MG63 was significantly increased on the AAc grafted nanofibers, and alkaline phosphatase activity($1.239{\pm}0.226nmole/{\mu}g/min$) improved on the modified nanofibers than that on the non-modified nanofibers($0.590{\pm}0.286nmole/{\mu}g/min$). Therefore, AAc-grafted nanofibers may be a good tool for bone tissue engineering applications.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.65-75
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• 2021

Coin cell is a basic testing platform for battery research, discovering new materials and concepts, and contributing to fundamental research on next-generation batteries. Li metal batteries (LMBs) are promising since a high energy density (~500 Wh kg^-1) is deliverable far beyond Li-ion. However, Li dendrite-triggered volume fluctuation and high surface cause severe deterioration of performance. Given that such drawbacks are strongly dependent on the cell parameters and structure, such as the amount of electrolyte, Li thickness, and internal pressure, reliable Li metal coin cell testing is challenging. For the LMB-specialized coin cell testing platform, this study suggests the optimal coin cell structure that secures performance and reproducibility of LMBs under stringent conditions, such as lean electrolyte, high mass loading of NMC cathode, and thinner Li use. By controlling the cathode/anode (C/A) area ratio closer to 1.0, the inactive space was minimized, mitigating the cell degradation. The quantification and imaging of inner cell pressure elucidated that the uniformity of the pressure is a crucial matter to improving performance reliability. The LMB coin cells exhibit better cycling retention and reproducibility under higher (0.6 MPa → 2.13 MPa) and uniform (standard deviation: 0.43 → 0.16) stack pressure through the changes in internal parts and introducing a flexible polymer (PDMS) film.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2012

Polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (Ppy) hollow sphere structures with controlled shell thicknesses can be easily synthesized than those of using a layer-by-layer method for cathode active material of lithium-ion batteries. Polystyrene (PS) core was synthesized by emulsion polymerization using an anion surfactant. The shell thicknesses of PANI and Ppy were controlled by amounts of aniline and pyrrole monomers. PS was removed by an organic solution. This structure increased in contact with an electrolyte and a specific capacity in lithium-ion batteries. But polymers have disadvantages such as the difficult control of molecular weights and low densities. These disadvantages were completed by controlled shell thicknesses. The amount of aniline monomer increased from 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, 4.8 to 6.0 mL, and the shell thicknesses were 30.2, 38.0, 42.2, 48.2, and 52.4 nm, respectively. And the amount of pyrrole monomer was 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 mL, the shell thicknesses were 16.0, 22.0, 27.0 and 34.0 nm, respectively. In the cathode materials with controlled shell thicknesses, shell thicknesses of the PANI hollow spheres were 30.2, 42.2, and 52.4 nm, and discharge specific capacities of after 10 cycle were ~18, ~29, and ~62 mAh/g, respectively. The shell thicknesses of the Ppy hollow spheres were 16.0, 22.0, 27.0 and 34.0 nm, and discharge specific capacities of after 15 cycle were ~15, ~36, ~56, and ~77 mAh/g, respectively. Thus, shell thicknesses of PANI and Ppy increased, the specific capacities increased.