• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the changes in ginsenosides content according to additional UV-A, and UV-B LED irradiation before harvesting the ginseng sprouts. One-year-old ginseng seedlings (n=100) were transplanted in a tray containing a ginseng medium. The ginseng sprouts were grown for 37 days at a temperature of 20℃ (24h), a humidity of 70%, and an average light intensity of 80 µmol·m^-2·s^-1 (photoperiod; 24h) in a container-type plant factory. Ginseng sprouts were then transferred to a custom chamber equipped with UV-A (370 nm; 12.90 W·m^-2) and UV-B (300 nm; 0.31 W·m^-2) LEDs and treated for 3 days. Growth parameters and ginsenoside contents in shoot and root were conducted by harvesting on days 0 (control), 1, 2, and 3 of UV treatments, respectively. The growth parameters showed non-significant differences between the control and the UV treatments (wavelengths or the number of days). Ginsenoside contents of the shoot was highly improved by 186% in UV-A treatment compared to the control in 3 days of the treatment time. The ginsenoside contents of the roots was more improved in UV-A 1-day treatment and UV-B 3-day treatment, compared to the control by 171% and 160%, respectively. As a result of this experiment, it is thought that UV LED irradiation before harvesting can produce sprout ginseng with high ginsenoside contents in a plant factory.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2023

There are many different types of cultivation in tomatoes for year-round production. One of them, semi-forcing cultivation is characterized by growing seedlings in winter season. If grafted seedlings are used in winter season that energy cost can be reduced, because they have tolerance to cold stress. This study was conducted to analyze the rootstock performance by measuring the growth, yield, and leaf-macronutrient content of cherry tomatoes grown in semi-forcing hydroponics. Three domestic rootstocks 'HSF4', '21LM', '21A701', and a control cultivar 'B-blocking' were grafted onto jujube-shaped cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) commercial cultivar 'Nonari'. The total yield per plant with grafted cherry tomato '21A701' was 3,387g, which was 11%, 22% and 24% higher than the yield with 'B-blocking', non-grafted one and 'HSF4'. The stem diameter of '21A701' was thick with 8.26mm, whereas non-grafted one was thin with 7.23mm at 160 days after transplanting. The flowering position of '21LM' was 34% and 47% higher than the flowering position of 'B-blocking' and non-grafted one at 153 days after transplanting. The NO₃-N concentration in petiole sap of '21LM' was the highest with 1,746mg·L^-1 and non-grafted one and 'HSF4' were the lowest with 1,252mg·L^-1 and 1,245mg·L^-1 at 167 days after transplanting. The results indicated that rootstock/scion combinations in cherry tomatoes can affect the plant growth, yield, and the concentration of different NO₃-N in leaves at the late growth stage. Both '21A701' and '21LM' have vigorous root system, which influence the growth and yield increased.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.29
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• pp.133-152
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• 2023

This study references preceding studies to examine the history of paint application techniques using various paints in the past, with the aim to contribute to the long-term preservation of large military cultural heritage assets situated outdoors. To this end, the study compared the findings of preceding research with the findings of an analysis conducted on a H-13 helicopter housed at the War Memorial of Korea. Upon collecting and analyzing samples from three grounded WWII aircraft from above-ground by preceding studies, it was confirmed from each sample that the various chemical properties of chrome ensured the effectiveness of the protective coating. The compound was first tested as a corrosion-inhibiting pigment in the early 1940s and proved its excellent moisture-resistant properties over the course of 80 years, despite the deterioration of the paint layer and long-term exposure to the natural environment. For this reason, it has been widely used as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloys in the aviation industry. In other word, the most widely-used material for preventing corrosion was an organic primer containing chromate. In this study, based on the paint analysis of a H-13 helicopter operated in the Korean War, it was shown that the second layer, consisting of the primer, contains chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃). In addition, it was estimated that red lead tetraoxide (Pb₃O₄) was used for the vehicle. Analysis results and data from previous studies can help to confirm the continued effectiveness of corrosion prevention function provided by chromate. Meanwhile, the result of infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the use of alkyd resin. In the future, comparisons with a more diverse range of artifacts will allow the identification of changes in the manufacturing technology of paints used to protect alloys from corrosion.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of mouthwash containing sodium chloride on dental plaque, gingival inflammation index, and bad breath through clinical trials. Materials and Methods: This trial was designed as 12 weeks and subjects were instructed to put an appropriate amount of the provided standard detergent on a toothbrush and brush their teeth 3 times a day. They were instructed to gargle a mouthwash provided to each group after brushiung. Efficacy was evaluated by performing gingival and periodontal-related index tests, dental plaque changes, and bad breath tests a total of 5 times. All data were statistically analyzed using 2-sample t-test, paired t-test to compare between groups at 95% significance level using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0. Results: As a result of the PMA index measurement, the gingivitis improvement effect rate of the experimental group compared to the control group was 107.63% after 8 weeks and 73.08% after 12 weeks. As a result of the PHP index measurement, the plaque improvement effect rate of the experimental group compared to the control group was 79.37% after 8 weeks and 74.06% after 12 weeks. As a result of measuring volatile sulfur compounds using Oral Chroma, the effectiveness of improvement in bad breath in the experimental group was 65.06% after 8 weeks and 99.33% after 12 weeks, compared to the control group. Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was confirmed that effective gingivitis alleviation, plaque removal effect and bad breath removal effect can be expected when a mouthwash containing sodium chloride, green tea extract, and sodium monofluorophosphate is used.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2023

Aggregate is used to produce stable materials like concrete and asphalt and is fundamental to meet the social needs of housing, industry, road, energy and health. A total of 42.35 billion tons of aggregate were produced in 2021 worldwide, an increase of 0.91% compared to the previous year. Among them, 2 billion tons were produced in China, India, European Union and United States, making up to 71.75% of the share. South Korea has witnessed a constant increase in aggregate production, overtaking Mexico and Japan for seventh place with 390 million tons and 0.85% of the share. The industrial sand and gravel produced globally amounted to 352.66 million tons. The top seven countries with the highest production were China, United States, Netherlands, Italy, India, Turkey and France, and their production exceeded 10 million tons and held a share of 74.69%. Exports of natural rock recorded $21.68 billion in 2021, increased by $2.3 billion compared to the previous year, while exports of artificial rock increased by $2.66 billion to $13.59 billion. Exports of sand reached $1.71 billion with United States, Netherlands, Germany and Belgium being the four countries with the highest exports of sand. The four countries exported more than $100 million in sand and took up 57.70% of the total amount. Exports of gravel totaled $2.75 billion, with China, Norway, Germany, Belgium, France and Austria in the lead, making up to 48.30% of the total share. The aggregate quarry started to surge in the 1950s due to the change in people's lifestyle such as population growth, urbanization and infrastructure delvelopment. Demand for aggregate is also skyrocketing to prevent land reclamation and flood caused by sea-level rise. Demand for aggregate, which was around 24 gigatons in 2011, is expected to double to 55 gigatons in 2060. However, it is likely that aggregate extraction will heavily damage the ecosystem and the world will eventually face a shortage of aggregate followed by tense social conflict.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-47
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• 2014

This research was conducted on the purpose of seeking the measures of how to cope with the changing industry of Topokki franchises. Despite of the fact the number of Kukdae Topokki's stores is quite smaller than that of its competitors, such as Jaws Topokki and Addal Topokki, Kukdae Topokki is recognized as one of the front-runners in the industry. But the competition in the topokki industry has become fiercer, as the market became saturated. To find a desirable solutions, this study analyzes past-to-current status of the Topokki industry by dividing it into 4 stages and provides few strategies that Kukdae Topokki can apply to the 4th stage where 'brand awareness' is very important. To this end, few drawbacks of Kukdae Topokki are proposed as the following. First, the brand image that Kukdae Topokki pursue does not correspondent with the image in consumer's mind. Second, Kukdae Topokki has selected the wrong targeting group. It aims for the image of 'retro' to target people in their 30-40s. However, most of the consumers are people in their 20-30s. Third, the taste of Kukdae Topokki is not uniform among franchises. Fourth, the awareness and accessability are low. To provide a proactive actions for the next stages, several solutions are proposed as following. First, By managing consistent Kukdae Topokki's Brand Touch point, consumers may have a strong image on the brand by communicating with consumers consistently at all touch points. Second, instead of the existing guide from the head office(franchiser), a standardized criteria for the usage of materials and periodical education for franchisee are needed. Third, to raise the awareness of Kukdae Topokki, open many branches in the area where the main consumers(20-30s women) are mostly spread out.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1B
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

Water quality improvement in mattress/filter system using porous material like slag from industrial activity and zeolite that has been studied for environment improvement and pollution abatement is very useful in polluted stagnant stream channel. Slag is consisted of CaO, $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$. Slag with large specific surface area of porosity has been used such as sludge settling and adsorptive materials. Because slag is porous, it can be used for purification filter. As slag is used as filled materials of mattress/filter system and the system has good advantages for the waste water treatment, water recycling, and the improvement of water quality at the same time and so on. Because zeolite has much advantage of cation exchange, adsorption, catalyst and dehydration characteristics, It is used for environment improvement of livestock farms, treatment of artificial sewage and waste water, improvement of drinking water quality, radioactive waste disposal and radioactive material pollution control. In this study, according to verifying effects of water quality improvement of fill materials by porosity that 38.6%, 45.8% and 49.8% respectively in the stagnant stream channel, water quality monitoring of inflow and outflow was conducted on pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P. Mattress/filter system was able to accelerate water quality improvement by biofilter as waste water flows through gap of mattress/filter fill materials and by contact catalysis, absorption, catabolism by biofilm. Mattress/filter system used slag and zeolite forms biofilm easily and accelerates adsorption of organic matter. As a result, mattress/filter system increases water self-purification and accelerates water quality improvement available for stream water clean-up.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2022

다복찰은 전라북도농업 기술원에서 2012~2020년에 신명흑찰과 익산488호를 교배하여 육성한 찰벼이며, 중대립, 단간, 내도복, 다수성의 특징을 보인다. 동진찰은 1998년도에 육성되었으며, 우리나라에서 가장 인기 있는 찰벼이다(재배면적 25,161ha/2021년 기준). 드문모심기 재배 기술은 2017년부터 도입되었으며, 밀파 육묘하여 재식밀도 및 재식주수를 감소함으로써 소요되는 재료비 등 경비 및 투입되는 노동력을 절감하는 경제성 있는 기술이다. 따라서 본 연구는 전라북도농업기술원에서 육성한 다복찰 보급 확대 및 가장 인기 높은 동진찰의 드문모심기 재배기술 확립 일환으로 시작되었으며, 2024년까지 3년간 실시할 계획이다. 시험은 기술원 논 포장에서 실시하였으며, 시험품종은 다복찰, 동진찰, 시험요인은 이앙시기(3처리) 및 재식밀도(4처리)를 두었다. 이앙시기별로 이앙 17일 전에 온탕소독(62℃, 10분), 종자소독(32℃, 1일), 침종(32℃, 1일), 간이출하(30℃, 3일) 과정을 거쳐 부직포 육묘(12일 정도)를 실시하였다. 5월20일(이앙520)부터 5월30일(이앙530), 6월9일(이앙609)까지 10일 간격으로 드문모심기 전용 이앙기로 이앙하였으며, 주당 본수는 5.7개 정도였다. 이앙 시기별로 시험포장을 구분하였고 포장내에 2품종, 각각 3.3m2당 80주, 60주, 50주, 37주 등 재식밀도 처리구를 두었으며, 처리구마다 3반복 조사구(10주/반복, 5본/주) 설치하였다. 10a당 9-4.5-5.7kg(N-P₂O₅-K₂O)를 밑거름(50%)-분얼거름(20)-이삭거름(30) 등 3회 거쳐 시비하였다. 중간물떼기는 이앙32일째부터 10일간 실시하였으며, 예상 출수 30일 전에 충분하게 담수하였다. 이앙20일째부터 10일 간격으로 경수, 초장, 엽색도 등 생육 조사, 그리고 출수기, 후기 생육 및 병해충을 조사하였다. 향후 수확기에 수량, 수량구성요소, 미질 및 품위를 분석할 계획이다. 시험토양은 pH 6.0~6.3, EC는0.68~0.85dS/m, 유기물함량은 52~57g/kg 수준으로 높았다. 동진찰 발아율(94.0~98.1%)이 다복찰(89.9~94.9%)보다 우수하였다(3~6%P ↑). 다복찰 묘 충실도(102~106mg/주)가 동진찰(79~101mg/주)보다 다소 좋았으며, 이앙530 묘소질이 가장 좋았다. 동진찰 초장은 다복찰에 비해 다소 길었으나 이앙시기 및 재식밀도별 초장의 변화 유형은 비슷하였다. 이앙520구의 80주에서 초장이 가장 작았고 이앙609구에서는 80주에서 다소 길었으나, 처리구간의 유의성은 없었다. 동진찰 및 다복찰 경수는 37주에서 이앙 후 40일째, 50주, 60주, 80주에서는 30일째 가장 컸다. 출수기는 다복찰에 비해 동진찰이 3~7일 정도 빨랐으며, 특히 이앙520 동진찰에서는 재식밀도가 높을수록 출수기가 빠른 경향을 보였으며, 이앙530 이후에는 재식밀도간 차이가 거의 없었다. 동진찰에 비해 다복찰 간장이 3~6cm 작았으며, 2품종 모두 이앙609구에서 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 수장도 간장과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 수수는 2품종 모두 이앙이 늦을수록 증가하였으며, 37주에서 가장 높았으며, 80주에 비해 다복찰, 동진찰 각각 73.8%, 77.4% 높았다. 다복찰의 경우 3.3m²당 수수는 이앙시기별과 관계없이 상대적으로 80주에서 가장 많았고 이앙520에서 재식밀도간 차이는 감소하였지만 이앙시기가 늦을수록 수수는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 동진찰도 비슷한 경향을 보였으며, 이앙520과 이앙609 사이에 수수 차이는 적었다. 병 발생은 잎집무늬마름병, 세균성벼알마름병, 이삭누룩병이 주로 관찰되었으며, 세균성 벼알마름병은 출수기와 맞물린 이앙530에서 가장 크게 발생하였으며, 이앙520도 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 이삭누룩병 발생이 심하였는데 재식밀도간 차이보다는 이앙시기별 차이가 더 크게 발생하였으며 품종 간의 병 발생 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로 수수 측면에서 조기 이앙할 경우에는 50~60주, 늦은 이앙 시에는 80주가 유리할 것으로 보이며, 추후주당 립수, 등숙률, 천립중 등을 조사하고 경영비 등을 고려하여 합리적인 이앙시기 및 재식밀도를 판단할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.166-177
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• 2023

The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) suffers economic losses in aquaculture facilities due to problems such as poor body color and carapace weakness. While this species is farmed on an animal-based diet, in the wild it consumes a detritus diet with a high proportion of plant matter. The plant matter they consume in the wild is not only a source of basic nutrients, but also carotenoids, which are responsible for body color. Korean goldenbell (Forsythia koreana) is a flowering tree widely distributed in Korea, and its leaves contain carotenoids comparable to yellow carrots. In this study, we investigated the effects of feeding Forsythia leaves to M. rosenbergii on their body color and health. The experimental diets were 100% commercial feed (control), CON, 80% commercial feed plus 20% Forsythia leaf powder, FP, and 80% commercial feed plus 20% unprocessed Forsythia leaves, FL, and each diet was fed to juvenile prawn with an average weight of 1.1 ± 0.2 g for 10 weeks. In terms of body color, the CON prawn were consistently clear ivory in color, while the FP and FL prawn changed from blue to dark brown as the days of rearing progressed. Survival and growth were not significantly different between CON and FP or FL. Histological comparison of the hepatopancreas revealed that the vacuole size of B cells, the constituent cells of the hepatopancreatic tubule, was significantly larger in FP and FL compared to CON. The vacuoles of B cells are responsible for the absorption and digestion of nutrients, suggesting that the supply of Forsythia leaves may have had a positive effect on the health of the M. rosenbergii. The above results show that the use of Forsythia leaves in the aquaculture of M. rosenbergii can be expected to improve body color and health without inhibiting growth.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2024

Purpose: This aim of this study was to demonstrate growth factors that differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes and to evaluate cell proliferation enhancement by needle size differences. Materials and Methods: Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in chondrogenic medium supplemented with BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-13, FGF-2, FGF-18, IGF-1, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3 and without growth factors for 14, 21, and 28 days. Then, the expression levels of SOX-5, SOX-6, SOX-9 and FOXO1A were comparatively analyzed. Human mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated into culture dishes using 18, 21, and 26 gauge (G) needles, and cell proliferation was measured after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Results: In addition to the previously known FGF, IGF-1, and TGFβ1,the BMP family growth factors such as BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, and BMP-7 increased the expression of chondrocyte differentiation genes SOX-5, SOX-6, SOX-9, and FOXO1A. At 48 hours, the 26G group, the smallest needle, showed significant cell proliferation improvement compared to the control group and the 18G group. At 72 hours, the 26G group, the smallest needle, showed significant increase in cell proliferation compared to the control group. Conclusion: Through this study, growth factors with the ability to induce chondrocyte differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells were investigated, and cell proliferation changes by needle size differences were determined.