• Korean Architects
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• no.9 s.174
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• pp.107-108
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• 1983

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.423-430
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• 2021

In order to evaluate the fire risk and fire risk rating of wood for construction materials, this study focused on fire performance index-III (FPI-III), fire growth index-III (FGI-III), and fire risk index-IV (FRI-IV) according to Chung's equations-III and -IV. Western red cedar, needle fir, ash, and maple were used as the specimens. The fire characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) equipment on the specimen. The FPI-III measured after the combustion reaction was 0.86 to 12.77 based on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The FGI-III was found to be 0.63 to 5.26 based on PMMA. The fire rating according to the FRI-IV, which is the fire rating index, was 0.05 to 6.12, and the western red cedar was 122.4 times higher than that of the maple. The fire risk rating according to the FRI-IV increased in the order of maple, ash, needle fir, PMMA and western red cedar. The CO peak concentration of all specimens was measured as 103 to 162 ppm, and it was 2.1 to 3.2 times higher than 50 ppm, the permissible exposure limits of the US occupational safety and health administration. Materials such as western red cedar, which have a low bulk density and contain a large amount of volatile organic substances, have a low FPI-III and a high FGI-III, so they have a high fire risk rating.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.76-89
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• 2013

This study is about 'asymmetry triangle-Mu' Jeoksam and Hansam in the early days of Joseon Dynasty. A study was done regarding the records of Jeoksam and Hansam in literature, the present state of the excavated 'asymmetry triangle-Mu' clothing Jeoksam and Hansam, and finally a deduction of the reason for the appearance of the 'asymmetry triangle-Mu' clothing Jeoksam and Hansam. The width of front length of 'asymmetry triangle-Mu' clothing in the early days of Joseon Dynasty is 29.5~35 cm and the width of one breath of the sleeve is 29.5~35 cm. The width of 'asymmetry triangle-Mu' is 9.5~16 cm and it is relatively big. Comparing to the width of one breath of the sleeve, it is almost 1:2.2~3.6 ratio. Therefore, when the sleeve was cut, the Mu was linked in order to save fabric the gusset of sleeve had to be folded and turned, and finally it became asymmetric. As a result of the above consideration, since the width of upper garments of $16{\sim}17^{th}$ century was big, the wearing of short tops of Jeoksam or Hansam without side vent as a small 'triangle-Mu' was uncomfortable. Because of this reason, the size had no option but to become bigger. So, during the $16^{th}$ and $17^{th}$ century, a period where mass production of fabric was difficult, the 'asymmetry triangle-Mu' type was considered to be a reasonable cutting method. After the middle of $17^{th}$ century, it can be estimated that 'asymmetry triangle-Mu' clothing disappeared according to the narrow aspect of clothing type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.131-144
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• 2009

This study is about single-layered $Chog{\breve{a}}ri$ excavated from SongHyosang(宋效商, 1430-1490, SHS hereafter), SongHeeJong(宋喜從, the late 1500s, SHJ hereafter) tombs. There are 7 single-layered $Chog{\breve{a}}ris$ for men. We focus on comparison of their design and sowing method. 1. Design: Investigating collar, $Chog{\breve{a}}ris$ from SHS have MokpanGit and $Chog{\breve{a}}ris$ from SHJ have KalGit. KalGit has been seen from SHJ to 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. After the late 1500s, there is no MokpanGit single-laTered $Chog{\breve{a}}ri$ for men. Side panel under arm has various shapes(triangle, trapezoid, triangle+trapezoid) in 15th century. After the late 1500s, It changes into no side panel. Two $Chog{\breve{a}}ris$ with no side panel from SHJ reveals that the late 1500s is a period of transition. 2. Sewing method: First, researching lengthwise grainline of the fly, the left fly has lengthwise grainline outside In four, inside in three. The right fly has lengthwise grainline outside in just one, the others have lengthwise grainline inside. Compared with today's way, there is a great difference, but in those times there isn't an established rule. This is true of side panel under arm. The sewing method are backstitch, running stitch, and hemming. Researching the construction method of seam, in putting two selvages together, open seam and plain seam are used. In putting selvage and bias, bias and bias together, flat felled seam and french seam are used. This study shows that single-layered $Chog{\breve{a}}ri$ far men from 15C. to 16C. has changes of design such as collar(Git) and side panel undo. arm. But there is little change in sewing method.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.169-183
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• 2004

This study attempts to understand women's underwear culture in the Later Chosun Dynasty, by investigating the kinds and constructions of them, which formed bulky and puffed silhouette of the lower half of the body. In the middle 17th century in Chosun, Confucianism settled down as fundamental idea of society, while whole country achieved considerable economic growth. As a result for upperclass women, female virtues was demanded more than any other period in Chosun. On the other hand, lower-class women including Kisaengs, had more freedom on their clothing behaviors. According to the literature on women's dress institutions and restrictions of the extravagance, the use of kinds of high-quality silk and false hair was criticized, compared to women's clothes in China. From this, one can see the luxury and affluence of women's clothes at that time, which also reflected in luxurious underclothes. Also, the movement of class, by economic development, led to changes in the costumes of middle-to-lower class women, relaxing restrictions on clothes. Underclothes included Bosomband(가슴띠; long sashes for bosom to wrap), Sokjucksam(속적삼), and Sokchogori(속저고리; Korean blouse, worn under the chogori) for upper garment, and Darisokkok(다리속곳; basic underwear like the panty), Soksokkot(속속곳; underwear paji to be wide of hem), Sokpaji(속바지;trouser front and back opening), Tansokkok(단속곳; large size underwear like Soksokkot), Noronpaji(너른바지; paji like the skirt or paji bulky than tansokkot,), Mujigi무지기; tiered skirt for underwear), and Daeshumchi'ma(대슘치마; Korean underskirt, shape hem as a pad into form) for lower clothes.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.2 s.33
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• pp.46-52
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• 2006

${\ulcorner}$황제내경(黃帝內經)${\lrcorner}$ 내함한의학이론(內含韓醫學理論) 기중삼응삼양적내용비상난(其中三陰三陽的內容非常難) 기원인사(其原因是)${\ulcorner}$황제내경(黃帝內經)${\lrcorner}$ 중삼음삼양적내용비상복집(中三陰三陽的內容非常複雜), 특별시삼음삼양적시간배속매편화일양(特別是三陰三陽的時間配屬每篇不日樣) 본론문통과관우(本論文通過關于子) ${\ulcorner}$황제내경(黃帝內經)${\lrcorner}$ 중삼음삼양적시간배속진행연구(中三陰三陽的時間配屬進行硏究), 득출여하결론(得出如下結論), 운기지주기순서춰시오행(목화토금수)순서(運氣之主氣順序就是五行(木火土金水)順序), 저설명주기변화주요근거형지변화(這說明主氣變化主要根據形之變化), 운기지객기순서취시기지대(運氣之客氣順序就是氣之大小)(일양(一陽)${\longrightarrow}$이양(二陽)${\longrightarrow}$삼양(三陽)${\longrightarrow}$일음(一陰)${\longrightarrow}$이음(二陰)${\longrightarrow}$삼음(三陰))${\longrightarrow}$, 저설명객기변화주요근거기지변화(這說明客氣變化主要根據氣之變化) ${\ulcorner}$소문맥해(素問脈解)${\lrcorner}$ 적삼음삼양월별배속시음관(11월:태음)(的三陰三陽月別配屬是陰關(11月:太陰)${\longrightarrow}$양관(1월:태양)(陽關(1月:太陽)${\longrightarrow}$음합(3월:궐음)(陰闔(3月:厥廠)${\longrightarrow}$양합(5월:양명)(陽闔(5월:陽明))${\longrightarrow}$음추(7월:소음)(陰樞(7月:少陰)${\longrightarrow}$양추(9월:소양)(陽樞(9月少陽). 태양소음시음양세력적기초(太陽少陰是陰陽勢力的基礎), 소이상위표리(所以相爲表裏). 소양소음시음양세력적중간(少陽少陰是陰陽勢力的中間), 소이사위표리(所以杞爲表裏) 태음궐음시음양세력적전성기(太陰歐陰是陰陽勢力的全盛期), 소이상위표리(所以相爲表裏) 차료리적의사반영경락류주(此表養的意思反映經絡流注). 태음양명경류주신체전면(太陰陽明經流注身體前面), 태양소음경류주신체후면( 太陽少陰經流注身體後面 ), 소양궐음경류주신체측면(少陽厥陰經流注身體側面). ${\ulcorner}$령추경맥(靈樞經脈)${\lrcorner}$적12경맥류주순서시태음양면경(的12經脈流注順序是太陰陽明經)${\longrightarrow}$소음태양경(少陰太陽經)${\longrightarrow}$궐음소양경적표리경락위주(厥陰少陽經的表裏經絡爲主). 수선매기류주태음양명경적이유(首先脈氣流主太陰陽明經的理由), 취시후천수곡정미화호흡대기결합이형성경맥지기(就是後天水穀精微和呼吸大氣結合而形成經服之氣). 지후맥기류주소음태양경(之後脈氣流注少陰太陽經), 설명순행태음양명경적후천영양물질전입한열경락이위신(說明盾行太陰陽陽明經的後天營養物質轉入寒熱經絡而爲寫薪), 기차맥기순해궐음소양경적(其次脈氣盾行厥陰少陽經的), 인위한열경락지화기피궐음소양경지풍기조절이후조절조습경락(因爲寒熱經絡之火氣被厥陰少陽經之風氣調節而後調節操濕經絡), 비여작반시(比如作飯時), 화기취시소음태양경(火氣就是少陰太陽經), 풍기취시궐음소양경(風氣就是厥陰少陽經), 정내지반취시태음양명경.(鼎內之飯就是太陰陽明經). ${\ulcorner}$령추음양계일월(靈樞陰陽緊日月)${\lrcorner}$ 적삼음삼양월별배속주요시추관합합관추순서(的三陰三陽月別配屬主要是樞關闔闔關樞順序). 저양배서적원인시개문화관문과정(這樣排序的原因是開門和關門過程). 재춘하(在春夏), 양경락지맥기여개문관문과정(陽經絡之脈氣如開門關門過程), 수착추관합합관추순서순행(隨看樞關闔闔關樞順序盾行), 재추동(在秋冬), 음경락지맥기여개문폐문과정(陰經絡之脈氣如開門閉門過程), 수착추관합합관추순행(隨看樞關闔闔關樞盾行).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 2022

In this study, Chung's equations 1, 2, and 3 were extended to standardize smoke safety rating evaluation in case of fire, and Chung's equations-V, smoke performance index-V, and smoke growth index-V were calculated. Five types of wood were selected and their smoke indices were measured using the cone calorimeter method according to ISO 5660-1. The smoke risk was graded by the smoke risk index-VI according to Chung's equation-VI. Smoke risk index-VI increased in the order of PMMA (1) ≈ maple (1.01) < ash (1.57) < needle fir (4.98) < paulownia (46.15) < western red cedar (106.26). It was predicted that maple and ash had the lowest smoke risk, and paulownia and western red cedar had the highest. The five samples' CO mean production rate (COP_mean) was 0.0009~0.0024 g/s, indicating that these woods were incompletely burned than the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) reference material. Regarding the smoke properties of the chosen woods, the smoke performance index-V (SPI-V) increased as the bulk density increased, and the smoke risk index-VI (SRI-VI) decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.149-162
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• 2003

This study is designed for examining the names of men's and women's clothing of Choseon period, which can be divided into the upper, the lower, and the outer garments based on yu유, go고, po포 from the early period. Furthermore, amongst these various garments, this study shall define some kinds of clothing, which is shared its name and its use by both men and women, as the unisex clothing. Lastly we analyzed the special characteristics of this unisex clothing. With the names of clothing in Choseon period, we could understand about the difference of clothing's development by the names for the upper, lower, and outer garments as gender. And we also found the names for the unisex clothing in that period. The names of unisex clothing in Choseon period can roughly be divided into three garments; the upper, the lower, and the outer. Each category can also be subdivided into tku: i. e. the upper garments into jeogori저고리, hansam한삼, sama 삼아, jeoksam적삼, donguidae동의대, and godo고도; the lower garments into go고, gonja고자, and baji[paji파지, pachi파저］; and the outer garments into jangui장의, baeja배자, and juui주의. Furthermore, we can recognize that the shapes and uses of clothes in that period had been represented differently between the men's and women's.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2001

This Study shows local characters, meaning, value and others (kind, function, material, shape, name) on Shroud through documents and fact-finding survey. In Shroud′s kind and function, Shroud of Kwangju Area is similar with one of Youngsan-river Area, while Sumjin-river Area and Coastal Area, each has its own character due to difference of Burial Culture. In Shroud′s Material, hemp cloth, white cotton cloth and calico, have been well-used in Kwangju and Youngsan-river Area, while silk has used in Sumjin-river and Coastal Area. Shroud′s color has followed Natural color. In Shroud′s shape, Male Jeoksam, Female Trousers, Um, Myokmok, Aksoo, Bib have their local characters. They are reformed in Kwangju Area and Youngsan-river Area. Jeoksam in Coastal Area, Female Trousers in Sumjin-river Area. Um in Coastal Area and Myokmok in Sumjin-river Area, have its unique character. In Shroud′s name, Shroud has widely been called "Dead Clothes", and called "Blind Clothes", "Munnyung Clothes" some areas. In Sumjin-river Area, Summer Jacket has been failed "Deungjigae", Dango called "Ddangjungwee". In Coastal Area, Myokmok and Aksoo have been called "Face Cover" and "Hands Cover", Shroud′s local characters have been caused by Next World, which has reflected local natural environment and cultural features. Next World is so abstract that it can not be expressed well, while Reality is clearly divided into dual spaces : Real World, Next World. Comprehension on Next World, helps harmonize recent values with Shroud meaning and prevents Shroud from standardization and transformation.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.18 no.4 s.31
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• pp.15-26
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• 2005

통과연구(通過硏究)${\ulcorner}$의학입문(醫學入門)${\lrcorner}$중대어삼음삼양각자이육기배속원리(中對於三陰三陽各自以六氣配屬原理), 육기납지(六氣納支), 절기방위(節氣方位), 표본음양속성(標本陰陽屬性), 경맥납지(經脈納支), 맥체(脈體), 치법(治法), 중기등진행분류급고찰(中氣等進行分類及考察), 득출결론여하(得出結論如下) : 1. 삼음삼양적속성여지지적배속불일치(三陰三陽的屬性與地支的配屬不一致). 태양화궐음수연이지지여진술화사해(太陽和厥陰雖然以地支與辰戌和巳亥), 인신상배속(寅申相配屬), 단시실제상표본적음양속성여납지적원리시부동적(但是實際上標本的陰陽屬性與納支的原理是不同的). 인차(因此), 재구별표본음양적특성상(在區別標本陰陽的特性上), 절기(節氣), 방위등불능성위일정기준(方位等不能成爲一定基準). 2. 삼음삼양본기적오행속성화경맥납지(三陰三陽本氣的五行屬性和經脈納支), 유가능불일치(有可能不一致). 양명조금지본(陽明操金之本), 불시수양명대장(不是手陽明大腸), 실제상족양명위재시본(實際上足陽明胃才是本), 소양상화지본(少陽相火之本), 역불시수소양삼초(亦不是手少陽三焦), 실제상족소양담재본(實際上足少陽膽才本). 3. 삼음삼양안조종화규율기치법각이(三陰三陽按照從化規律其治法各異). 제일(第一), 표여본적음양속성상반시용반치법(標與本的陰陽屬性相反時用反治法). 소음본열표한(少陰本熱標寒), 태양본한표열(太陽本寒標熱), 차한열부정(且寒熱不定), 고태양열인한용(故太陽熱因寒用), 이소음한인열용(而少陰寒因熱用). 제이(第二), 표여본적음양속성상동시용정치법(標與本的陰陽屬性相同時用正治法). 태음표본균한(太陰標本均寒), 소양표본균열(少陽標本均熱), 고태음한인한용(故太陰寒因寒用), 색인색용(塞因塞用), 이소양통인통용(而少陽通因通用). 제삼(第三), 표여본적음양속성상반(標與本的陰陽屬性相反), 차여중기적음양속성부동시(且與中氣的陰陽屬性不同時), 불능용정치혹반치법(不能用正治或反治法), 응구종어중진행치료(應驅從於中進行治療). 즉불능구니어궐음화양명적소정치법(卽不能拘泥於厥陰和陽明的所定治法), 응수기종중진행치료(應隨機從中進行治療). 4. ‘소음태양(少陰太陽) 종본종표(從本從標)’ 재응용어치료시(在應用於治療時), 가해석여하(可解釋如下): 제일(第一), 혹자종본(或者從本), 혹자종표(或者從標). 제이(第二), 혹자종본(或者從本), 혹자종표(或者從標), 단치료상유기선후지별(但治療上有其先後之別). 제삼(第三), 소음한인열용(少陰寒因熱用). 태양열인한용(太陽熱因寒用), 고동시구종어표본(故同時驅從於標本). 5. 재(在)‘양명궐음(陽明厥陰) 부종표본(不從標本) 종호중(從乎中)’적(的)‘종호중(從乎中)’, 가이해위재치법운용중가이(可理解爲在治法運用中可以)‘수기취중(隨機取中)’지의(之意).