• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2007

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of dairy goats fed with various roughage sources. The experimental trials were conducted at Chungnam National University in 2007. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grass sources: 5 species (Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Poa pratensis, Agrostis alba and mixed grass, legume sources: 5 species (Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens, Melilotus officinalis and Vicia villosa), browse sources : 5 species (Quercus serrata Thunb., Prunus jamasakura Sieb., Quercus aliena Blume, Robinia pseudoaccacia and Pinus densiflora), weed sources: 5 species (Artemisia princeps Pampanini, Erigeron canadensis, Alopecurus aegualis Sobolewski, Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea (Roxb.) Wight and Rumex crispus), and native grass sources: 5 species (Zoysia japonica Steudel, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens (Hack) Ohwi., Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss and Phragmites comunis Trin). Ten dairy goats(Saanen) were selected which had nearly the same body weight(average 31kg). Experimental roughages were prepared by 0.5kg per 1 species fed to dairy goats, and the experiment was carried out from 09:00 to 18:00. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period. The dairy goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species order by dairy goat was observed like this: perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and red clover, respectively, and the lower intake species order was Rumex crispus. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by dairy goats was showed as forage grasses (59.0%) which contained grasses(33.3%) and legumes (25.7%), browse (19.6%), weeds (15.9%) and native grasses (5.5%). Based on the result, the food intake type of dairy goats seems to be closer to grazer type.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.259-264
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• 1999

A field experiment was carried out to determine the optimum application level of dicamba herbicide for efficient control of Calystegia japonica in silage corn field. Six treatments of application levels (0 ; control, $0.75{\ell},\;1.0{\ell},\;1.25{\ell},\;1.5{\ell},\;and\;2.0{\ell}/ha$) were arranged at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1995. The hybrid silage corn was DK 729, and dicamba herbicide was applied at 5~6 leaf stage of corn. The growth of corn was poor in control plot, and the days for tasseling and silking were delayed 1~4 days when compared with the plots of herbicide application. The control efficiency of Calystegia japonica was excellent as 74.3~94.6% in the plots of dicamba application. A slight injury of herbicide was observed at early stage of corn when applied at $1.25{\ell}$ and $1.5{\ell}$ of dicamba per ha, and severe injury was found at $2.0{\ell}$ of dicamba. Forage dry matter(DM) yield, and length of ear in the plots of dicamba treatments were significantly higher than those of control. The DM yield of control(4,866kg/ha) was only about 30% of dicamba treatment plot (14,960~16,340kg/ha). However, there was no yield difference among dicamba application level. The percentage of ear to total DM yield was ranged from 33.6 to 39.4%. With application of herbicide, the contents of crude protein and nitrogen free extract were increased, and that of crude fiber was decreased in stover. However, nutritive value of corn ear was very similar among all treatments, regardless of herbicide treatment. From the above results, it is recommended that optimum application level of dicamba herbicide was $0.75{\sim}1.0{\ell}/ha$ for efficient control of Calystegia japonica and for silage corn production without herbicide injury.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.174-177
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• 1991

This study was conducted to determine the influence of dithiopyr on growth of transplanted rice with different transplanting depths and the amount of $^{14}C$-dithiopyr adsorpted in the root and shoot of rice plants under paddy soil conditions. The growth rate of transplanted rice was lower in 0 and 0.25cm of transplanting depths with exposed basal stem than in 1 and 2cm of the depths in control plot. In the growth of transplanted rice treated with dithiopyr, plant hight and dry weight were significantly inhibited in 0 and 0.25cm depth plots but not affected.in 0.5, 1, 2 and 4cm depth plots, and roop length were influenced in 0, 0.25 and 4cm depth plots but not in 0.5, 1 and 2cm depth plots. The amount of ratioactivity in shoot and root of rice plants as affected by $^{14}C$-dithiopyr were the highest in 0 and 0.25cm depth plots and decreased in over 0.5cm depth plots. However the extent in amount of distributed radioactivity in the plants among the different transplanting depths was narrow gradually with the growth of plants. Therefore, injury of transplanted rice by dithiopyr is little in over 0.5cm transplanting depth with burried basal stem and the inhibition on rice plants with extreme shallow transplanting such as 0 and 0.25cm depths should be due to more adsorption of dithiopyr.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the herbicidal activity, persistance, downward movement and effect on bentgrass of 7 dinitroaniline herbicides such as benefin [N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], beslogine [N,N-dibutyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline], prodiamine [2,4-dinitro-$N^3$,$N^3$-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine], pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine], trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], and oryzalin [4-(diprop-ylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzene-sulfonamide) together with bensulide [O,O-bis(1-methylethyl) S-[2-[(phenyl-sulfonyl) amino]ethyl]phosphorodithioate] and siduron [N-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-N'-phenylurea) as the control. In addition, distribution of pendimethalin and benefin into bentgrass was also determined. Prodiamine, benefin, and pendimethalin at the 1/16 dose of the recommended rate showed very high herbicidal activity($LD_{90}$) on Digitaria sanguinalis, but ethalfluralin and bensulide showed $LD_{90}$ at the 1/4 dose of the recommended rate, showing difference in herbicidal activities among dinitroaniline herbicides. All the herbicides except for pendimethalin had the lower herbicidal activity in sandy soil than that of clay-loam soil. Benefin, beslogine, prodiamine, oryzalin, bensulide and siduron persisted in the soil for about 50 days, but pendimethalin persisted in the soil for about 35 days, and trifluralin and ethalfluralin for about 25 days. Ethalfluralin, oryzalin and bensulide were the most mobile(downward movement) of the 9 herbicides studied. Less mobility was observed in the turfgrass condition than that of the bare soil. Beslogine bensulide prodiamine and benefin had no injury effect on bentgrass(Agrastis atolonifera L., penncross creeping bent grass). However, herbicides like oryzalin, trifluralin and pendimethalin reduced the dry weight of bentgrass by 12%, 30% and 40%, respectively. No significant difference in distribution of pendimethalin and benefin into inner part of leaves, surface and wax layer of bentgrass was observed, and thus it seems that different phytotoxic effect between pendimethalin and benefin may be attributed to different metabolism and mode of action.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 1987

A laboratory experiment was conducted to find out the effect of inoculation with plant growth of associative $N_2$-fixing bacteria on the combination of eight different rice seedling with seven different associative $N_2$-fixing bacteria in which were isolated and identified from grasses and rice in saline and reclaimed saline paddy soil. Those were examined in N-free axenic culture medium. The result of this experiment exemplified the contribution of associative $N_2$-fixing bacteria to their host plant were varied much by the combination of rice cultivars and bacterial strains. Acetylene reduction ($N_2$-fixation) activity seems to be more variable with respect to the combination of rice cultivars and bacterial strains. The relationship between acetylene reduction activity and rice performance such as dry matter weight, plant height, root length, and number of root were statistically insignificant. However, in comparision with the control, the dry matter yield of Annapuruna was increased by inoculation of all the seven bacteria strains. Among the seven rice cultivars, the average acetylene reducing activity was the highest in Annapuruna, and Shingwang, and the lowest in IR-8 inoculated with Pseudomonas sp H8. Among the seven bacterial strains the highest acetylene reducing activity was obtained by the combination of Shingwang with Pseudomonas sp H8.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2014

Benzobicyclon induces phytotoxicity to Tongil type rice, although it is an efficient herbicide in paddy. This study was performed to figure out the benzobicyclon-induced phytotoxicity responses of whole crop forage rice genotypes that have the genetic background similar to Tongil type rice, under wet-seeded and transplanted conditions. Mogwoo demonstrated whitening symptom at all the temperatures in both wet-seeding and transplanting by the application of standard and double rates of benzobicyclon. Nokyang, Mogyang and Suweon560 exhibited no or negligible whitening and their plant heights were not reduced at standard rate of benzobicyclon. But in double rate application in wet-seeding, the three genotypes showed 0-8% of white plants at all temperature treatments and reduction in plant height was comparatively larger at $27^{\circ}C$. In transplanting, the double rate application of benzobicyclon at 24 and $27^{\circ}C$ induced 0-32% of whitening plants depending on genotypes while no whitening plants were observed at 18 and $21^{\circ}C$ in all genotypes. Reduction in biomass by double rate of benzobicyclon at 24 and $27^{\circ}C$ was greater than at 18 and $21^{\circ}C$. It is concluded that Mogwoo is extremely sensitive to benzobicyclon and Nokyang, Mogyang and Suweon560 are tolerant to the standard rate of benzobicyclon.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1999

A field experiment was carried out to determine the optimum application level of dicamba herbicide for efficient control of Abutilon avicennae in silage corn field. Five treatments of application levels (0 ; control, $0.75{\ell},\;1.0{\ell},\;1.25{\ell}\;and\;1.5{\ell}$) were arranged at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1995 and 1996. The hybrid silage corn was P 3352 and dicamba herbicide was applied at 5~6 leaf stage of corn. The growth of corn was poor in control plot, and the days for tasseling and silking were delayed 2~3 days when compared with the plots of herbicide application. The control efficiency of Abutilon avicennae was excellent as 94.7~98.1% in the plots of dicamba application. A slight injury of herbicide was observed at early stage of corn when applied at $1.0{\ell},\;1.25{\ell}\;and\;1.5{\ell}$ of dicamba per ha. Forage dry matter(DM) yield, length and weight of ear in the plots of dicamba treatments were significantly higher than those of control. The DM yield of control(12,070kg/ha) was only 64.2~66.9% of dicamba treatment plot(18,050~18,795kg/ha). However, there was no yield difference among dicamba application level. The percentage of ear to total DM yield was ranged from 53.4 to 56.8%. The nutritive value(crude protein, ADF, NDF, digestibility and TDN) was very similar among all treatments. From the above results, it is recommended that optimum application level of dicamba herbicide was $0.75{\sim}1.0{\ell}/ha$ for efficient control of Abutilon avicennae and for silage corn production without herbicide injury.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2008.12a
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• pp.87-102
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• 2008

시설재배 토양에 녹비작물 재배와 고추재배, 휴경을 반복하면서, 외부 유기자재 투입을 최소화 하고 2년 동안 토양에 물리, 화학성에 변화를 추적하여 궁극적으로 녹비작물을 이용한 유기고추 시설 무경운 재배기술을 개발 하고자 시험을 수행한 결과 1. 고추 시설재배지 녹비작물 재배가 녹비 수량 및 토양 이화학성에 미치는 영향 시설재배지의 겨울 녹비작물을 1월 30일 파종하여 4월 5일에 조사한 결과 수량은 호밀과 보리녹비가 $518{\sim}677kg/10a$로 완두콩과 헤어리베치 $287{\sim}354kg/10a$에 비하여 건물수량이 현저하게 많았다. 녹비작물의 식물체내 총질소 함량이 완두콩과 헤어리베치, 보리가 호밀에 비하여 많았으며, 보리가 타 작물에 비하여 $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ 함량이 높았고, 두과작물인 완두콩과 헤어리베치가 화본 과인 호밀과 보리녹비에 비하여 CaO과 MgO 함량이 많았다. 녹비작물의 토양중 무기성분 고정량이 화본과인 호밀과 보리녹비의 총질소량은 10a당 $17{\sim}18kg$, $P_2O_5$, 4.7kg, $K_2O$ $31{\sim}33kg$ 수준으로, 두과 녹비작물인 완두콩과 헤어리베치에 비하여 총질소, $P_2O_5$, 양이온인 $K_2O$ 높았으나, CaO과 MgO 고정량은 큰 차가 없었다. 2. 녹비작물 재배 후작 유기재배 고추의 생육 및 수량 겨울 재배 녹비작물을 트렉터로 로터리 작업하여 토양에 환원한 후 홍고추를 2007년 4월 27일 정식하여 조사한 결과 생육에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 고추 수량은 호밀녹비 재배지가 헤어리베치 재배지에 비하여 증수되는 경향을 보였다. 3. 시설재배지 2차 녹비작물 재배 시 녹비수량 및 토양 이화학성 2007년 12월 18일 2차 녹비작물을 파종 재배하여 생육량을 조사한 결과 건물 수량은 10a당 호밀은 720kg, 보리는 528kg, 헤어리베치는 230kg, 완두콩과 잡초는 217kg 수준이었다. 녹비작물 생체중의 일일 증가량은 호밀과 보리는 100kg/10a/day, 헤어리베치는 10a당 65kg 정도가 하루에 증가되었다. 녹비작물의 총질소 고정량은 화본인 보리와 호밀 녹비작물이 두과작물보다 건물수량이 많아서 2배정도 많았고, 인산은 $2.7{\sim}3.7$배, 가리의 고정량은 $2.2{\sim}2.6$배 정도 많았다. 4. 녹비작물 재배 후작 무경운 고추 유기재배의 생육 및 수량 2차 녹비작물 재배 토양에 무경운으로 풋고추를 2008년 4월 1일 정식하여 재배한 결과 녹비작물 종류에 따른 고추의 생육차는 인정되지 않았으나, 고추 수량은 무처리와 보리예취 이용 처리 및 녹비 생산량이 적은 완두콩 재배지에서 많았다. 5. 녹비작물과 고추 유기재배에 따른 시설토양 이화학성의 경시적 변화 비닐온실내의 토양에 무기화학성의 경시적 변화를 추적하여 본 결과 토양 pH는 녹비작물 재배 시 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 고추재배 후에는 다시 토양 pH가 감소되었다. 토양에 EC는 녹비작물 재배 후 감소되었으나, 고추재배 후에는 다시 토양 EC농도가 증가되었다. 1차 녹비작물 재배 후에는 토양에 증가되었으나, 고추 재배 후에는 유기물함량이 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 토양에 총질소 함량은 녹비작물 2회 재배와 첫 번째 고추재배에서 감소되는 경향을 보였으나 두 번째 고추재배에서 급격한 증가를 보였다. 인산에 함량은 녹비작물재배와 고추 재배 시 미미하지만 공히 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 토양의 양이온 치환용량과 양이온인 토양 K, Ca, Mg함량은 녹비작물과 고추재배 시 감소되는 경향을 보였고, 고추재배에서는 같은 경향을 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of the mulching of hairy vetch and pig manure on the growth, yield and crude protein contents of the mulching of hairy vetch and application of animal slurry were treated and investigated in $2000{\sim}2002$. At the first year of cultivation, there were no differences among the treatments in plant height, but second year the growth of plants increased and continued over long times as the hairy vetch mulched and fertilized. The length and diameter of plant root were increased in the plot of hairy vetch mulching and the application of animal slurry. At first year of cultivation, no clear difference was found for among the treatments on dry weight and dry matter ratio in roots. At second year of cultivation, they were increased at in the plot of mulching and fertilizer treatment. The appearances of weeds in the field on Astragalus membranaces were much lower on the plots of live-mulching of hairy vetch than those on the control. The yield of root was 255kg highest in the plot of mulching and animal slurry application of 2-year-old roots. The root yield of Astragalus membranaces was increased about $8{\sim}10%$ compared to that with control, due to supply of nutrients. During the cultivation times, organic matters and N contents in soil increased by the mulching of hairy vetch and the application of animal slurry. The concentration of K, Ca concentration in soil showed a tendency to increase.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1986

In order to study the possibility of grassland improvement by spring sowing in the forest, microenvironmental conditions, emergence, percentage of grasses and weeds, root weight and dry matter yield of grasses were investigated. Two field sites (forest grassland and full-sunlight grassland) and two sowing times (March 20 and April 10) were assigned. The condition of the forest grassland was area of pine trees with 50% shading, and the experiment was performed at the Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. For germination and early growth of grasses, full-sunlight grassland was more advantageous than forest grassland. Growth after that stage, on the other hand, forest grassland was more suitable. Especially, during dry and high temperature season, temperature of soil surface and underground in the forest grassland were decreased by $6-7^{\circ}C$ and $3-4^{\circ}C$ each other, compared with those of the full-sunlight grassland. Also soil moisture content was continuously higher in the forest grassland. 2. At March 20 sowing the emergence time in the full-sunlight grassland was shortened by 8 days, compared with that of the forest grassland. In case of sowing on April 10, however, there was no difference between two grassland sites. 3. Grasses grown in the forest was more prostrate and leaves from them decayed more, compared with those of the full-sunlight grassland. 4. The percentage of grasses in the forest grassland was 80 to 85 %, on the other hand, that of the full-sunlight grassland was only 15 to 20 %. And the percentage of grasses tended to be high in the plot of early sowing time. 5. Dry root weight and root length of grasses grown in the forest were inferior to those of the full-sunlight grassland (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between two sowing times. 6. Dry matter yield of grasses was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the forest grassland than in the full-sunlight grassland, and yield was influenced by sowing time. Higher yield (4,011 kg/ha) was produced in the plot of the forest grassland with early spring sowing. 7. From above results, it is suggested that grassland improvement by spring sowing in the forest is possible, and it is desirable to sow in early spring.