• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.63-75
• /
• 2015

As forest therapy is getting more attention than ever, it is important to organize time for activity and location based on spatio-temporal distribution of weather condition in forest. This study aimed to analyze precise spatio-temporal distribution of weather condition by installing long-term weather monitoring device in Yonghyun national natural recreation forest and using acquired weather data in order to support forest recreation and therapy activity. First, we statistically compared 4 models of semi-variogram and the results were all similar. We selected and analyzed the circular model for this study because it was presumed to be the best model for this case. We derived 128 results from the circular model and through semi-variogram, we identified seasonal and temporal distributions of temperature and humidity. Then, we used boxplot, made of partial sill level, to identify significant differences in seasonal and temporal distributions. As a result, in spring and early morning, both temperature and humidity showed equalized result. On the other hand, in summer and early afternoon, both temperature and humidity showed uneven result. In spring and early morning, changes in weather condition are shown little from spatial shifting, it is ideal to perform recreational activities and forest therapy but in summer and early afternoon, it is unadvisable to do so as the changes in weather condition could be harmful unless any other means of preparations are made. This study proposes its significance by analyzing seasonal micro-weather of single recreation forest and presenting seasonal and temporal outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.95 no.6
• /
• pp.735-742
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study was to elucidate the tolerance of woody plants to simulated acid rain in relation to mycorrhizal inoculation. Germinating seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in 1I pots with autoclaved soil mixture of vermiculite, sand and nursery soil at 1:1:1 ratio. Each pot was inoculated with both crushed root nodules from a wild tree of the same species and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum of Glomus intraradices at the time of planting the seedlings. Simulated acid rains at pH 2.6, 3.6, 4.6, and 5.6 were made by mixing sulfuric acid and nitric acid at 3: 1 ratio. Each pot received nutrient solution without N and P, and was also supplied with 180 ml of the one pH level of the acid rains once a week for 50 days. The plants were grown in the green house. At the end of experimental period, plants were harvested to determine contents of chlorophyll, mineral nutrients and net photosynthesis in the tissues, dry weight of the plants, and mycorrhizal infection in the roots. Mycorrhizal infection rate was significantly reduced only at pH 2.6, which meant vitality of G intraradices was inhibited at extremely low pH. Height growth, dry weight production, nodule production and chlorophyll content were increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels except pH 3.6. Particularly, mycorrhizal inoculation increased root nodule production by 85% in pH 5.6 and 45% in 4.6 treatments. But the stimulatory effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nodule production was reduced at pH 3.6 and 2.6. Net photosynthesis was increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels. The phosphorus(P) content in the tissues was increased by 43% in average by mycorrhizal inoculation, which was statistically significant except in pH 2.6. It was concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation of Robinia pseudoacacia would enhance growth and resistance of the plants to acid rain by improving the photosynthesis, phosphorus nutrition, and more nodule production.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 1989

In recent years plants have increasingly become in inferior part of the interior designing of large buildings. In 28 large buildings selected at random in Seoul City have been subjected to studies on utilization status of fille interior landscape plants. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Plant class found in Interior of large buildings were 59 class, especially Dracaena were the most predominent plants among them, and then comes Monstera, Phiodendron, Schefflera, and Washingtonia in that order. 2. The most abundant ornamental plant cultivars were Monstera adansoii(Monstera perutusa cv.), and then comes Schefflera arboricora(Schefflera Hong Kong cv.), Washingionia rubusta (Washingtonia palm). Rhapis excelsa, and Diffenbachia(Hawaii Snow cv.) in that order. 3. Foliage plants among the interior landscape plants showed 99.5 percent and Woody plants and Bonsai plants showed each 0.4, 0.1 percent. 4. Climbing foliage plants found in 28 large building observed For the present study were 9 cultivar, and the most abundant plants were Hedera (pittsburgh cv.) and Epipremnum (Marble Queen cv.) pl anted to clustered planting. 5. A majority of plants used to plastic pot, and most of 71an1s place on the floor. 6. Height of plants ranging less then 50cm were more frequently found, but ranging from 50cm to 2.0m were 4.3 percent and the most predominent height of plants were Canariensis showed 4m in the large buildings. 7. Interior light intensity in large building were shortage, therefore artificial lamp for formal growing needed to be equipped. 8. Purpose growth of interior plants were to in order visitors. 9. 7he superintendents prefered to used pot-stand. 10. The most important environment factor for plant growing were light, humidity, and water.

• Sijohaknonchong
• /
• v.44
• /
• pp.197-236
• /
• 2016

The aim of this study is to discover the distinctive aspects of Sijo in the 17th Century through five old music scores, "梁琴新譜Yangqeumsinbo", "白雲庵琴譜 baekwoonamgeumbo", "增補古琴譜jeungbogogeumbo", "延世大學校所藏琴譜geumbo in Yonsei University", "琴譜古geumbogo", which were compiled in this time period. First, four Sijo works are found from the "梁琴新譜Yangqeumsinbo" and one of them is noteworthy because it was sung as 中大葉Jungdaeyeop, 初中大葉 Chojungdaeyeop, 二中大葉Yijungdaeyeop and showed signs to fit the Sijo format type since the 17th century. In "白雲庵琴譜baekwoonamgeumbo", there are three Sijo works (one has recorded music scores and two don't) and one of them is discovered with last phrase being omitted. In "延世大學校所藏琴譜geumbo in Yonsei University", there are 9 Sijo works performed with 中大葉Jungdaeyeop. In "增補古琴譜 jeungbogogeumbo", there are three works performed with 數大葉Sakdaeyeop and one of them is noteworthy as a clue about the relations between Sijo and Goryeosokyo because it is a modified work which adapted the Goryeosokyo "Gasiri" according to the Sijo format. In 琴譜古geumbogo, there are three works with high possibility that repertoire with 中大葉Jungdaeyeop were already set up at this time. Based on these five music scores, it can be mentioned that a lot of Geumbos were compiled in 17th century, not for the purpose of enlightening discourse at the national level but for referencing for music lovers by themselves to memorize songs individually. It is also discovered that Sijo was performed with only 平調pyeong-jo out of 羽調woo-jo, 羽調界面調woojokyemyen-jo, 平調pyeong-jo, 平調界面調pyeongjokyemyun-jo in early 17th century, but it was performed with other three and 數大葉Sakdaeyeop as well after the mid-17th century. On the other hand, despite the change in the musical tunes, lyrics do not show a significant change at this time because it is estimated repertoire with specific piece of music was already formed in 17th Century. However, performing itself would give a certain impact on change and loss of lyrics because it tends to focus on communication and emotional connection between singers and audience. Clarifying characteristics in Sijo from old music scores is meaningful in that Sijo can be understood better not only as written poetry but also as oral poetry and overcome bias of previous researches which have been proceeded mainly on Sijo lyrics collection(歌集).

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.859-877
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to probe secondary science teachers' perception on scientific models and modeling. A total of 50 experienced science teachers were surveyed with 10 open-ended questions about several aspects of models and modeling: definition, examples, purpose, multiplicity, changeability, design/construction, evaluation and beliefs in the use of models and modeling as a teaching tool. The analysis of the data shows the following results: 1) understanding of models and modeling held by a majority of experienced secondary science teachers was far from that of experts as they concentrated on a model's superficial, representative, and visual functions, 2) when it comes to their view toward the use of a model, a model does not remain in the stage of 'doing science' but in the stage of being a subsidiary teaching tool for the teacher's explaining and the students' understanding of scientific concepts, 3) the subjects they majored in made meaningful differences in their contextual understanding of models and modeling, 4) though most of the teachers acknowledged the importance of teaching about models and modeling, even a lot of them showed a negative position toward the opinion that they are willing to apply modeling to their classes. Implications of the results were discussed in terms of intervention in order to enhance secondary science teachers' understanding and pedagogical content knowledge of models and modeling.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.131-143
• /
• 2010

This paper investigates the history, policy and status of the conservation of historic gardens in the National Trust in England and its implications for Korea. It was conducted in three phases as follows: First, related literature data was collected to understand the National Trust and its role in the conservation of historic gardens. Second, The National Trust Policy Papers: Gardens and Landscape Parks in 1996 was reviewed and analyzed into eight categories with a review of 216 gardens and interviews with gardener-in-charge via e-mail. Finally an understanding of the policy for the conservation of historic gardens was formed from the results of the previous phases, and implications were drawn from the integrated analysis guidelines of the policy and status. The key feature of the conservation of the National Trust's historic gardens is that the conservation process has been conducted systematically through acquisition, management, upkeep, advice and so on. Furthermore, the conservation principles are defined in a concise and accessible form. According to their practical conservation process and principles, the results of the National Trust activities are to appreciate the significance of the gardens and act with accountability; integration; managing change; access and participation; and training gardener and partnership. According to the results of its activities under the premise that the purpose of the conservation and the meaning of a garden do not differ significantly among nations, implications for Korea can be primarily suggested by three points as follows: First of all, a flexible approach to change in historic gardens should be managed. In response to inevitable and desirable change, anything that is added or transferred should be recorded for the future as much as possible. Therefore, everything must be recorded and any change should be managed. Second, is to provide sustainable access for the benefit for the people and visitors. The aim of conserving the gardens is for human's to eventually understand that the present generation just borrows the historic gardens before they are passed down. The ensuing implication is that people may enjoy the gardens educationally, aesthetically, and physically, and children can be continuously interested in historic gardens as apart of educating the future generation. Finally, the National Trust educates apprentice gardeners who will maintain the historic gardens and continuously keep the current garden staff up to date with workshops. This is in contrast to the day laborers who work for historic gardens in Korea. In practice, the maintenance of historic gardens is not a simple process. The gardener must understand the past, reflect the present, and prepare for the future. Therefore, gardeners deliver culture from generation to generation.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.19 no.2 s.64
• /
• pp.241-250
• /
• 2006

Hangeul as the Korean unique characters were invented according to some character-making principles and based on scholars' exhaustive researches. While most of the characters in the world evolved naturally, Hangeul was invented based on a precise linguistic analysis of the time, and therefore, it is most scientific and reasonable among various characters throughout the world. Nevertheless, Hangeul typeface designs do not seem to inherit the ideology of scientific and reasonable Hangeul correctly. For the square forms have been used intact due to the influences from the Chinese characters which prevailed during the time. If a single set of square characters should be designed, as much as 11,172 fonts should be designed, which suggests that advantages of Mangeul may not well be used fully; Hangeul was invented to visualize every sound with the combinations of 28 vowels and consonants. Problems of such square fonts began to be identified since 1900's when typewriters were introduced first from the West. Since a typewriter is designed with 28 characters laid out on its keyboard by using such combinations, the letters may be easily combined on it. The so-called the flexibility square-format typeface was born as such. Specially, the three-pairs fonts of these can be combined up to 67 letters including vowels and consonants. The three-pairs fonts system can help to solve the problems arising form the conventional square fonts and inherit the original ideology of Hangeul invention. This study aims to review the history of the three-pairs fonts designs facilitated by mechanic encoding of Hangeul and thereupon, suggest some desirable directions for future Hangeul fonts. Since the flexibility square-format typeface is expected to evolve more and more owing to development of the digital technology, they would serve our age of information in terms of both functions and convenience. Just as Hunminjongum tried to be literally independent from the Chinese characters, so the flexibility square-format typeface designs would serve to recover identity of our Hangeul font designs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2015

This study explores urban gardening and garden culture in residential area as an everydayness that has been overlooked during the modern period urbanization and investigates the meaning and value of urban gardening from the perspective of urban formations and growth in spontaneous urban residential area, Haebangchon. The result identified that urban gardening as a meaning of contemporary culture is a new clue to improving the urban physical environment and changing the lives and community network of residents. Haebangchon is one of the few remaining spontaneous habitations in Seoul, and was created as a temporary unlicensed shantytown in 1940s. It became the representative habitation for common people in downtown Seoul through the revitalization of the 60s and the local reform through self-sustaining redevelopment projects during the 70s through the 90s. This area still contains the image of times during the 50s to the 60s, the 70s to the 80s and present, with the percentage of long-term stay residents high. Within this context, the site is divided into third quarters, and the research undertaken by observation and investigation to determine characteristics of urban gardening as an everydayness. It can be said that urban gardening and garden culture in Haebangchon is a unique location culture that has accumulated in the crevices of the physical condition and culture of life. These places are an expression of resident's desires that seeking out nature and gardening as revealed in densely-populated areas and the grounds of practical acting and participating in care and cultivation. It forms a unique, indigenous local landscape as an accumulation of everyday life of residents. Urban gardens in detached home has retained the original function of the dwelling and the garden, or 'madang', and takes on the characteristic of public space through the sharing of a public nature as well as semi-private spatial characteristic. Also, urban gardens including small kitchen garden and flowerpots that appear in the narrow streets provide pleasure as a part of nature that blossoms in narrow alley and functions as a public garden for exchanging with neighbors by sharing produce. This paper provides the concept of redefining the relationship between the private-public area that occurs between outside spaces that are cut off in a modern city.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.105-110
• /
• 2005

Background/Aim : Common bile duct (CBD) stones may cause jaundice, cholangitis, or pancreatitis. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) may be needed whenever endoscopic procedure are failed to extract common bile duct stones. The aim of this study is to provide the standard for patient's best choice on ESWL for treatment of CBD stones resistant to endoscopic extraction. Materials and Methods : Fourty-six patients failed in endoscopic stone extraction including mechanical lithotripsy were treated by ESWL. In all patients, endoscopic sphincterotomy and nasobiliary drainage tube was done before ESWL using the ultrasonography for stone localization with a spark-gap type lithotriptor. Patients were sedated with an intravenous injection of 50 mg of Demerol. None were treated under general anesthesia. Results : Overall complete clearance rate of CBD stone was 89.1% (41/46). In 82.6% of the patients, the stones were extracted endoscopically after ESWL, and spontaneous passage was observed in 6.5%. In the clearance rate after ESWL, there were no noticeable differences with regard to number (single: 82.8%, two or three: 100%, more than three: 100%) and size of the stone (less than 33mm: 92.9%, 33 mm or larger: 83.3%), whereas there were significant differences with regard to the ratio of sum of long-axis length of the all stones to sum of long-axis length of the CBD excluding stone (1:2.4, 1:2.1) and diameter of the largest stone to diameter of CBD excluding stone (1:0.9, 1:0.4) for patients with complete clearance compared with those without. Conclusion : We propose that stones without the fragments are travelable sufficient space in CBD or extractable sufficient diameter of CBD regardless of stone size and number should be treated by other technique to prevent time and cost consuming, such as percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopylithotomy.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.110-139
• /
• 2020

Reclamation is the act of creating new lands by constructing dikes in offshore tidal flats to utilize them for various purposes, including the establishment of farmland to secure food for an increasing population. Based on the fact that reclamation has resulted in drastic changes in the environmental, economic, social, and cultural aspects of land expansion and development, population movement, and the formation of cities since ancient times, I reviewed the value of reclamation sites and addressed the issue of how to preserve and utilize them. "Reclamation culture" refers collectively to the recognition and concept system, behavior styles, and cultural products created by changes in the environment, and the tangible, intangible, and natural heritage generated directly and indirectly by reclamation is defined as "reclamation cultural heritage". It shows that the historical background of reclamation accords with prevailing trends, and that the reclamation sites possess cultural heritage value due to their historical, academic, and scarce characteristics. Numerous reclamation cultural heritage sites at the Gwangwhal and Gyehwa dikes are on the verge of being destroyed, with their original function having ended after the construction of Saemangeum Sea Wall. I propose measures to preserve these under the principle that utilization is based on the basic premise of conservation. First of all, modern and contemporary reclamation sites must necessarily be designated and managed as registered cultural properties, local cultural heritage, future heritage, and agricultural heritage. In particular, as it has been confirmed that reclamation sites created after the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties and the 1950s have not been designated as cultural heritage sites. It is necessary to review the characteristics and values of such reclamation sites through a full survey of national reclamation data. Effective and sustainable utilization of reclamation cultural heritage, which has not been acknowledged in the past due to its close relationship with our lives, is necessary to search for hidden stories found within that heritage, to organize governance for the efficient use of reclamation resources, and to build a museum to collect and display the history and culture of the reclaimed areas. Finally, through links with countries with experience in reclamation, we will be able to cope jointly with international issues such as those pertaining to society, culture, and environment, and would be able to implement various projects to further the advancement of human beings.