• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2012

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) has been defined as the deliberate destruction or alteration of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent. It occurs in conjunction with a variety of psychiatric disorders as well as various developmental disabilities and some syndromes. The behavior is destructive and causes concern and distress to all involved in the care and treatment of the affected individual. A 13-year-old girl with autism, mental retardation and delayed development was reffered from her pediatrician because of severe and painful lower lip biting. An intraoral examination revealed a diffuse swelling of lower lip. It was covered with necrotic slough and the ulcer and scarring of the lower lip was observed. We chose to use an oral removable prosthesis for Conservative treatment. It was decided to use a soft silicone mouthguard in the maxillary arch. Initially, she could not tolerate the appliance inside her mouth but soon adapted with the appliance. After one month, she lost the mouth guard and started lip biting. So we made mouth guard again. There are no standard methods for preventing self-injurious behavior in a patient who is developmentally disabled. Appropriate preventive methods must be developed for each individual patient based on close observation and clinical findings. Behavior modification techniques, pharmacological treatment, extraction of teeth, orthognathic surgery and intra/extra oral appliances can be performed for adjust self-injurious behavior. A suitable oral guard could be tried initially before employing more invasive approaches.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 1993

This study is to investigate the stress and stress degree in mothers of autistic children. In order to obtain data for planning nursing strategies for mothers of autistic children The assessment tool for the stress was constructed through reviewing literatures on the stress and gathering the stress items by nonstructed face to face interviewing 14 mothers of autistic children The stress tool consists of 74 items each with five point rating scale A data collection was made front 160 mothers of autistic children from 11 institutions for autistic children in Seoul and Kyung-Ki province. The reliability coefficients by Cronbach's a test was 0.94 for the stress scale. The results are as follows : 1) The mean of stress is 3.19, in the area of the etiology, prognosis and the treatment-education, with cause of the treatment the edeucatlon and the prognosis of child's handicap. The mean of stress is 2.85 In the area of the negative of mother's self image, 2.45 in the area of the mother's ordinary life. The mean of stress was 2.05, lowest in the family and social relationship 2) The mean score for the total was 2.62 points. The items with highest stress score were 'All autistic child has not been understood by the society', 'If we die, 1'm afraid that this child will not be cared by someone', 'There is no institution that the child get the schoolibg', etc The stress item with the lowest mean score were 'Keep away the child from husband', 'Being divorced by husband', etc. 3) An analysis of relationship of stress degree to general characteristic shows a statisically significants difference in the number of children in the family and the cognition of the seventy of the child problem

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.100-109
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• 2000

Objective：This was conduced to evaluate the effect of early intervention to promote the development of children with developmental disorders. Methods：49 children(31 in PDD group and 18 in DLD group) participated in a one year day treatment program conduced from 1996 to 1999. They were performed PEP, CARS, and SMS. They were grouped by diagnosis, comorbidity, chronological age and CARS score at the beginning of the program and the treatment effect was compared. Results：The children who participated in the day treatment program showed significant increase in their PEP, SMS score, and decrease trend in their CARS score. When children were grouped by diagnosis, comorbidity, chronological age, and severity in CARS score we did not find out significant difference between groups. Conclusion：Our data suggest that the day treatment program which emphasis on development is effective in treating children with developmental disorders.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1895-1903
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• 2014

Smartphone have become the very important devices in our daily life and provide various roles on impairment and communications of developmental disabilities, acquired neurogenic disorders and autisms. Due to the growth of the technology, an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) also meets needs and wants, including user customization, configurable layouts and registration of new core vocabulary for individual users. This paper describes the research conducted to design the smartphone-based AAC system. This AAC comprises of a form of communication types such as picture communication boards and sophisticated computer and mobile based devices that can speak in the phrases and sentences for their users. We deployed our AAC system on various sports situations using smartphone systems and also provided user customization method for AAC user's disability levels.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.953-959
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• 2015

Optogenetics is the combination of optical and molecular strategies to control designated molecular and cellular activities in living tissues and cells using genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins. It involves the use of light to rapidly gate the membrane channels that allows for ion movement. Optogenetics began with the placing of light-sensitive proteins from green algae inside specific types of brain cells. The cells can then be turned on or off with pulses of blue and yellow light. Using the naturally occurring algal protein Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a rapidly gated light-sensitive cation channel, the number and frequency of action potentials can be controlled. The ChR2 provides a way to manipulate a single type of neuron while affecting no others, an unprecedented specificity. This technology allows the use of light to alter neural processing at the level of single spikes and synaptic events, yielding a widely applicable tool for neuroscientists and biomedical engineers. An improbable combination of green algae, lasers, gene therapy and fiber optics made it possible to map neural circuits deep inside the brain with a precision that has never been possible before. This will help identify the causes of disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, addiction, sleep disorder, and autism. Optogenetics could improve upon existing implanted devices that are used to treat Parkinson’s disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder and other ailments with pulses of electricity. An optogenetics device could hit more specific subsets of brain cells than those devices can. Applications of optogenetic tools in nonneuronal cells are on the rise.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2014

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis. This mutation encodes 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), which is located on chromosome 11q13. It is characterized by typical facial appearances, microcephaly, small up-turned nose, cleft palate, syndactyly, and is correlated with cardiac, gastrointestinal and genital malformations. There may also be mental retardation, behavioral problems and growth retardation. It causes a broad spectrum of effects, ranging from a mild disorder of learning and behavior to a lethal malformation. There are four reports of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome in Korean children. Here, we describe a two months old female with microcephaly, toe syndactyly and a cleft soft palate who was diagnosed as SLOS with c. 1054 C>T (p.R352W) and c.907G>A (p. G303R) mutations.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 1998

Objectives and Methods：This study investigated clinical characteristics, treatment modality, outcome of 57 children and adolescent inpatients(male 53, female 4) who were diagnosed as pervasive developmental disorder(PDD) by DSM-Ⅳ criteria recent five years. Results：1) The mean age at admission was $96{\pm}28.2$ months, and the mean age at which they first visited treatment facility was $52{\pm}26.6$ months. The mean hospitalization period was $43.7{\pm}31.3$ days. 2) Diagnosis：Twenty-seven(47.4%) of subjects met DSM-Ⅳ criteria for PDD NOS. Fifteen (26.3%) met for autistic disorder, nine(15.8%) met for Asperger's syndrome, and two(3.5%) met for childhood disintegrative disorder. 3) Comorbid diagnosis：The most common comorbid dignosis was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(23.8%). 4) IQ test：IQ test for twenty-eight subjects was possible. The Average of the subjects was $70{\pm}27.5$. Fifteen(53.6%) of the subjects were approximate or under 70. 5) Neurology Abnormality：EEG findings of eleven(21.2%) subjects were abnormal, brain CT or MRI findings of eight subjects(21.6%) were abnormal. 6) Family Hx：Depressive disorder were found in Eight mothers(14%). Familial loading was found in twenty families(35.1%), and familial loading of PDD was found in three(5.3%). Conclusion：The most important thing for the management of PDD is early detection and early treatment. To do so, multidisciplinary team approach should be emphasized.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.02a
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 2006

정신질환자들은 자기감정을 표현하는 능력의 결손을 보인다. 이러한 자기 감정표현기술은 정신질환자들을 위한 사회기술훈련 (Social Skill Training) 과정 중 하나로서 정상적인 사회생활로의 복귀를 위해 반드시 필요하다. 지금까지의 자기감정표현 훈련 및 평가 방법은 치료자 능력의 차이에 따른 주관적 판단이 개입될 수 있다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 가상현실 (Virtual Reality)은 컴퓨터를 이용한 최신의 방법으로, 최근 자폐증이나 공포증 등의 정신질환 분야에도 적용되고 있다. VR 을 사용하면 상호작용을 할 수 있고, 다양한 환경과 자극을 제시할 수 있으며, 3 차원 랜더링을 통해 몰입감을 제공할 수 있다. 또한 저장된 파라미터들을 바탕으로 객관적 판단을 할 수 있는 기준을 제시할 수 있으며, 안전하고 시간과 공간적 제약이 적은 환경 내에서 과제를 수행할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 자기감정표현기술의 객관적 평가를 위한 가상현실 시스템을 개발하고 정신분열증 환자와 정상인을 대상으로 실험을 진행하였다. 가상현실은 크게 긍정적 상황과 부정적 상황으로 이루어 지는데 집, 카페, 빵집, 길거리 등 다양한 환경에서 가족, 친구, 직장동료 등의 아바타가 실험 참가자에게 말을 건네고 참가자는 적절한 시기에 자신의 감정표현을 하도록 구성하였다. 실험을 하면서 정서 (긍정적 상황 Vs. 부정적 상황)에 따른 자기감정표현에 대한 파라미터로서 아바타가 말하는 동안 참가자가 아바타의 말에 주목을 하는 정도 (아바타가 말하는 동안 참가자가 아바타의 얼굴을 쳐다보는 시간)와 자기감정을 표현을 하는 시간 (아바타의 말이 끝난 후 감정표현을 시작하는 시간과 감정표현시간)과 상대방 아바타를 주목하는 정도 (참가자가 자기감정을 표현하는 중 아바타를 쳐다보는 시간) 등을 측정하였다. 측정결과 정상인이 정신분열병 환자에 비해 아바타를 주목하는 시간이나 자기감정표현을 하는 시간이 더 긴 경향이 있었다. 또한 부정적 상황에서 정신분열병 환자와 정상인 모두가 긍정적 상황에 비해 말하는 아바타에 더 잘 주목하였고, 자기감정을 표현하는 시간도 더 긴 것을 확인 하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 도출된 파라미터는 실험 참가자의 자기감정표현의 정도를 객관적으로 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한 정신분열병 환자의 자기 감정표현능력을 측정하는 도구로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1997

Enuresis is repeated involuntary or intentional voiding of urine into bed or clothes over age 5. Though it would be a self-remitting disorder, it could be serious problem in emotional and socio-adaptational aspects. The author reviewed the enuretic patients of Child & Adolescence psychiatric section in Chungnam National University Hospital during past 3 years. 46(4.9%) of 936 patients were diagnosed as enuresis in DSM-Ⅳ. The author evaluated their comorbidity by the data of diagnostic review made in two psychiatrists, and emotional aspects(self-concept, anxiety, depression) through the self-rating scales (Piers-Harris children’ self concept scales, RCMAS, state-trait anxiety inventory for children, child’s depresson inventory). Thirty(65.2%) of the 46 enuretic patients had additional diagnoses such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder, mental retardation, encopresis, oppositional defiant disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, autism, somatoform disorder, tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sleep disorder, etc. Sixteen enuretic patients had at least one comorbid disorder. Eleven patients had two, and three patients had more than three. Fourteen of 46 enuretic patients were evaluated through self-rating scales of self-concept, anxiety and depression. But we couldn’t obtain meaningful results. Maybe it was due to the small sample size(N＝14) and the influence of the comorbid disorders. Finally, it was an impressive evidence that there exist many comorbid disorders in enuresis(esp. attention deifict/hyperactive disorder). In emotional aspects, the author thought that further evaluation should be needed for more meaningful results.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.24-34
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• 1991

Delayed emergence of speech or language are frequent causes for concern about development during early childhood. Dealy in evaluation and proper management until school entry in more likely to result in frustration, anxiety and school failure. Many language disturbances and their attendant behavior disorders respond to intensive language therapy. Authors analyzed the medical recoreds of 52 children with delayed language development evaluated during 30 months from January 1986 through June 1988. The results were as follows : 1. The majority of cases were evaluated at the age of 2-2.9 year old(16 cases, 30.8%) and 3-3.9 year old(11 cases, 21.2%) 2. Male to female ratio was 3 : 1 3. The most common cause was mental retardation(53.8%), followed by developmental language disorder(23.1%) and autism(13.5%) 4. The most common associated condition was dysarticulation(17.3%), followed by strabismus(9.6%) and seizures(7.7%) 5. Special education was recommended in cases of 23(44.2%), speech therapy in 12 cases(23.1%) and consultation to child psychiatry in 7 cases (13.5%). Making diagnosis of underlying disorders is not simple because assessment of intelligence in young children is difficult and only a few tests are standardized. More detailed study on children with delayed language development and development of psychometric tests for the handicapped children are necessary, especially in Korea.