• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.69-82
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Dulegil in Bukhansan National Park in dispersing peak climbing hikers, characterize each section of Dulegil and suggest ideas of improvement. This study was conducted based on the survey completed by visitors in all 21 sections of Dulegil. After the construction of Dulegil, the number of visit to Dulegil grew and it was analyzed that Dulegil attracted new visitors given that the rate of young people(aged 19~30) who visited for the first time was quite high. Regarding the frequency of peak climbing, 7.6% of the respondents said "decreased" and 46.2% said "increased", showing that Dulegil's effect to disperse peak climbing hikers is nominal. Seven qualities were evaluated regarding Dulegil's level of satisfaction. Out of those seven, the quality of recreational place and taking a walk achieved high scores of 3.74 and 3.61 respectively. The quality of culture and history scored the lowest with 3.09. The analysis on the characteristic of each section of Dulegil, reason of visit, and the visitors' level of satisfaction showed that Dulegil is now regarded as a place where they can improve their health through light exercise and walking. In addition, a positive effect can be expected for a long time since there are different ways of utilizing the resources of the National Park, such as getting in touch with nature, preserving ecology, learning history and enjoying beautiful landscapes. If infrastructure and programs specific to each section of Dulegil were improved in a long-term perspective, it would be effective to encourage peak climbers and enjoy the lower parts of the mountain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.691-700
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to estimate food intakes of the long-lived elderly and to obtain the data for establishing dietary guidelines that may be recommended for the general population for the sake of longvity. The subjects of the study were 224 elderly people of age over 85 years living in Kyungpook Sung-Ju area who have no problem in daily living. The food consumption survey was carried out seasonally by the repeated 24-hr recall method for one year. The subject group for this study was composed of 58 males and 166 females, the average age being 87 years old. Food intakes of the winter were more than any other seasons. The mean daily total food intake per capita was 594.4g, 513.5 g (86.4%) from plant foods and 79.3 g(13.3%) from animal foods. The sequence of high intakes of food groups were cereals, vegetables, fruits, fishes, legumes and meats. Boiled white rice, beef soup, soybean paste soup, soybean paste stew, broiled yellow croaker, kimchi, ra myon and broiled noodles were consumed most frequently. In conclusion, the subjects consumed much more plants foods than animal foods and consumed more natural and seasonal foods than processed foods and also showed food habits of eating small meals. Dietary habits of eating small meals containing abundant amount of fresh plant foods might partially contribute to the longevity of the subjects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

The performance of grass filter strips (GFS) in abating $NO_3$-N concentrations from the forage cropland was tested in an experiment on the 10% slope in Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA) from October 2007 to September 2009. Forage croplands with rye-corn double cropping system applied with chemical fertilizer and livestock manure (LM) were compared in a natural condition. The plots were hydrologically isolated in a randomized block layout of 3 treatments $\times$ 2 factors $\times$ 3 replicates. Main plots consisted of the length of GFS, such as 0 m, 5 m, 10m and 15m. Sub plots consisted of the type of LM, such as chemical fertilizer (CF), cattle manure (CM) and swine manure (SM). Dry matter yields of rye and corn increased significantly in order of CF > CM > SM (p<0.05). Concentrations of $NO_3$-N in surface runoff water were reduced as the length of GFS increased. Especially, GFS with 10 m and 15m reduced $NO_3$-N concentrations significantly compared to that with 0 m and 5 m (p<0.05). The results from this study suggest that GFS improved the removal and trapping of manure nutrients from forage croplands.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 2005

Purpose: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy(ALD) is a rare disorder that shows a great deal of phenotypic variability. We subdivided chidhood X-linked ALD patients into several phenotypes by the age at onset, the sites of most severe clinical involvement and the rate of progression of neurologic symptoms. Methods: Thirteen patients who had been diagnosed as X-linked ALD and followed up for at least one year were enrolled from 1996 to 2003. Results: 1. Ten had childhood cerebral ALD, who showed first neurologic symptoms at 7.02 years and progressed rapidly: interval between first symptoms and vegetative state was 1.35 years, and interval from initial symptoms to death was 3.35 years. Treatment with Lorenzo's oil did not prevent neurologic progression. Two patients who underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation died. 2. Two had adolescent cerebral ALD. They had first symptoms at 11.5 years, and showed tendency to progress less rapidly than childhood cerebral form patients. 3. One "Addison only" patient who had adrenal insufficiency without nervous system involvement remained asymptomatic during Lorenzo's oil treatment. 4. All cerebral form patients except one showed the lesions in both parieto-ocipital white matter in brain magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: The cerebral ALD was the most common form in childhood and was asoociated with a serious prognosis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.92-102
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• 2020

The followings are the landscape preference aspects from the 816 landscapes(景, Kyung), which comprise the 78 modern Palkyungs, presented by the 78 local governments in Korea. First, the natural environment elements selected as Kyung(景), which are topographical landscapes, mostly consist of mountain elements such as mountains, terrace(臺), rocks and stones and water elements classified as rivers, oceans, and lakes. Natural elements also include old-growth and giant trees such as pines, ginkgos, Japanese cornels and fringe trees, tree-lined streets and forests, and plant elements such as azaleas, rhododendrons, lotuses, reeds, and silver grasses which provide seasonal landscapes. Second, more than half of Kyung, selected as human environment elements, are historical and cultural heritages such as graveyards, mountain fortresses, town fortresses, traditional villages, pavilion in villas, and temples. And it is followed by leisure tourism facilities such as traditional markets, exhibition halls, theme parks, beaches, and food streets, green-based structures such as trails, plazas, parks, and botanical gardens, and industrial heritages such as ranches, abandoned coal mines, stations, ports and bridges. Third, modern Palkyungs include objects not related to the views such as local representative facilities, regional products, and festivals. Fourth, although most of the modern Palkyungs consist of eight, some include 20, 38, or 100 in order to increase the number of objects of public relations. Fifth, a certain local government makes two modern Palkyungs with different subjects by introducing traditional Palkyung and modern Palkyung altogether. In this case, it presents several modern Palkyungs like by selecting Palkyungs in a limited area. Furthermore, one Palkyung includes numerous place names at a time in some cases. Sixth, Sosangjeonhyeong(瀟湘典型)-style modern Palkyung uses 'NakAn(落雁)' as the name of Kyung. Sosangyusahyeong(瀟湘類似型)-style modern Palkyung expresses 'Hyojong(曉鐘)' and landscape of glow of the setting sun, sunset, night view, dawn, sunrise and depicts cloud, sunset, moon, and snow. There are many Myeongsocheheomhyeong(名所體驗型)-style Palkyungs exhibiting the behavior of tourism and Myeongseunghyeong(名勝型)-style Palkyungs raising the awareness only by the names of the places. Seventh, modern Palkyung's naming styles are diverse, such as using only four letters instead of specifying Kyungmul(景物) or Kyungsaek(景色) in combination with Chinese characters or adding modifiers specializing in places.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.407-420
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• 2014

A survey was carried out regarding university students' recognition of high-caffeine energy drinks in an effort to identify and improve problems as well as provide basic data. Most of the subjects had previous experience of energy drink consumption. Studies showed that most students consumed energy drinks when studying. Regarding frequency of energy drink consumption, most students' responded "1~6 times a year"; female students showed lower frequency of energy drink consumption than male students. Both male and female students used convenience stores to purchase energy drinks. In most cases, students became aware of energy drinks through advertisements on TV, radio, newspapers, and magazines. The most important factor affecting their energy drink purchase and consumption status was taste. The most frequent adverse effect they experienced after drinking an energy drink was unusual heart-pounding, whereas the biggest problem caused by energy drink consumption was addiction. This study indicates that students should have a better understanding of the problems associated with excessive and prolonged high-caffeine intake. In addition, instructions for proper purchasing and consumption of high-caffeine energy drinks should be provided as well as education and campaigns concerning symptoms caused by high-caffeine energy drink consumption so that students may refrain from excessive consumption. Further, civil organizations and the government need to devise effective measures for proper regulation of high-caffeine energy drink consumption.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2015

Mushrooms can grow in nature when adequate temperature and humidity are maintained, but such condition can be satisfied for only a short period of time on an annual continuum. Therefore, it can be deemed that a majority of the distributed mushrooms in the current market are produced in an artificially manipulated environment. This study was conducted to resolve the problem of the Oyster mushroom cultivation house's internal temperature and humidity imbalance, where the Oyster mushrooms are cultivated in a multi-layered shelves. The air circulation fans were installed to improve the air uniformity of the Oyster mushroom cultivation house by using multi-layered shelves. During the experiment, the ambient temperature and the ambient relative humidity ranged from $5.2^{\circ}C$ to $20.4^{\circ}C$ and 40% to 100% respectively. Due to the change of the outdoor temperature, the internal temperature of the Oyster mushroom cultivation house also changed, ranging from $13.3^{\circ}C$ to $18.4^{\circ}C$, but the temperature gap between the different internal location of the facility during the conforming recorded time only ranged from $0.2^{\circ}C$ to $1.3^{\circ}C$, being significantly stable. The internal relative humidity, ranging from 82% to 96%, also changed due to the change of the outdoor temperature. Nevertheless, the relative humidity gap between the different internal location during the conforming recorded time only ranged from 2% to 7%. Furthermore, the research staff were able to maintain the concentration of $CO_2$ from 575ppm to 731ppm(below 1,000ppm was the goal) indicating the possibility of an even management of the internal environment by installing the air circulation fan.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.179-189
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• 1984

Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen von Ribes nigrum L. var. 'Rosenthals Langtraubige Schwarze' zwischen $prim\"{a}rem$ und $sekund\"{a}rem$ Jugendstadium (P.J. und S.J.) eine vertiefte Einsicht in die beiden zeitlich unterschielich langen $Entwicklungsabl\"{a}ufe$ zu bekommen und auf diese Weise bessere Ansatzpunke $f\"{u}r$ die Regulierung der $Bl\"{u}tc-nknospeninduktion$ zu gewinnen, war das Ziel vorliegenden Untersuchungen. Diese Untersuchungen $f\"{u}hrten$ zu den flogenden Ergebnissen: Die Dauer der Jugendphase von Ribes nigrum L. betrug bei den P.J.-Pflanzen ca. 7 Monate, bei den S.J.-Pflanzen ca. 5 Monate. Die $Bl\"{u}hreife$-(Ripeness to flower)-setzte bei den P.J.-Pflanzen erst beim 20. Nodium ein, bei den S.J.-Pflanzen bereits beim 5. Nodium. Das $f\"{u}hrte$ dazu, da${\beta}$ bei gleicher Nodienzahl die P.J.-Pflanzen weniger $Bl\"{u}te-nknospen$ angesetzt hatten als die S.J.-Pflanzen. Die erste $Bl\"{u}tenknospendifferenzierung$ setzte bei den P.J.-Pflanzen in der oberen Triebmitte etwa am 30. Nodium ein, beiden S.J.-Pflanzen bereits in der unteren Tricbmitte etwa am 20. Nodium. Bie den P.J.-Pflanzen waren die untersten 20. Nodien immer steril, $w\"{a}hrend$ bei den S.J.-Pflanzen $h\"{a}uflgsten$ an dem ersten Nodium $\"{u}ber$ der Basis fertil waren. In allen Versuchen hat sich gezeigt, da${\beta}$ der Wachstumsabschlu${\beta}$ -(Bildung einer Terminal Knospe)-, der bei Ribes nigrum L. durch Kurztag eingeleitet wird, bei den P.J.-Pflanzen langsammer als bei den S.J.-Pflanzen erfolgt. Dies $f\"{u}hrt$ dazu, da${\beta}$ die Pflanzen der $sekund\"{a}ren$ Jugendphase auf die photokybernetischen Stimulation empfindlicher reagieren als die der $prim\"{a}ren$ Jugendphase. Alle untersuchten Versuchsdaten $f\"{u}hren$ zu dem Schlu${\beta}$, da${\beta}$ die Wurzelgibberelline $(GA_n)$ keinen Einflu${\beta}$ auf die $Jugendsterilit\"{a}t$ ($Basissterilit\"{a}t$) haben. Aus den Untersuchungen geht hervor, da${\beta}$ die induktive Ma${\beta}$nahme zur Beschleunigung der $Bl\"{u}tenknospenbildung$ $f\"{u}r$ eine $Z\"{u}chtungsselektion$ erst dann eingesetzt werden sollen, wenn die P.J.-Pflanzen mehr als 20 Nodien ausgebildet haben.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.787-798
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• 2011

An arboretum is defined as a collection of facilities that conserve plant species by surveying, collecting, and proliferating and preserving the plants in nature, perform diverse researches on plants and display the plants in exhibition spaces or outdoors as well as provide the public with educational programs and refreshment spaces according to the laws concerned. The public, however, recognizes the exhibition and education functions on plants of arboretum more importantly compared with the roles to survey, collect, and proliferate plants as regulated by the laws. In particular, arboretum plays a role to offer a pivotal educational place in urban area where the public can obtain an hands-on experience and understanding on a wide range of plant species and natural environment. The study aims to estimate the non market environmental values of Daegu Arboretum operated by Daegu Metropolitan City government by using the Contingent Valuation Methods (CVM), which yields the current monetary estimates for the arboretum. The value estimation was undertaken by using the Double-Bound Dichotomous Choice (DBDC) method, and each estimated value was derived from respective functions based on a logit distribution known to include relatively stable estimates according to the shape of the distribution. Considering the statistical fitness test results, the author estimated the amounts of the Willingness To Pay (WTP) such as mean WTP of 12,718 KRW, median WTP of 11,033 KRW, and truncated mean WTP of 11,468 KRW, which represented the annual recreational values per a person visiting Daegu Arboretum respectively. The analysis showed that Daegu Arboretum created the annual environmental values which were estimated to be approximately 16 to 19 billion KRW. The study also has an implication that the valuation method for the environment of Daegu Arboretum may be effectively applied for estimating the values of other types of environmental goods by altering the locations or goods to be analyzed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1353-1365
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• 1997

Background : Tumor necrosis factor(TNF) has been considered as an important candidate for cancer gene therapy based on its potent anti-tumor activity. However, since the efficiency of current techniques of gene transfer is not satisfactory, the majority of current protocols is aiming the in vitro gene transfer to cancer cells and re-introducing genetically modified cancer cells to host. In the previous study, it was shown that TNF-sensitive cancer cells transfected with TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA would become highly resistant to TNF, and the probability was shown that the acquired resistance to TNF might be associated with synthesis of some protective protein. Understanding the mechanisms of TNF -resistance in TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfected cancer cells would be. an important step for improving the efficacy of cancer gene therapy as well as for better understandings of tumor biology. This study was designed to evaluate the role of MnSOD, an antioxidant enzyme, in the acquired resistance to TNF of TNF-$\alpha$ cDN A transfected cancer cells. Method : We transfected TNF-$\alpha$ c-DNA to WEHI164(murine fibrosarcoma cell line), NCI-H2058(human mesothelioma cell line), A549(human non-small cell lung cancer cell line), ME180(human cervix cancer cell line) cells using retroviral vector(pLT12SN(TNF)) and confirm the expression of TNF with PCR, ELISA, MIT assay. Then we determined the TNF resistance of TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfected cells(WEHI164-TNF, NCIH2058-TNF, A549-TNF, ME180-TNF) and the changes of MnSOD mRNA expressions with Northern blot analysis. Results : The MnSOD mRNA expressions of parental cells and genetically modified cells of WEHI164 and ME180 cells(both are naturally TNF sensitive) were not significantly different The MnSOD mRNA expressions of genetically modified cells of NCI-H2058 and A549(both are naturally TNF resistant) were higher than those of the parental cells, while those of parental cells with exogenous TNF were also elevated. Conclusion : The acquired resistance to TNF after TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfection may not be associated with the change in the MnSOD expression, but the difference in natural TNF sensitivity of each cell may be associated with the level of the MnSOD expression.