• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.2
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• pp.218-227
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• 1989

Fallen and living pine needles bearing ascocarps were collected throughout the country from February, 1987 to October, 1988 to identify and describe Lophodermium species associated with Lophodermium needle cast disease of pines in Korea. All of the observed characteristics of given species were compared with published descriptions of the Lophodermium species. As a result of this study, six Lophodermium species were identified and described. L. pinastri was previously recorded while the other five species, i.e., L. australe, L. durzlabrum, L. nitens, L. pini-excelsae and L. pini-pumilae, were unrecorded in Korea. One Lophodermium species has not been fully identified in this study, and tentatively named as L. sp-1. L. australe was observed on the needles of Pinus rigida, P. rigida ${\times}$ taeda and P. taeda, L. pini-excelsae on P. parviflora and P. strobus, L. nitens, L. durilabrum and L. pini-pumilae on P. koraiensis, L. sp-1 on P. thunbergii and L. pinastri on P. densiflora and P. taeda. L. sp-1 was collected from the diseased regions of 2-year-old needles of P. thunbergii and L. durilabrum from P. koraiensis, suggesting pathogenic nature of these fungi.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.100-121
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• 2023

This paper examines the interior settings of a chamber and of a temporary place of enshrinement at Yeonghuijeon (永禧殿, Hall of Eternal Happiness), the representative official portrait hall in which portraits of early and late Joseon kings were enshrined. Also, it discusses the features of the Five Peak screens used therein. The physical environment of a chamber at Yeonghuijeon mainly consisted of a four-panel folding screen with a painting of Five Peaks and a large wooden platform, which was adorned with dragon and lion patterns and attached to lotus-leaf column balustrades. The Five Peak screen was installed on a large platform in the shape of ⊓, spreading across the second and third panels on the back and folding out on the first and fourth panels on the right and left sides. When a portrait was enshrined in a temporary place, a simpler and smaller platform with railings was used. A four-panel folding screen of the Five Peak painting was installed in the same way as in a chamber, but was unfolded around a smaller platform behind it. A royal portrait was displayed in each chamber, whereas a case in which a portrait was rolled up was put on the smaller platform in a temporary place. The Five Peak screens for a chamber and a temporary place were all large four-panel folding screens with two wide panels in the middle and two narrow panels on each side, and only strips of silk were mounted on the four edges of the screens without additional wide lower-side mountings. While screens for the chamber used patterned silk for mounting and white paper for backing on screen frames, screens for the temporary place used plain silk and recycled failed test papers for mounting and backing, respectively. By examining records in the literature on the Five Peak screens for Yeonghuijeon, this paper highlights two Five Peak screens, both of which lost their provenance from the hall. The structures of the two screens reflected the way they were to be installed at the hall. Furthermore, this paper assumes that a Five Peak screen, which had been unfolded on the throne in the main hall of Changdeokgung Palace after the 1960s, was produced in 1858 for the purpose of temporarily enshrining King Sunjo's portrait due to the fact that failed test papers of the 1840s were laid taut over the frame.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 1981

Kangweon-Do is rich in sightseeing resources. There are three sightseeing areas;first, mountain area including Seolak and Ohdae National Parks, and chiak Provincial Park; second eastern coastal area; third lake area including the watersheds of North Han River. In this paper, several methods of forestation were studied for landscaping the North Han River watersheds centering around Chounchon. In Chunchon lake complex, there are four lakes; Uiam, Chunchon, Soyang and Paro from down to upper stream. The total surface area of the above four lakes is $14.4km^2$ the total pondage of them 4,155 million $m^3$, the total generation of electric power of them 410 thousand Kw, and the total forest area bordering on them $1,208km^2$. The bordering forest consists of planned management forest ($745km^2$) and non-planned management forest ($463km^2$). The latter is divided into green belt zone, natural conservation area, and protection forest. The forest in green belt amounts to $177km^2$ and centers around the 10km radios from Chunchon. The forest in natural conservation area amounts to $165km^2$, which is established within 2km sight range from the Soyang-lake sides. Protection forest surrounding the lakes is $121km^2$ There are many scenic places, recreation gardens, cultural goods and ruins in this lake complex, which are the same good tourist resources as lakes and forest. The forest encirelng the lakes has the poor average growing stock of $15m^3/ha$, because 70% of the forest consists of the young plantation of 1 to 2 age class. The ration of the needle-leaved forest, the broad-leaved forest and the mixed forest in 35:37:28. From the standpoint of ownership, the forest consists of national forest (36%), provincial forest (14%), Gun forest (5%) and private forest(45%). The greater part of the forest soil, originated from granite and gneiss, is much liable to weathering. Because the surface soil is mostly sterile, the fertilization for improving the soil quality is strongly urged. Considering the above-mentioned, the forestation methods for improving landscape of the North Han River Watersheds are suggested as follows: 1) The mature-stage forest should be induced by means of fertilizing and tendering, as the forest in this area is the young plantation with poor soil. 2) The bare land should be afforested by planting the rapid growing species, such as rigida pine, alder, and etc. 3) The bare land in the canyon with moderate moist and comparatively rich soil should be planted with Korean-pine, larch, ro fir. 4) Japaness-pine stand should be changed into Korean-pine, fir, spruce or hemlock stand from ravine to top gradually, because the Japanese-pine has poor capacity of water conservation and great liability to pine gall midge. 5) Present hard-wood forest, consisting of miscellaneous trees comparatively less valuable from the point of wood quality and scenerity, should be change into oak, maple, fraxinus-rhynchophylla, birch or juglan stand which is comparatively more valuable. 6) In the mountain foot within the sight-range, stands should be established with such species as cherry, weeping willow, white poplar, machilus, maiden-hair tree, juniper, chestnut or apricot. 7) The regeneration of some broad-leaved forests should be induced to the middle forest type, leading to the harmonious arrangement of the two storied forest and the coppice. 8) For the preservation of scenery, the reproduction of the soft-wood forest should be done under the selection method or the shelter-wood system. 9) Mixed forest should be regenerated under the middle forest system with upper needle-leaved forest and lower broad-leaved forest. In brief, the nature's mysteriousness should be conserved by combining the womanly elegance of the lakes and the manly grandeur of the forest.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2009

Deposition of atmospheric N that is depleted in $^{15}N$ has shown to decrease N isotope ratio ($^{15}N/^{14}N$,expressed as ${\delta}^{15}N$) of forest samples such as tree rings, foliage, and total soil-N. However, its effect on ${\delta}^{15}N$ of mineral soil-N which is biologically active N pool has never been tested. In this study, ${\delta}^{15}N$ of mineral N($NH{_4}^+$ and $NO_3{^-}$) in forest soils from organic and two depths of mineral soil layers (0 to 20 cm and 20 to 40cm depth) of Pinus densiflora stands located at two distinct areas (rural and industrial areas) in southern Korea was analyzed to investigate if there is any difference in ${\delta}^{15}N$ of mineral N between these areas. We also evaluated potential N loss of the study sites using ${\delta}^{15}N$ of mineral N. Across the soil layers, the ${\delta}^{15}N$ of $NH{_4}^+$ ranged from +8.9 to +24.8‰ in the rural area and from +4.4 to +13.8‰ in the industrial area. Soils from organic layer (+4.4‰) and mineral layer between 0 and 20 cm (+13.8‰) of industrial area showed significantly lower ${\delta}^{15}N$ of $NH{_4}^+$ than those of rural area (+8.9 and +24.3‰, respectively), probably indicating the greater contribution of $^{15}N$-depleted $NH{_4}^+$ from atmospheric deposition to forest in the industrial area than in the rural area. Meanwhile, ${\delta}^{15}N$ of $NO_3{^-}$ was not different between the rural and industrial areas, probably because ${\delta}^{15}N$ of $NO_3{^-}$ is more likely to be altered by the N loss that causes $^{15}N$ enrichment of the remaining soil N pool. Compared with the ${\delta}^{15}N$ of soil mineral N reported by other studies (from -10.9 to +15.6‰ for $NH{_4}^+$ and -14.8 to +5.6‰ for $NO_3{^-}$), the ${\delta}^{15}N$ observed in our study was substantially high, suggesting that the study sites are more subject to the N loss. It was concluded that $NH{_4}^+$ rather than $NO_3{^-}$ can conserve the ${\delta}^{15}N$ signature of atmospheric N deposition in forest ecosystems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 1972

By means of the interspecific hybridization in the Sub-genus Diploxylon of the Genus Pinus, $F_1$ hybrids of Pinus rigida${\times}$elliottii, Pinus rigida${\times}$radiata, P. rigida${\times}$serotina and P. densiflora${\times}$thunbergii had been produced. And on the basis of the crossabilities of these hybrids the taxonomic affinities of these pines were examined. And the needle characteristics of these hybrid and the occurence of phenolic substances in these $F_1$ hybrid were also investigated to see the potential usefulness of these characteristics for the diagnosis of the taxonomic affinity. And, the growth performances of the $F_1$ hybrids have also been compared with those of parental species. In order to contribute to the establishment of the hybrid seed orchard the introgression phenomena between P. densiflora and P. thunbergii in the eastern coastal area have also been investigated along with the investigation of the heterozygosity of plus trees of P. densiflora growing in the clone bank in Suwon. And the results were summarized as follows. 1. On the basis of crossabilities as well as on the taxonomic affinities according to the systems of Shaw, Pilger and Duffield, it has been proven that the parental species of those hybrids are of close affinities and range of the fertile hybrid seed production rate was as high as 28-58% in the best hybrid combination (Table 13). 2. Among those hybrids, the ${\times}$ Pinus, rigiserotina hybrid seemed to be most promising in the growth performance exhibiting 109-155% more volume growth compared to the seed parent with the statistic significance of 1% level (Tables 16 and 17). 3. Notwithstanding the fact that the all of the pollen parents are cold tender, all hybrids exhibit cold hardiness as much as their seed parent and it seems to suggest that the characteristics of cold hardiness were transmitted from the seed parent. 4. Though a striking difference in needle length was observed between the parental species of each hybrid, it was difficult to distinguish each hybrid from their seed parent by the needle length except ${\times}$P. rigiserotina which is characterized by long needle which is 65% more longer than the needle of the seed parent (Table 21). 5. With regard to the anatomical characteristics of needle, the hypoderm is apparently thicker in most of the $F_1$ hybrid pines and the characteristics of resin canals are dominated by medial in most $F_1$ hybrid. And, the fibrovascular bundles were apart as were in their seed parent. Therefore it was found to be possible to distinguish the hybrids pines from their parents by the needle characteristics. And, it is to be noticed that the ${\times}$P. densithunbergii was more close to the pollen parent having RDI value of 0.73 (Fig.l, Table 22). 6. It has been demonstrated that ${\times}$P. rigielliottii, ${\times}$P. rigiradiata and ${\times}$P. rigitaeda have a phenolic substance (No.7) of light yellow at Rf-0.46, same as their seed parent, but no trace of phenolic substance was observed in their pollen parent. This fact will serve as an important criteria for early identification of hybridity in progeny testing. However, the fact that both of ${\times}$P. rigiserotina and ${\times}$P. densithunbergii exhibit the same reactions of phenolic substances as well their parental species seems to indicate the close affinities between the parental species of the respective hybrid (Fig.2, Table 23). 7. The separation and the reaction of phenolic substance developed on TLC were found to be same in the same species showing no variations between the individuals, and no variations due to tree part of sampling, tree age or pollen sources. And the reaction was also observed regardless of the not varied by the kind of developing solvent whether it is Aceton-Chloroform (3:7 v/v) or Benzene-Methanol-Acetic acid (90:16:8 v/v). 8. The introgression phenomena of natural Pinus densifiora stand in both east and west coastal area indicates that the major part of the red pines investigated are all heterozygous and the heterozygosity of pines are higher in the west coast than in the east coast(Tables 24 and 25). 9. Based on the RDI, among the plus trees of Pinus densiflora selected in Korea and Japan as well, no pure P. densiflora has been found. Since all of the sample trees of Pinus densiflora were found to be as heterozygous bearing part of the characteristics of P. thunbergii, those red pines were considered to be natural heterotic hybrid pines(Figs. 3 and 4. Tables 26 and 27).