• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2009

Temperature phase anaerobic co-digestion process was conducted with the one to one mixture of food wastewater with livestock wastewater, and the presence and the dynamics of various pathogenic microorganisms was analyzed. The mixture contained various enteric and pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Yeast. Anaerobic digestion has become stabilized around 21 days after the reaction started, showing about 80% to 90% of remarkable reduction rates of microorganisms until this period in acidogenic reactor (AR) and methanogenic reactor (MR), respect ively. After stabilization, the average reduction rate of organic matter was recorded as around 60% in MR. Most microorganisms in the effluent were not detected at around the last period of the reaction, except Listeria and S. aureus, which showed the growth even at the last day of the reaction.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.341-347
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FVM) on broiler chick performance, pathogenic bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella) counts in caecal contents and amount of $NH_3$ in excreta. Ninety-six broiler chicks (HanHyup No. 3, Korea) were divided into four groups: 1) Control (basal diet), 2) T1 (supplemented with 1% FVM), 3) T2 (3% FVM), and T3 (5% FVM), and rose for 7 weeks. In results, there were no significant differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass yield. However, giblets were significantly increased in FVM treatments compared with control group (p<0.05). The number of Salmonella in caecum was significantly decreased in FVM treatments compared with control group (p<0.05). The number of E. coli was decreased in T2 but increased in T1 and T3 compared with control group. The emission of fecal $NH_3$ gas was significantly decreased in accordance with increasing the feeding level of FVM (p<0.05). In conclusion, our data indicated that the supplementation of high level of FVM could inhibit the Salmonella in caecum and reduce the emission of fecal $NH_3$ gas. Therefore, FVM at 5% level could be added in the diet of broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 1993

Distribution and variation of bacterial densities of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and Enterobacteriaceae in the water supply systems comprising raw, treated, and three tap water samples of a water treatment plant in Seoul were studied 23 times from 1991 to 1992. HPC bacteria of raw. treated, and tap waters on $R_{2}A$ agar media were at a density of $1.22{\times}10^{3} to 3.05{\times}10^{5}$, $1.50{\times}10^{1} to 4.29{\times}10^{3}$ and 2 to $5.41{\times}10^{3}$ cfu/ml, respectively. Densities of Enterobacteriaceae in raw, treated, and tap waters on mENDO-LES agar media ranged from 0.] to 8200 cfu/ml, 0 to 17.5 cfu/JOO mI. and 0 to 47.5 cfu/IOO ml, respectively. Injured Enterobacteriaceae of treated and tap waters on m-T7 agar media were at a density of o to 27 and 0 to 35 cfu/100 mI. These results showed that the density of bacteria in the treated water outflowing from the water plant significantly increased as the water flowed along the distribution sytems, which is so-called bacterial regrowth. The predominant bacteria] types in the water supply system were Pw'udomonas and Acinerobacter. In raw water, the ratio of Pseudomonas was higher than that of Acinetobaeter, but in treated and tap waters. both ratios were reversed. The most predominant species of Enterobacteriaceae was Enterobacter agglomerans. Some species such as Citrobacter freundii. Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumoniae. and Shigella dysenteriae which are opportunistic pathogens or pathogens were not found in the treated water but additionally detected in tap waters.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2001

In order to investigate the pathogenicity and development of differential identification technique in the Yersinia species and other entericbacteria, we isolated 5 strains of Y.pseudotuberculosis from spring water sites in Seoul. The biochemical characteristics of isolated strains revealed that indole, VP($25^{\circ}C$, $37^{\circ}C$), $H_2S$, phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, gas from glucose, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, oxidase and motility($37^{\circ}C$) were all negative and urease, glucose, mannitol, salicin, catalase and motility($25^{\circ}C$) were all positive. To detect the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis(Y.pseudotuberculosis), we carried out a study using a PCR with inv primers complementary to the pathogenic region and found that all strains were positive, this revealed that strains from spring waters were pathogenic. Also 16S rDNA for total 5 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis were amplified and a stretch of approximately 1,450 nucleotides were sequenced and analyzed. The 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence homologies among Yersinia species ranged 97.5% to 100% and between Y.pseudotuberculosis and other entericbacteria they ranged 93.0% to 95.1%. The Phylogenetic tree generated from the sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA gene showed 3 coherent clusters that could be separated into Y.pseudotuberculsis strains, some Yersinia species strains and other entericbacteria strains.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.142-145
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• 2013

장 통합성은 가금 성장과 육 생산의 유전적 잠재력 발현을 충분히 하기 위한 사료 영양소들의 최고 이용에 필요한 장 건강 유지로 정의 될 수 있다. 장 건강은 장 통합성과 사료 첨가제들의 선정에 미치는 단백질의 양과 질이나 산패지방의 사용과 같은 영양적 결정과 사료 원료들의 영양범위를 아는 것이 중요하다. 전통적으로 사료 중 항생물질 사용은 장 건강 유지를 위한 최선의 선택이었다. 그러나 가금생산에 전세계적 항생물질 과사용(過使用)으로 항생제 내성 세균이 출현하는 원인이 되었다. 사료 중 항생제 사용으로 발생하는 내성 미생물에 관한 우려는 장내 병원균에 대한 예방제제 및 성장 촉진제 양쪽으로 작용하는 대체 제품을 찾는 연구를 발생시켰다. 씨트렉스는 성장 촉진제로서 그리고 가금 위장관내 내 병원성 세균의 증식억제제를 대표한다.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 1987

In order to determine the virulence properties of eleven strains of Sh. flexneri isolated from diarrheal patients the congo red test, the $Ser{\acute{e}}ny$ test, the HeLa cell invasion test and electrophoresis of plasmids were carried out. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Virulent strains were not determined by the result of Congo red absorption test. 2. Virulent strains showed positive reaction by the Sereny test and the HeLa cells invasion, but avirulent strains revealed negative reaction at those tests. 3. The temperature condition of bacterial growth was a factor of virulent expression. 4. Virulent strains were mostly possessed of a 130.3 Mdal plasmid, but avirulent strains were not.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.420-426
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify control points through microbiological hazard analysis in the manufacturing processes of starch noodles. Samples were collected from the ingredients, manufacturing processes, equipment and environment. Microbiological hazard assessments were performed using aerobic plate counts (APC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), E. coli and five pathogens including B. cereus, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus. The APC levels in raw materials were from 2.12 to 3.83 log CFU/g. The contamination levels after kneading were 4.31 log CFU/g for APCs and 2.88 log CFU/g for EB counts. APCs decreased to 1.63 log CFU/g and EB were not detected after gelatinization, but their levels slightly increased upon cooling, cutting, ripening, freezing, thawing, and separating. The reuse of cooling and coating water would be a critical source of microbial increase after cooling. After drying, APCs and EB counts decreased to 5.05 log CFU/g and 2.74 log CFU/g, respectively, and the levels were maintained to final products. These results suggest that the cooling process is a critical control point for microbiological safety, and the cooling water should be treated and controlled to prevent cross contamination by pre-requisite program.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2024

This study examined the fecal samples of striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius coreae) captured in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. Fecal samples, including the colon and other intestinal organs, were collected and subjected to aerobic culture to investigate the distribution of intestinal microorganisms. Gram staining of the aerobic cultured bacterial colonies from 36 fecal samples revealed the predominant presence of gram-negative bacilli in all samples. Among the 36 samples, gram-negative bacilli were identified in 36 strains (100%), gram-positive cocci in 21 strains (58.3%), and gram-positive bacilli in 15 strains (41.7%), while no gram-negative cocci were observed. The gram-negative bacilli cultured from the 36 samples were identified using the Vitek 2 system, and all were determined to be Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains. In addition, one sample was concurrently identified with E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae strains. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing for the identified E. coli strains did not include all antibiotics, but one strain exhibited intermediate resistance to cefoxitin. No pathogenic bacteria were present in the fecal samples of the scrub typhus-infected rodents, which are vectors for chigger-borne diseases affecting humans and animals.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2004

A lot of cultured flounders died by ascitic disease blooming during the summer season in 2002, southern parts of Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the microbial flora for the ascitic cultivated olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) which were collected in the Koe-je island in the southern of Korea from July 2002 to October 2003. Three Genera (Vibrio, Photobacterium and Edwardsiella), seven species of bacteria (V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. carcariae, V. metschenikovii, P. damsela and E. tarda) and a fish pathogenic birnavirus (marine birnavirus, MABV) were isolated from the liver, dropsy, spleen and identified by biochemical and molecular biological characterization.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.409-418
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary probiotics and immunomodulator on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fecal $NH_3$ content and pathogenic bacteria counts in ileum and cecum and ileum of broiler chicken (Korean native chicken, HanHyup No. 3). A total of 120 (day-old) chicks were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 3 replicates and there were 8 birds per replicate. Dietary treatments consisted of five diets; the corn-soybean based control diet (C), the diet containing antibiotics (Avilamycin) 10 ppm (T1), the diet containing probiotics 1 [(Lactobacillus ($4.45{\times}10^6$) + yeast ($1.51{\times}10^6$) + Bacillus subtilis ($3.50{\times}10^5$)] at 0.5% level (T2), probiotics 2 [(Lactobacillus ($6.70{\times}10^7$) + yeast ($3.10{\times}10^6$)] at 0.5% level in diet (T3), and the diet containing probiotics 3 [T2 + ${\beta}$-glucan + organic acid] (T4) and raised for 9 weeks. There were no significant differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. Carcass ratios of broilers were higher in T3 and T4 than other treatments, however, the differences were non-significant. Internal organs and liver, heart weight were significantly increased in T4 (p<0.05) compared to other treatments. The fecal $NH_3$ gas content was decreased (p<0.05) in antibiotics fed group than others. However, probiotic fed groups were not different when compared with control. The number of Salmonella and E. coli in cecum were reduced in the group supplemented with probiotics and immunomodulator compared to the antibiotics (p<0.05). In this experiment, we showed that diets containing pro-biotics and immunomodulator were capable of an alternative to antibiotics.