• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.123-130
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• 2011

In the precedent study it was presented that the comparison of thermal resistivity using various backfill materials including river sand regarding water content, dry unit weight and particle size distribution. Based on the precedent study, this study focused on developing the optimized backfill material that would improve the power transfer capability and minimize the thermal runaway due to an increase of power transmission capacity of underground power cables. When raw materials, such as river sand, recycled sand, crush rock and stone powder, are used for a backfill material, they has not efficient thermal resistivity around underground power cables. Thus, laboratory tests are performed by mixing Fly-ash, slag and floc with them, and then it is found that the optimized backfill material are required proper water content and maximum density. Through various experimental test, when coarse material, crush rock, is mixed with recycled sand, stone powder, slag or floc for a dense material, the thermal resistivity of it has $50^{\circ}C$-cm/Watt at optimum moisture content, and the increase of thermal resistivity does not happen in dry condition. The result of experiments approach the optimization of the backfill materials for underground power cables.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.464-470
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• 2000

The compacting and sintering behavior of titanium powders containing oxygen in the range of 1980~8450 ppm was examined. The powders were prepared by the hydride-dehydride (HDH) and by the deoxidation by solid state(DOSS) methods. Their compaction density ranged from 69.0% to 62.3% and decreased with the increase in the oxygen content. It was explained by the effect of oxygen on the hardness of powders. Unlike the compaction density, the oxygen content did not affect the apparent density greatly being 90.5$\pm$0.5% after sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Their average grain size was $60\mu\textrm{m}$ and the size and distribution of pores were about the same for all cases. The hardness of sintered samples showed a linear increase with oxygen and could be expressed as VHN(sintered)= 135.5+64.3$\times$$(wt{\%}O_2)$ The exami-nation of fracture surface revealed that the ductile-brittle transition occurs at oxygen contents of 2987~5582 ppm.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.493-503
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• 2019

This study presents a new method of estimating the size distribution of river bed gravel through image processing. The analysis was done in two steps; first the individual grain images were analyzed and then the grain particle segmentation of river-bed images were processed. In the first part of the analysis, the relationships (long axes, intermediate axes and projective areas) between grain features from images and those measured were compared. For this analysis, 240 gravel particles were collected at three river stations. All particles were measured with vernier calipers and weighed with scales. The measured data showed that river gravel had shape factors of 0.514~0.585. It was found that the weight of gravel had a stronger correlation with the projective areas than the long or intermediate axes. Using these results, we were able to establish an area-weight formula. In the second step, we calculated the projective areas of the river-bed gravels by detecting their edge lines using the ImageJ program. The projective areas of the gravels were converted to the grain-size distribution using the formula previously established. The proposed method was applied to 3 small- and medium- sized rivers in Korea. Comparisons of the analyzed size distributions with those measured showed that the proposed method could estimate the median diameter within a fair error range. However, the estimated distributions showed a slight deviation from the observed value, which is something that needs improvement in the future.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.57-65
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• 2011

Numerical simulations by three-dimensional Particle Flow Code($PFC^{3D}$, Itasca) considering distinct element method (DEM) were carried out for prediction of triaxial compression test with sand material. The effect of scale conditions for numerical model and distinct material on final prediction results was analyzed by numerical models under various scale conditions, and following observations were made from the numerical experiments. It is very useful to model the initial material condition without any porosity conversion from 2-D to 3-D DEM. Numerical experiments have shown that in all cases considered, 3D distinct element modeling could provide good agreement on stress-strain behavior, volume change and strength properties with laboratory testing results. It was important thing to assess reasonable scale ratio of numerical model and distinct elements for saving calculation time and securing calculation efficiency under condition with accuracy and appropriateness as numerical laboratory. As results of DEM simulations under various scale conditions, most of results show that shear strength properties as cohesion and internal friction angle are similar in condition of $D_{mod}/D_{gmax}$ < 10. It shows that 3-D distinct element method could be used as efficient tool to assess strength properties by numerical laboratory technique.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2014

The Quality of municipal solid waste incineration ash (incineration ash) was analyzed for the purpose of the reusing for concrete material. The folwability and strength properties of concrete mixed with incinerator ash were investigated. CaO component was included more than 50% in chemical component of incinerator ash, mean size of 50% accumulated particle distribution of incinerator ash was about $25{\mu}m$. Particle shape of incinerator ash ($IA_1$) was massed the round shape with fine particle, particle shape of incinerator ash ($IA_2$) was piled up the sheet shape according to manufacture procedure. The Quality of concrete was effected by use of incinerator ash. When the incinerator Ash ($IA_2$) was used, slum of concrete was increased and dosage of high range water reducing agent was reduced. However, strength development of concrete was decreased. Dosage of high range water reducing agent was increased by combined use of incinerator ash ($IA_2$) and diatomite powder, but strength development of concrete was improved. Ratio of compressive strength and tensile strength was in the range 85%~105% of CEB-FIP model code.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.996-1000
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 마포대교 확장 공사의 인해 일부 교각의 우물통 기초 주변 하상변화와 세굴 현상을 파악하기 위한 심도추정 방법으로 현재 다양하게 토목분야에서 적용되고 있는 치하투과레이더 탐사기법을 사용하였다. 교각 우물통 주변의 안정적인 GPR 탐사를 수행하기 위한 보조장비를 고안하여 마포대교 P6의 우물통 주변을 2004년 6월(1차)과 2004년 10월(2차)에 걸쳐 탐사를 실시하였으며, 탐사 기간 중 약 12,000 cms의 유출량이 발생하여 국부세굴과 하상 변화 가능성을 충분히 검토 할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 수집된 자료를 통해 양질의 자료 획득을 위해서 자료의 보정 과정을 마친 후 각각의 구간에 대해서 1, 2차 탐사된 두 개의 자료를 비교 분석하였다. 전구간의 반사파를 이용하여 기존의 연구결과에서 얻어진 반사파의 양상(Beres and Haeni, 1991)과 비교한 결과 하상 표면은 미사 혹은 실트로 구성되어 있고 주요한 하상 하부 매질은 전석(boulder), 호박돌 등으로 이루어져 있었다. 그리고 1차 및 2차 탐사 자료와 DATAPCS의 세굴센서가 설치된 측점을 기준으로 심도 및 위치 보정을 한 결과 큰 오차는 발생하지 않았으며, 400 MHz 안테나를 활용하여 최대수심 약 10 m 이상 하상을 탐사할 수 있었다. 수심이 깊은 구간은 하상과 가까운 위치에서 탐사를 실시하여 양질의 하상 변화 양상을 파악할 수 있어 하상 재료의 정성적인 평가를 높일 수 있도록 하였다. 마포대교의 탐사 대상 교각 우물통 주변은 계획홍수량의 1/3 수준으로 비교적 적은 홍수량이 발생한 2004년의 호우사상으로 인해 일부구간이 약 $10\~20\;cm$ 정도의 퇴적과 세굴 영향이 나타난 것을 제외하고는 유의할 만한 세굴과 하상 변화가 발생하지 않고 매우 안정적인 상태를 보이고 있으며 되메움이나 두드러진 퇴적층의 양상 또한 확인할 수 없었다. 대상구간에 설치한 유속계 최대유속이 2.0 m/s 이상 발생하였지만 우물통 주변의 자갈 및 호박돌 등과 같은 평균입경이 큰 유사의 이동에 절대적인 한계유속을 초과하지 못한 것으로 판단된다. GPR 탐사의 적용 한계성을 극복한 본 연구는 홍수 전$\cdot$후의 하상변화 및 최대세굴심, 되메움 깊이 및 범위 등의 세굴현상을 현장탐사를 바탕으로 현재 다양하게 적용하고 있는 세굴 실험식과 비교 분석함으로써 우물통 주변의 효율적인 세굴 보호 대책을 강구하는 목적으로 그 활용성을 증대할 수 있을 것이다.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.9 no.2 s.32
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• pp.129-140
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• 2007

A major purpose of this study is to develop a drainage system that can quickly drain water penetrated into pavement layers to mitigate pot holes which is one of the major distress types in bridge deck pavements. This system can be established by applying a thin drainage layer between waterproof and pavement layers. The most important elements for this system are the performance of waterproof layer and construction technique for the thin drainage layer. The porous asphalt mix with the maximum aggregate size of 10mm is first developed based on the porous asphalt mix design guide proposed by NCAT, and various physical and mechanical tests are performed to confirm that the porous mix satisfies all the specification requirements. In addition, a series of laboratory tests including low-temperature bending and bonding strength tests for the MMA(Methyl Methacrylate) type of waterproofing material. It is observed from the tests that the MMA material satisfies all the specification requirements. To evaluate the Reld performance of the drainage system, a field study has been conducted on a relatively small size bridge. The QC/QA tests are conducted on the both waterproofing and pavement materials. It has been found that the drainage system works well to drain the water penetrated into the pavement layers.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.202-206
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• 2005

The present investigation provides an electromagnetic radiation absorptive composition which comprises silver-coated ferrite microspheres dispersed in silicon rubber matrix for the aim of thin microwave absorber in GHz frequencies. Ni-Zn ferrite spheres with $50{\mu}m$ size in average were prepared by spray-drying and sintering at $1130^{\circ}C$. Conductive silver layer was plated on ferrite spheres by electroless plating. Conductive Ni-Zn ferrite sphere with uniform silver layer were obtained in the concentration of 10 g/L $AgNO_3$ per 20 g ferrite spheres. For this powder, electrical resistance is reduced as low as $10^{-2}\~10^{-3}\;\Omega$. The most sensitive material parameters with silver plating is real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity. The conductive Ni-Zn ferrite spheres have large values of dielectric constant. Due to this high dielectric constant of microspheres, matching thickness is reduced to as low as 2 mm at the frequency of 7 GHz, which is much thinner than conventional ferrite absorbers.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1011-1020
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the material properties of stainless steel 316L specimens of untreated and UNSM treated material, hydrogen attacked material(100 bar, $300^{\circ}C$ at 120 h) and UNSM treated hydrogen attacked material at room temperature. Results demonstrated that the hydrogen attacked materials showed a tendency toward a slightly decreased fatigue strength, while the hydrogen embrittlement effect was smaller than the S-N curve of conventional untreated material. As compared to untreated material, the fatigue limit of the UNSM treated material increased by 43.8%, while it was 57.1％ higher in the UNSM treated hydrogen attacked material than in untreated hydrogen attacked material. The plastic deformation layer was ${\sim}152{\mu}m$ thick, as confirmed by maps showing the level of local plastic deformation affected by the UNSM treatment in three ways: an image quality map, inverse pole figure map, and kernel average misorientation map captured via electron back scatter diffraction. Owing to hydrogen embrittlement, about 90％ of surface cracks were smaller than the average grain size of $35{\mu}m$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.63-63
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• 2002

현재 기계적 합금화법에서는 주로 합금을 구성하는 성분원소 분말을 불활성분위기에서 볼밀처리 함으로써 함금화를 시키거나 모합금에 산화물을 분산시켜 복합화시키는 공정을 통하여 각종 화합물, 비정질상 및 과포화고용체등의 준안정상의 합성 뿐만이 아니라 초미세조직의 생성에 관한 폭 넓은 분야의 연구가 행하여지고 있다. 한편 MA에서는 볼멀처리중 기계적 에너지의 투여에 의하여 실제 반응온도보다 낮은 온도에서 발생하는 특이한 화학반응 즉 Mechanochemical 반응을 일으키 기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 헤마타이트($Fe_20_3$)와 금속윈소인 Ti의 MA처리에 의하여 고상환원반응 을 유기시켜 $Fe-TiO_2$계 nanocomposite 분말재료를 제조하고자 한다. 특히 MA 공정에 있어서 자기 물성의 변화와 X선 회절을 통하여 고상환원반응에 의한 복합분말의 생성과정을 조사하였다. 출발원료는 $Fe_20_3$(고순도화학제,99.9%, 평균입경 0.1$\mu\textrm{m}$)와 금속원소인 Ti(99.9%, 명균업경 150$\mu\textrm{m}$)을 몰비 2:3의 조성이 되도록 하여 MA를 실시하였다. 볼멀은 고에너지 유성형 볼밀장치(독일 제, Fritsch P-5)를 이용하였으며 진공치환형 용기에 원료분말을 장입하여 2회정도 진공배기한 후 아르곤 가스를 충전하여 볼밀을 행하였다. 얻어진 분말시료에 대하여 x-선 회절장치, 전자현미경 (SEM) 및 진동시료형자력계(VSM)를 통하여 결정구조, 미셰조직 빛 자기특성을 조사하였다. $Fe_2O_3-Ti$ 혼합분말의 MA처리 에 의하여 초기단계부터 환원반응과 함께 $Fe_3TIO_{lO}$ 중간상이 관찰 되었으나 30hrs의 MA처리 후 Fe와 산화물 $TiO_2$로 모두 환원되어 $Fe-TiO_2$계 나노복합분말이 얻어짐을 알 수 있었다. 이 때 X션 회절피크의 line broadening으로부터 복합분말의 Fe 명균 결정립 크기는 24nm로 초미세 결정럽의 분말합금이었다. 포화자화값은 볼밀처리에 따라 점점 증가하여 MA 30시간에는 20.3emu/g로 포화됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 보자력 Hc는 MA초기단계에 350e로 매우 낮으나 30시간 후에는 Hc값이 2600e로 매우 큰 값을 나타내었다. 이것은 환원반응결과 초기에 생성된 Fe의 결정립이 비교적 크고 결정결함이 적으나 볼밀처리를 30시간까지 행하면 Fe 결정렵의 미세화 빛 strain 증가로 magnetic hardening이 일어나기 때문인 것으로 사료된다.