• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.122-142
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• 2009

This study explored all domestic and international theories for maintenance and health enhancement of an old and big tree, and carried out the anatomical survey of the operation part of the tree toward he current status of domestic surgery and the perception survey of an expert group, and drew out following conclusion through the process of suggesting its reform plan. First, as a result of analyzing the correlation of the 67 subject trees with their ages, growth status. surroundings, it revealed that they were closely related to positional characteristic, damage size, whereas were little related to materials by fillers. Second, the size of the affected part was the most frequent at the bough sheared part under $0.09m^2$, and the hollow size by position(part) was the biggest at 'root + stem' starting from the behind of the main root and stem As a result of analyzing the correlation, the same result was elicited at the group with low correlation. Third, the problem was serious in charging the fillers (especially urethane) in the big hollow or exposed root produced at the behind of the root and stem part, or surface-processing it. The benefit by charging the hollow part was analyzed as not so much. Fourth, the surface-processing of fillers currently used (artificial bark) is mainly 'epoxy+woven fabric+cork', but it is not flexible, so it has brought forth problems of frequent cracks and cracked surface at the joint part with the treetextured part. Fifth, the correlation with the external status of the operated part was very high with the closeness, surface condition, formation of adhesive tissue and internal survey result. Sixth, the most influential thing on flushing by the wrong management of an old and big tree was banking, and a wrong pruning was the source of the ground part damage. In pruning a small bough can easily recover itself from its damage as its formation of adhesive tissue when it is cut by a standard method. Seventh, the parameters affecting the times of related business handling of an old and big tree are 'the need of the conscious reform of the manager and related business'. Eighth, a reform plan in an institutional aspect can include the arrangement of the law and organization of the old and big tree management and preservation at an institutional aspect. This study for preparing a reform plan through the status survey of the designated old and big tree, has a limit inducing a reform plan based on the status survey through individual research, and a weak point suggesting grounds by any statistical data. This can be complemented by subsequent studies.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.269-282
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• 2017

In this study, the surface broadband emissivity ($3.0-14.0{\mu}m$) was calculated using the multiple linear regression model with narrow bands (channels 29, 30, and 31) emissivity data of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Earth Observing System Terra satellite. The 307 types of spectral emissivity data (123 soil types, 32 vegetation types, 19 types of water bodies, 43 manmade materials, and 90 rock) with MODIS University of California Santa Barbara emissivity library and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission & Reflection Radiometer spectral library were used as the spectral emissivity data for the derivation and verification of the multiple linear regression model. The derived determination coefficient ($R^2$) of multiple linear regression model had a high value of 0.95 (p<0.001) and the root mean square error between these model calculated and theoretical broadband emissivities was 0.0070. The surface broadband emissivity from our multiple linear regression model was comparable with that by Wang et al. (2005). The root mean square error between surface broadband emissivities calculated by models in this study and by Wang et al. (2005) during January was 0.0054 in Asia, Africa, and Oceania regions. The minimum and maximum differences of surface broadband emissivities between two model results were 0.0027 and 0.0067 respectively. The similar statistical results were also derived for August. The surface broadband emissivities by our multiple linear regression model could thus be acceptable. However, the various regression models according to different land covers need be applied for the more accurate calculation of the surface broadband emissivities.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2009

On the purpose to improve the milling efficiency as well as head-rice percentage after milling, an experiment to improve the removal ability of immature kernels in the immature brown rice separator (IBRS) was performed focused on varietal characteristics. The removal ability of immature grains by the IBRS was absolutely depending on kernel thickness of brown rice. The kernel thickness of the tested rice varieties distributed from 1.79 mm in Nonganbyeo to 2.16 mm in Daeribbyeo 1. Although there were some variation among rice varieties, it was roughly suggested that the suitable sieve-slit widths for good separation of the immature kernels were 1.9 mm for the varieties thicker than 2.08 mm in thickness, 1.8 mm for the varieties with 2.00-2.08 mm thickness, 1.7 mm for the varieties with 1.90-2.00 mm thickness, and 1.60-1.65 mm for the varieties thinner than 1.7 mm. It was found out that the higher the proportions of immature kernels in brown rice, the more conspicuous the improvement of milling efficiency as well as head rice rates by their removals. With increasing the sieve slit-widths beyond an optimum range, the losses of mature grains increased sharply. For effective separation of immature kernels, it was suggested that the optimum sieve-slit width should be set up depending on both of the kernel thickness and the critical loss limit of mature kernel.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory activities of proteoglycan extracted from cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009. The proteoglycan contained two polymer peaks, one was the higher MW peak of 2,000 kD and the other was low peaks of 12kD. To understand the part of strong pharmaceutical activity between two peak, the proteoglycan was separated by ultrafiltration and column chromatography and then examined the various pharmaceutical effects. High molecular weight fraction possesing high content of ${\beta}-linked$ glucan was exhibited high antitumor activity, against sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mouse. And also, anticomplementary activity was highly observed in high molecule fraction than low it fraction. When the raw 264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophage treated with low fraction, high fraction and other stimuli. The activities inducing tumor necrosis factor of the high factions were $2.2{\sim}2.5$ times stronger than that of low fraction.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was aimed to compare the margin and internal fitness of 3-unit zirconia bridge cores fabricated by several CAD/CAM systems using replica technique. Materials and methods: Three unit-bridge models in which upper canine and upper second premolar were used as abutments and upper first premolar was missed, were fabricated. Fourty models were classified into 4 groups (Cerasys$^{(R)}$ (Group C), Dentaim$^{(R)}$ (Group D), KaVo Everest$^{(R)}$ (Group K), $Lava^{TM}$ (Group L)), and zirconia cores were fabricated by each company. Sixteen points were measured on each abutment by replica technique. Statistical analysis was accomplished with two way ANOVA and Dunnett T3 (${\alpha}$=.05). Results: In most systems, there was a larger gap on inter margin than outer margin. In the Group K, overall fitness was excellent, but the incisal gap was very large. In the Group C, marginal gap was significantly larger than Group K, but overall internal gap was uniform (P<.05). The axial gap was under $100\;{\mu}m$ in all system. The difference between internal and external gap was small on Group L and C. However, internal gap was significantly larger than external gap in Group D (P<.05). The fitness of canine was better than second premolar among abutments (P<.05). Conclusion: The marginal and internal gap was within the clinically allowed range in all of the three systems. There was a larger gap on second premolar than canine on internal and marginal surface. In most systems, there was a larger gap on occlusal surface than axial surface.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2019

Purpose: Tomo therapy and Proton therapy treatment plans for the treatment of prostate cancer patients were established, and the characteristics of dose distribution according to beam delivery method using Tomo therapy IMRT method and Proton therapy PBS method to compare and analyze the treatment effect were sought. Materials and Methods: Tomo IMRT treatment plan and Proton PBS treatment plan were established using the Hi.art planning station 5.1.1.6 of Tomo therapy and Eclipse 13.7 of VARIAN for three prostate cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy only for radical purposes without surgery. For the evaluation of two treatment plans, the average dose (Dmean) and maximum dose (Dmax) of PGTV were calculated from dose volume histogram (DVH) to confirm the coverage and calculate CI and HI. In OAR evaluation, the dose received from the rectal volume 25% and the dose received from the bladder were evaluated to compare the normal long-term protection effect. Results: The mean maximum doses of the three patients were 71.4Gy, 75.3Gy and the mean doses were 70.4Gy and 72.8Gy in the DVH of the Tomo IMRT and Proton PBS. The CI was 1.16 and 1.31, and the HI was 0.04 and 0.12 respectively, and the Tomo IMRT was superior to the Proton PBS in dose suitability. Conclusion: The mean dose of PGTV in prostate cancer patients was 3.4% higher in Proton PBS than in Tomo IMRT. This is because the Dose suitability of Tomo IMRT was better, but it is considered to be a small difference to be seen as a significant result. However, the results of the two methods were 51.2% in D 25% and 55.7% less in the average dose of bladder, which could reduce the side effects of patients in proton PBS.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.763-771
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various temperatures of electro-magnetic resonance and air blast freezing methods on the physicochemical quality of meat. Beef (loin and round), pork (belly and ham) and chicken (breast and leg) were purchased at a commercial market, and the meat was frozen using three methods: air blast freezing ($-20^{\circ}C$ and $-45^{\circ}C$) and electro-magnetic resonance quick freezing. Changes in the physicochemical properties of meat were analyzed by drip loss, cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC) and proximate compositions. In comparison, regardless of the animal species and cuts of meat, electro-magnetic resonance quick freezing (2 h) resulted in a completely frozen product in a much shorter time than $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-45^{\circ}C$ air blast freezing (24 h and 8 h, respectively). Drip loss of loin which had underwent electro-magnetic resonance quick freezing were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of the other two treatments, but cooking loss and water holding capacity were the highest at 43.7% and 60.7%, respectively (p<0.05). Characteristics such as crude protein, crude fat and moisture compositions showed significant differences, depending on the cuts and freezing methods (p<0.05). The fat composition of electro-magnetic resonance quick frozen loin and round were significantly low (p<0.05). However, moisture content was the highest compared to other freezing methods, as 67.1% and 71.9%, respectively (p<0.05). Electro-magnetic resonance quick freezing was an appropriate way to reduce the deterioration of meat quality due to freezing, and the drip loss was least for the part with low moisture, low protein, and high fat.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.271-279
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• 2012

Total twenty cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown at Gangneung where is located in low land of Korea. Their tubers were harvested from 100 to 120 days after planting, and over 150 g of tubers were selected for quality evaluation. Dry matter, starch, amylose in starch, ascorbic acid, protein, individual sugars and mineral were analyzed and mealiness of cooked potatoes were also evaluated by panel test. Dry mater content was the highest in 'Haryeong', 'Jayoung' and 'Shepody', and the biggest starch granules were observed in 'Jayoung' and 'Sinnamjak'. In addition, the content of amylose was highest in 'Haryeong', 'Chudong' and 'Goun'. Mineral content showed the slight difference between cultivars, but it's tendency was not clear. Vitamin C content was highest in 'Jayoung' as 62.5 $mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ FW, and 'Chugang' exhibited the highest content of protein. Sugar content was lower in cultivars for single one than double cropping. The lowest sugar content was observed in 'Atlantic' and 'Namseo' among cultivars for single cropping, and in 'Goun' for double cropping. As a result of analysis for quality factors, we could select nine cultivars ('Atlantic', 'Gahwang', 'Gawon', 'Goun', 'Hareong', 'Irish Cobbler', 'Jasim', 'Jayoung' and 'Shepody') with high dry matter content and low reducing sugar as a cultivar group for processing. Additionally, seven cultivars ('Chugang', 'Gawon', 'Goun', 'Hareong', 'Irish Cobbler', 'Jasim' and 'Seohong') with high mealiness and amylose content and five cultivars ('Atlantic', 'Chudong', 'Gahwang', 'Jopung' and 'Jowon') with low mealiness and amylose content were classified as groups for boiled or steam cooking and for soup or pot dishes, respectively.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.8-25
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• 1994

The study was conducted to obtain the genetic information on heterosis and combining ability of the quantitative characters for F1 hybrid breeding in silkworms. Six parental varieties and each set of 30 diallel crosses in F1's were used as materials, and bred on the randomized complete block design with three replications. Fourteen characters were observed with the twenty samples in each tray. The data were analyzed for (1) heterosis and combining ability in F1 hybrid. The heterosis in the weight and the length of cocoon showed positively high at 24.51%, and 23.4%, respectively and the weight of the whole cocoon as well as the weight of the whole cocoon layer showed a siginificant heterosis ranging from 15.56% to 15.71% and from 17.14% to 19.01%, but the fifth and the total instar period showed negative heterosis. It was found that the combination between, C70XRomogua and N9 X Romogua showed highly a negative heterosis on the fifth instar period and for the cocoon weight. The female of N9+Sansuian and the male of Romogua X Sansurian have a high heterosis effect, on the cocoon shell weight, and Sansurian X Romogua(reciprocal) on the length and the weight of cocoon filament with no regard to sexuality. The significant maternal and cytoplasmic effect on heterosis of the cocoon weight and the cocoon shell weight were observed with the combinations, N9 X C5, N63 X C70 and on the length of the cocoon filament with the combinations, Sansurian X N63, Sansurian X C5, Sansurian X C70 and N9 X C70, N63 X C70 on the weight of cocoon filament. As mean squared of GCA, SCA and RCA were significant with these combining ability for all characters resulted from additive and non-additive altogether and there is a significant difference between reciprocals. Sansurian showed a negative GCA effect on the fifth and total larval duration, but the higher positive GCA effects took places with varieties N9 and C5 on the length, width, weight of cocoon, cocoon shell weight, percentage of cocoon shell weight, length and weight of cocoon filament, percentage of raw-silk with no regard to both generations and silkworm sexuality. The values of SCA between the cross combinations varied generation-wise and sex-wise. It was shown that SCA value for the fifth instar period was highly negative for Sansurian X C70, Romogua X C70, Sansurian X C5, Romogua X C5, but it was positive effect on the cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight with N9 X C5, and C70 X Sansurian, on the length of cocoon filament with N9 X C5, Romogua X Sansurian on the weight of cocoon filament between Romogua and N63 and on the percentage of raw-silk between the combination of Sansurian X Romoga.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.291-303
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• 2020

Marine organism-derived toxins have negative effects not only on human health but also in aquaculture, fisheries, and marine ecosystems. However, traditional analytical methods are insufficient in preventing this threat. In this paper, we reviewed new rapid methods of toxin detection, which have been improved by adopting diverse types of nanomaterials and technologies. Moreover, we herein describe the main strategies for toxin detection and their related sensing performance. Notably, to popularize and commercialize these newly developed technologies, simplifying the process of pre-treating real samples real samples is very important. As part of these efforts, numerous studies have reported pretreatment methods based on the antibody-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles, and some cases have applied nanoparticles to enhance the sensing performance by utilizing the intrinsic catalytic activity. Furthermore, some reports have introduced fluorescent nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, to represent the lower detection limits of conventional enzyme-based colorimetric methods and lateral flow assays. Some studies using electrochemical measurements based on aptamer-nanoparticle complexes have also been announced. In addition, as the response to new toxins generated by changes in the marine environment is still lacking, further research on diagnostic and detection is also greatly needed for these kinds of marine toxins and their derivatives.