• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.57 no.8
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• pp.493-507
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• 2024

RANS-based CFD analysis is widely applied in various engineering fields, including practical hydraulic engineering, due to its high computational efficiency. However, problems of non-physical behavior in the analysis of two phase flow, such as free surfaces, have long been raised. The two-equation turbulence models used in general RANS-based analysis were developed for single phase flow and simulate unrealistically high turbulence energy at the interface where there are abrupt changes in fluid density. To solve this issue, one of the methods recently developed is the buoyancy-modified turbulence model, which has been partially validated in coastal engineering, but has not been applied to open channel flows. In this study, the applicability of the buoyancy-modified turbulence model is evaluated using the VOF method in the open-source program OpenFoam. The results of the uniform flow showed that both the buoyancy-modified k-𝜖 model and the buoyancy-modified k-ω SST model effectively simulated the reduction of turbulence energy near the free surface. Specifically, the buoyancy-modified k-ω SST model accurately simulated the vertical velocity distribution. Additionally, the model is applied to dam-break flows to examine cases with significant surface variation and cavity formation. The simulation results show that the buoyancy-modified turbulence models produce varying results depending on the VOF method and shows non-physical behavior different from experimental results. While the buoyancy-modified turbulence model is applicable in cases with stable surface shapes, it still has limitations in general application when there are rapid changes in the free surface. It is concluded that appropriate adjustments to the turbulence model are necessary for flows with rapid surface changes or cavity formation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.395-402
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• 2016

This paper presents a design methodology for improving the energy efficiency by considering the inertial properties of serial manipulators. This method employed is to put the inertia matrix, which has a critical effect on the equation of motion, into the constraints of the optimization problem. Through the optimization process, we propose a design algorithm that can double-check whether the optimized parameters satisfy the required performance or not by using an auxiliary index associated with the inertia and energy. Using this design algorithm, we were able to improve the energy efficiency by minimizing the torque. We applied this method to a 3 degrees of freedom serial manipulator and simulated it.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.210-215
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• 2006

Mechanical alloying (MA) by high energy ball mill of pure copper and niobium powders was carried out under the Ar gas atmosphere. The supersaturated solid solution can be produced in the range up to $Cu_xNb_{100-x}$(x=5-30) by MA for 120 hrs, as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, DSC analysis and the electronic studies through a change in the superconducting transition in the low-temperature specific heat. The $Cu_{30}Nb_{70}$ samples ball-milled for 120 hrs exhibit only a broad exothermic heat release. The total energy, ${\Delta}H_t$ accumulated during MA far the mixture of $Cu_{30}Nb_{70}$ powders increased with milling time and approached the saturation value of 7.5 kJ/mol after 120 h of milling. It can be seen that the free energy difference between the supersaturated solid solution and the mixture of $Cu_{30}Nb_{70}$ powders is estimated to be 7 kJ/mol by Miedema et al. Hence it is thermodynamically possible to assume the formation of a supersaturated solid solution phase in this system.

• 전기의세계
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.58-63
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• 1969

필자는 메이서와 레이서에 대하여 되돌고이면 평이하게 정성적으로 기술하려고 한다. "Maser"란 말은 Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. 또 "Laser"란 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation의 약자이다. 이 메이서나 레이서는 진공관 원리에서 사용되는 자유전자대신 원자의 구속전자를 사용하여 에너지를 발생하든가 증폭작용을 하고 있다. 자극방사 (Stimulated emission)란 말은 원자에서 에너지 방사가 있기 위해서는 구속전자에 자극을 줘야하기 때문에 생긴 것이다. microwave란 말을 붙인 것은 전자에너지중 이 주파수범위내에 해당되는것에만 이용된다는 것이고 이와 마찬가지로 광(light)은 전자복사중 이 빛의 파장범위에서 작용된다는 것을 말한다. 따라서 이 메이서나 레이서는 매우 높은 주파수 범위에서 사용되는 에너지 발생장치 또는 증폭기라고 생각할 수 있다. 이 메이서나 레이서의 동작원리는 진공관증폭기의 동작원리와 다르므로 따라서 그 동작원리를 이해하려면 새로운 개념이 필요하게된다. 과학기술의 발달과 함께 과거의 전자기긱의 성능은 그 한계에 도달하게 되었고 통신, 천문학, 의학, 산업, 과학연구분야등에서 이 메이서와 레이서는 새로운 기회와 가능성을 제시해주고 있다.운 기회와 가능성을 제시해주고 있다.

• JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL WORLD
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• s.351
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• pp.59-61
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• 2006

2005년 9월의 총선거를 거쳐 11월에 독일에서 처음으로 여성 수상인 앙켈라 메르켈 총리가 이끄는 대연립정권이 탄생하였다. 총선거 전에는 메르켈 총리가 소속된 기독민주사회동맹(CDU/CSU)이 자유민주당(FDP)과 연린정권을 구성하는 것으로 예상되었으나 사회민주당(SDP)의 선거전 후반의 맹렬한 추격으로 CDU/CSU의 득표수가 늘어나지 못하여, 결국 CDU/CSU는 SPD와 같이 대연립정권을 꾸미게 되었다. 이 양 당은 선거 전에 에너지정책 분야에서는 서로 용납치 않는 정책강력을 발표하여 왔었다. 특히 원자력 정책에 있어서는 양 당의 의견에 격차가 심하여 총선거 후에 실시되었던 정책 협의과정에서 최후까지 합의가 이루어지지 못한 사항의 하나였다. 2005년 11월 11일에 발표된 대연립정권의 정책강령에 담겨진 에너지 정책의 개요를 소개함과 동시에 에너지 정책에 있어서의 앞으로의 과제에 관하여 기술한다.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.195.2-195.2
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• 2012

궤도상에서 지구의 대기는 태양의 복사에너지에 의하여 양이온과 음이온으로 이온화된 자유 전자로 존재하게 되는데 이러한 상태를 플라즈마 환경이라고 부른다. 인공위성이 궤도에서 운용될 때, 플라즈마 환경에서의 강한 에너지를 가진 전하들은 위성을 투과하여 위성 내부에 축적될 수 있다. 이러한 전하들은 고립되어 있는 전도체의 끝에 모이게 되고, 전하량이 breakdown 레벨에 이르게 되면 아크 방전이 일어나게 된다. 방전에 의한 전류가 민감한 회로에 들어가게 되면 오동작이나 기능손상을 일으킬 수 있다. 보통 저궤도 위성이 놓이게 되는 낮은 고도와 경사각에서 플라즈마는 밀도가 높고 낮은 에너지를 가지는 반면, 정지궤도 위성이 놓이게 되는 높은 고도의 플라즈마는 낮은 밀도와 지구자기 폭풍 등에 기인하여 높은 에너지를 갖는다. 따라서 정지궤도 인공위성의 경우 ESD의 영향을 좀 더 면밀하게 검토하고 검증할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 정지궤도 위성용 ESD 시험장비의 개발결과에 대하여 논의한다. 시험장비는 ESD 건과 Spark gap, 몇몇의 저항 및 캐패시터로 구성된다. 정지궤도 상에서의 ESD 방전 전류를 모사하는 파형을 구현하기 위한 방법과 결과를 소개하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2016

In this article, new Gibbs free energy of mixing is derived when there are specific interactions between solvent-solute molecules and between solute-solute molecules in binary solutions. It is asssumed that a probability of specific interactions satisfies a binomial distribution. Using this Gibbs free energy of mixing, we investigate possible types of partial miscibilities and show that Ω-shaped temperature-composition phase diagrams can exist. We calculate Ω-shaped temperature-composition phase diagram of water-2-butanol system and compare that with result calculated by the method of Hino⁵ et al. and the experimental data.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.423-429
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• 1997

A simplified method for determining the mode components of the strain energy release rate of free-edge delaminations in laminated composite is proposed. The interlaminar stresses are evaluated as an interface moment and interface shear forces that are obtained from the equilibrium equations at the interface between the adjacent layers. Deformation of an edge-delaminated laminate is calculated by using a generalized quasi-three dimensional classical laminated plate theory developed by the authors. The analysis provides closed-form expression for the three components of the strain energy release rate. Comparison of results with a finite element solution using the virtual crack closure technique shows good agreement. In the present study, laminated composite with stacking sequences of [30/-30/90]$_{s}$ were examined. The simple nature of the method makes it suitable for primary design analysis for the delaminations of laminated composite.e.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1974

The exciton emission spectra of CdS single crystals excited by electrons were measured at 80$^{\circ}$K as a function o: the wave length. The measured dissociation energy of exciton bound to neutral donor was 2.0 meV, compared to the corresponding theoretical value of 2.4 to 3.2 meV. An exciton bound to neutral donor and a longitudinal optical (LO) phonon may not interact, but a free exciton dissociated from a neutral donor and a LO phonon is expected to interact each other. Therefore the origin of the spectra consisting of interaction term was located at the spectrum consisting of a free exciton dissociated from a neutral donor (I$_2$d). From the analysis of the spectra the LO phonon energy of CdS was found to be 40.5 meV.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.22-29
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• 2001

To take an information of substitutent effect and thermodynamic of J-aggregate at thiacarbocyanines, association constant $K_{J}$ , free energy of association G$_{J}$ , enthalpies of J-aggregate H/suib J/ were measured by spectrophotometer according to dependence on concentration of dyes and temperature of aqueous MeOH and KCl salted-out system. With increase of concentration of dyes exhibited equilibria shift toward the aggregate. Phenyl meso substituted thiacarbycyanine, DyeIII, resulted in higher $K_{j}$ and G$_{J}$ values than DyeI and DyeII. To easily make J-aggregate of thiacarbocyanine, meso substutituene group need to be a flat structure, which will make a park as well as lain tiles.