• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1981

This study was aimed at expanding the tea plant culture in Korea to further north, and the leaf-form and the cold resistance of the tea plants selected form 7 districts(around Korea) were investigated. 1. The length of tea leaf is 5.1cm to 8.4cm, the width of the leaf is 2.3cm to 3.6cm, but the area of tea leaf in Mt. Mudung is $26.88cm^2$ and that is the widest of all. 2. The tooth number of the tea leaf in 43 to 73 but the number of Mt. Borim is remarkably number of all. The tooth number is increased or decreased in proportion to the leaf width and to the leaf length. 3. The lateral vein number is generally 13 to 19. The vein number of Mt. Borim is especially number of all. That is also increased or decreased in proportion to the leaf width and to the leaf length. 4. In general, the number of leaf formation index is 2 to 3, and ablong. 5. In general, those which come upper lands are remarkably small in length and width of the tea leaf and those which come from level lands are large. 6. All kinds of tea plant which is growing in Korea, area, are the same as those imported from China : Thea sinensis Linne var. Bohea. 7. I supposed that the external form of tea plant has a little changed by geography or climate for many a long day, since the tea plant had been transplanted in Mt. Samsin. 8. In the treatment of low temperature and duration of vernalization of their plants, those selected from Mt. Mudung and Mt. Hwaun were the coldest resistance, those from Mt. Samsin and Mt. Borim were medium and those from Mt. Joge and Nursery were cold sensitive. 9. The critical temperature of the tea plant from Mt. Mudung, Mt, Hwaum, Mt, Samsin and Mt. Borim was about $-10^{\circ}C$, and that from Mt. Joga and Nursery was about $-5^{\circ}C$. The critical temperature of frost injury of all tea plants in this experiments was $-15^{\circ}C$. 10. In spite of increasing the vernalization time, the critical temperature was not effected, but the treatments over critical temperature were increased their frost injuries. Based on these results, the coldest resistance, Mt. Mudung tea plant, was considered expanding their culture to further north improvement yields of the tea plants in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 1971

Recently successful induction of haploid plant by means of anther culture method has become a big topic among geneticists and plant breeders. The haploid plant can be used as a precious material for such basic researches as mutation or genetics. Once the haploid is obtained, production of homozygous plant is not a difficult problem. The method of producing homozygous plant can, also, be applied to the practical breeding works. When applied to the hybridization of self-fertilizing breeding period would be greatly shortened and in cross-fertilizing vegetables production of uniform hybrid seed would be very easily obtained. Last few years many scientists attempted anther cultures using various plant species, but it was successful only in several species. Unlike the other tissue cultures which use somatic organs or tissues as explants, anther culture seems to be very difficult because the plants or calli have to be induced from the haploid microspores or pollen grains. In the present experiment anther culture of fruit trees and ornamental shrubs of four genera and seven species was attemped. Anthers of Various stages ranging from tetrad and late microspore were cultured on the modified Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and kinetin as growth regulators. Handling of materials, sterilization, and other operations of culture were done by routine methods. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Calli were induced in the anthers of Forsythia Koreana Nak., Rhododendron mucronuratum Turcz., R. yedoense Max. var. Poukhanense Nak., and Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Max. No signs of callus were observed in Prunus persica Sieb. et Zucc. var. vurgaris Max., Pyrus ussuriensis var. macrostipes (Nak.), and Prunus salcina Lindley. 2. Calli were easily formed in any of the media with differing concentrations of auxins and kinetin. 3. In F. Koreana calli developed from anther surface and connective. Callus emerging out of anther locule was not observed. 4. Somatic calli arose from filament, connective, and inside of anther wall in R. mucronulatum. Many of the microspores accumulated starch grains. 5. The anther lobes located opposite the filament of R. yedoense turned easily to calli. This phenomenon was not observed in R. mucronulatum. Microspore embedded for a period in the medium became starch pollen. No callus was observed arising from microspore. 6. In P. armeniaca calli were not induced from somatic anther tissues. Instead, callus emerged out of anther locule rupturing the anther slit. Starch was not formed in the microspore. 7. In P. persica, Pyrus ussuriensis, and P. salcina, calli were not observed in the anthers examined more than 60 days after culture. Microspores of these species, however, were free of starch grains even after long period of subculture. 8. It was learned that somatic calli of the species examined arose usually from endothelium of anther wall, septum of two neighboring anther locules, parenchyma tissues of connectives, or anther lobes. 9. In the anther locule of P. armeniaca cultured long in medium, swollen microspores, polynucleate microspores, multicellular pollen grains, or callus mass were frequently observed, this indicating that the callus of this species was microspore-origin. 10. It was clarified that in P. armeniaca production of haploid plant by anther culture might be possible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhabiting ecology of wild birds using artificial nests in Gyeongnam province. The sort of birds, the utilization of artificial nests by the materials, by the sites and by the forest type, and other inhabiting ecology of birds were investigated from 1984 to 1986. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Wild birds in surveyed areas were classified into 20 families and 35 species. Among them the birds inhabiting the artificial nests were 6 species and those using them most frequently were Parus ater (17.2%), P. major (16.7%) and P. palustris (12.2%). 2. The artificial nests installed on the top and at the toot of the mountain were chiefly utilized by P. ater and P. major, but the artificial nests in park area were mostly used by Passer montanus and Sturnus cineraceus. 3. Sixty-one percent of the artificial nests were utilized by the birds; 45.5% were used for breeding and 15.6% were inhabitation only. 4. When different nest materials and shapes were tested, mixed nests (sawdust and cement) were used most frequently, and C type. (Diamond shape) of wood nests was used more frequently compared with the A (Roof shape) and B (Box shape) types of wood nests. Meanwhile, the birds prefered the 3cm hole size (81.1% of utilization) to 4cm of hole (57.8%) and 5cm of hole (24.4%). 5. The artificial nests constructed in mixed forest were more frequently inhabited (73.3%) by the birds than coniferous forest (68.3%) and broad-leaved forest (63.3%). 6. The period of egg-laying in Parus species was from late April to early May, while Eophona migratoria, Lanius bucephalus, Motacilla alba and Passer montanus laid eggs generally in the middle of May. 7. Parus species, Passer montanus and Motacilla alba laid one egg every day for 5-10days, but Eopphona migratoria laied 4 eggs in 7 days and Lanius bucephalus laid 5 eggs in 4 days. The incubation period of Parus species was 16-18 days, while the others were about 11 to 14 days. 8. Thirteen days after the hatch of Parus major, chicks reached 13.9g of body weight, 72.0mm of wing-length and 20.9mm of tarsus length. P. montanus chicks reached 20.3g of weight, 66.2mm of wing-length and 20.2mm of tarsus length during the same period. 9. Food item of feeding chicks almost consisted of creatures (98.2%) with following composition; 55.2% of insect larvae, 37.2% adult insects, 2.8% of pupae and 2.8% of spiders. Vegetable items were 2% only. Among those creature food items, 95.2% were insect pests to forest.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.213-232
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• 2000

The development of the knee joint was studied by electron microscopy in human fetuses ranging from 20 mm to 260 mm crown-rump length ($7\sim30$ weeks of gestational age). The appearance of the primordium of the meniscus and cruciate ligament was conspicuous as the mesenchymal cells , preceeding that of joint space at 30 mm fetus. The primitive joint cavity was first seen in the interzone from the 40 mm fetus and its intermediate layer proceeded developing as a narrow cleft which was closely incorporated with two chondrogenic layers. Poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells of the meniscus at 40 mm fetus containing predominantly free ribosomes differentiated into fibroblasts at 60 mm fetus. By 100 mm fetus, the fibroblast in inner zone of the meniscus presented as oval profiles with a short cell processes, whereas middle and peripheral zones presented as elongated cells. Differentiation of the synovial membrane coincided with clarification of the joint cavity When dilatation of the synovial cavity occurred, the two types of synovial cells were identified at 60 mm fetus. By 100 mm fetus a majority of the intimal cells were B-type. B-type cells were clearly distinguishable from A-type cells by their content of extensive rough endoplasmic reticula and well developed Golgi complexes. In contrast, A-type cells had numerous filopodia, pinocytotic vesicles, lysosomes and large vacuoles. At 260 mm fetus the B-type cells were also a majority of intimal cells. At 260 mm fetus the inner zone of the meniscus was filled with parallel oriented fascicles of collagenous fibers and oval fibroblasts. The middle zone was constituted of parallel and radially arranged fibers and fibroblasts. The outer zone was populated by elongated fibroblasts encircled by crossed collagenous fibers with the blood vessels. At 30 mm fetus the fibroblasts of the cruciate ligament contained rough endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria. Collagen fibrils were noted within narrow cytoplasmic processes which were continued with the extracellular space. Collagen fibrils of ligament were filled in the bulk of extracellular space at 100 mm fetus. By $150\sim260mm$ fetus, the cruciate ligaments were constituted of longitudinally oriented bundle of collagen fibrils with irregular rows of round cells between.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-47
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• 1975

Among the many species of bamboo, it is well known that the dwarf-type is widely distributed in the tropical regions, and the slender type in temperated zone. In the temperated zone the trees have extensively differentiated into one hundred species in 50 genera. In many oriental countries, the bamboo wood is being used as a material for construction and for the manufacture of technical instruments. The bamboo shoot is also regarded as a good and delicious edible resource. Moreover, recent medical investigation verifies that the sap of certain species of the bamboo is an antibiotic effect against cancer. Fortunately, it is very easy to propagate the bamboo trees by using cutting from southeastern Asian countries. This important resource can further be used as a significant source of pulp, which is becoming increasingly important. The classification system of this significant resource has not been completely established to date, even though its importance has been emphasized. Initiated by Canlevon Linne in the 18th century, a classification method concerning the morphological characteristics of flowers was the first step in developing a classification. But it was not an easy task to accomplish, because this type of classification system is based on the sexual organs in bamboo trees. Because the bamboo has a long life cycle of 60-120 years and classification according to this method was very difficult as the materials for the classification are not abundant and some species have changed, even though many references related to the morphological classification of bamboo trees are available nowadays. So, the certification of bamboo trees according to the morphological classification system is not reasonable for us. Consequently, the classification system of bamboo trees on the basis of endomorphological characteristics was initiated by Chinese-born Liese. And classification method based on the morphological characteristics of the vascular bundle was developed by Grosser. These classification methods are fundamentally related to Holltum's classification method, which stressed the morphology of the ovary. The author investigated to re-establish a new classification method based on the vascular sheath. Twenty-six species in 11 genera which originated from Formosa where used in the study. The results obtained from the investigation were somewhat coordinated with those of Crosser. Many difficulties were found in distinguishing the species of Bambusa and Dendrocalamus. These two species were critically differentiated under the new classification system, which is based on the existence of a separated vascular bundle sheath in the bamboo. According to these results, it is recommended that Babusa divided into two groups by placing it into either subspecies or the lower categories. This recommendation is supported by the observation that the evolutional pattern of the bamboo thunk which is from outward to inward. It is also supported by the viewpoint that the fundamental hypothesis in evolution is from simple to complex. There remained many problems to be solved through more critical examination by comparing the results to those of the classification based on the sexual organs method. The author observed the figure of the cross-sectional area of vascular trunk of bamboo tree and compared the results with those of Grosser and Liese, i.e. A, $B_1$, $B_2$, C, and D groups in classification. Group A and $B_2$ were in accordance with the results of those scholars, while group D showed many differences, Grosser and Liese divided bamboo into "g" type and "h" type according to the vascular bundle type; and they included Dendrocalamus and Bambusa in Group D without considering the type of vascular bundle sheath. However, the results obtained by the author showed that Dendrocalamus and Bambusa are differentiated from each other. By considering another group, "i" identified according to the existence of separated vascular bundle sheath. Bambusa showed to have a separated vascular bundle sheath while Dendrocalamus does not have a separated vascular bundle sheath. Moreover, Bambusa showed peculiar characteristics in the figure of vascular development, i.e., one with an inward vascular bundle sheath and the other with a bivascular bundle sheath (inward and outward). In conclusion, the bamboo species used in this experiment were classified in group D, without any separated vascular bundle sheath, and in group E, with a vascular bundle sheath. Group E was divided into two groups, i.e., and group $E_1$, with bivascular sheath, and group $E_2$, with only an inward vascular sheath. Therefore, the Bambusa in group D as described by Grosser and Liese was included in group E. Dendrocalamus seemed to be the middle group between group $E_l$ and group $E_2$ under this classification system which is summarized as follows: Phyllostachys-type: Group A - Phyllostachys, Chymonobambus, Arundinaria, Pseudosasa, Pleioblastus, Yashania Pome-type: Group $B_2$ - Schizostachyum, Melocanna Hemp-type: Group D - Dendrocalamu Bambu-type: Group $E_1$ - Bambusa ghi.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.100-111
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• 1983

The research results reported herein had the objectives to understand and analyze the present problems of saemaeul woodland joint cattle grazing system in Kang Won Do and to take steps of improvement. The study results on actual management conditions, problems analyzed and improvement plan of total 208 joint cattle grazing area which was established 105 area in 1981 and 103 area in 1982 were summarized as follows: 1. the effectiveness of joint cattle grazing projects 1) Average daily weight gain of cattle during joint cattle grazing period was 0.4kg, showing higher daily than the conventional feeding of 0.33kg. 2) Increase of total farm income over the conventional feeding system were \1,031,357,320 during the grazing period from May to October in 1982 by adapting the 208 joint cattle grazing system, of which effectiveness of weight gain was \293,075,300 and labor saving was \543,838,750. 3) According to the results of questionaire investigation from 208 joint cattle grazing area, effectiveness of joint cattle grazing system over the conventional system were (1) labor saving, (2) feed cost saving, (3) reduced diseases, (4) increase of number of feeding, (5) inspiration of joint endeavor, (6) effect of more gain, (7) easiness of feeding and feed cost savings. 2. Problems of joint cattle grazing system. 1) Shortages of grass were a problem at second year of joint cattle grazing period due to the low regrowth rate of wild grass. 2) Proper land for woodland joint cattle grazing is belonging to land of Government ownership and it is very hard to get the permission from office of forestry for cattle grazing purpose. 3) It is also difficult to find a proper time of breeding in grazing area by the difficulty of estrus detection. 4) There are a difficulty to give a proper vaccination and medical examination for the grazing cattle. 3. Improvement plans for woodland joint cattle grazing projects. 1) Obtain sufficient roughages by hoof cultivation and oversowing pasture from the second year of joint cattle grazing period. 2) In order to increase the beef production and to use for a calf production area, Government should arrange that all proper grazing land of Government owned in Kang Won Do convert into woodland joint cattle grazing area. 3) Make a good reproductive record by mixed grazing with a excellent breeding cow in a remote area. And carry out the collective artificial insemination with synchronous puberty induced by injection of puberty stimulation hormone. 4) Make a preventive injection for blackleg, twice medication of fasciola hepatica in a year, and spray and medication of tick insecticide. 4. A policy towards upbringing of woodland joint cattle grazing area. 1) Government should thoroughly investigate about a proper land for woodland joint cattle grazing from all forests. 2) When the area is suitable for the woodland joint cattle grazing, though it is national forest or restricted area, government should make it possible to establish a grazing area. 3) On the proper land foe joint cattle grazing in the remote place, Government should support for the road construction and electric fence equipments by using of national funds. 4) There should be an administrative consideration for well promotion of the project that make woodland joint cattle grazing suitable to the characteristics of Kang Won Do. 5) In order to improve the reproduction record, Government should reform the insufficiency of artificial insemination in the joint cattle grazing area. 6) In order to maintain a proper price of cow, Government should carry out the price plan. 7) When there is any request for grassland formation in the woodland joint cattle grazing area, Government should permit it with preference.