• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.12 s.159
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• pp.1649-1660
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• 2006

IIn the United States, professional dress codes for working women have changed over time since the 1970s. Considering the changes, from conservative and traditional business uniforms in the 1970s, business casual in the late 1980s through 1990s, and the current revival of tailored business suits, this study investigated working women's business jacket practices and their association with personal, psycho-social, and physical characteristics. Working women's job satisfaction and corporate culture were also examined in relation to business jacket practices. Research data were collected by implementing mail surveys to 1,500 randomly selected working women in the United States. Of the 1,500 distributed questionnaires, a total of 312 were returned, of which 265 were deemed usable, yielding a 20.8% response rate. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage distribution, mean scores, standard deviations, and Canonical Correlation were tabulated. The respondents ranged in age from 22 to 65. The mean age of the respondents was 44 years(SD=9.63). Most respondents were married(77.4%), working full-time(81.4%), career-oriented (77.2%), Caucasian(89.8%), had at least one child(78.9%), and had a professional job(75.9%). Working women's age, number of children, self-confidence in dressing, perceived importance of clothing, body frame size, and visibility to superiors and public were positively associated with business jacket practices, while age of first child, family size, dress size, and job satisfaction were negatively associated with business jacket practices.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 1996

Introduction: Osteoporosis, the most common metabolic bone disorder, is a condition of reduced bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem and a significant cause of morbidity in postmenopausal women. Therefore family physicians as primary care physicians are in a key position for preventing and treating this disorder. So we studied the factors affecting to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 136 spontaneous postmenopausal women were participated in the study. They have measured spinal bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry from January 1992 to June 1995 at Yeungnam University Hospital. Age, height, weight, age at menarche and menopause, number of child and breast feeding child, history of oral pill ingestion, family history of osteoporosis, amount of milk and coffee ingestion, consumption of tobacco and alcohol and physical activity were assessed by qustionnaire and medical records. Results: The mean age is 55.2 and mean age at menopause is 47.9. Height, weight and physical activity were significantly positive correlated to bone mineral density. But age, duration after menopause and number of child were significantly negative correlated. Also age, height, weight, physical activity and duration after menopause were significantly correlated to % age-matched bone mineral density. In multiple regression analysis, which dependent variable is bone mineral density, duration after menopause, physical activity and weight were significant contributors. Duration after menopause is most the largest contributor. In multiple regression analysis, which dependent variable is % age-matched bone mineral density to adjust the age effect, physical activity and weight were significant contributors. Physical activity is most the largest contributor. Conclusions: Among factors affecting to BMD in postmenopausal women, physical activity and weight were more important factors. Therefore continuous physical activity is significant factor to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.16 no.4 s.34
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• pp.141-156
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between marital satisfaction and job performance among secondary school married female teachers. The subjects of this study were 237 married female teachers who worked in middle-and high-schools in Seoul and Gyeonggido. To gauge how they were pleased with their married lives. Lee Jeong-ryeon(1987)'s scale that was based on Synder's scale and made up for its segment about relations with family-in-law. As for job performance. Yun Gyeong-hye(2001)'s scale that was based on Son Jeong-hwan(1990)'s teacher job scale was employed. For data analyses. t-tests. ANOVAs. Scheffe tests for pairwise comparison. Pearson's correlations were utilized. The findings of this study illustrated that the marital satisfaction of the secondary school married female teachers were significantly related to their job performance. This indicated that their marital satisfaction served to enhance their job performance. and furthermore. that could be said to determine the quality of school education.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4240-4247
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• 2013

This purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of safety practice and safety knowledge according to background variables of mothers and the relationship between practice and knowledge in safety of mothers. The subjects were 143 mothers in Iksan city. A questionnaire was made by the researcher on the basis of relevant materials. The data was analyzed by statistical methods such as frequency, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson's correlation. The results are as follow: First, mothers' safety knowledge was higher than average. There were significant differences in emergence care, dangerous material, toy safety and young children' developmental character according to mothers' age. There were significant differences in dangerous situation, young children' developmental character and sum score of safety knowledge according to mothers' educational level. So there were significant differences in electrical fire safety, young children's developmental character according to children's age. Second, mothers typically practiced home safety. There were significant differences bathroom, entrance according to mothers' age. And there were significant differences room, kitchen and sum score of safety practice according to children's age. Third, there is no correlation between mothers' safety knowledge and home safety practice.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.89-101
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide better understanding of longitudinal effects of early maternal employment on mother-child relationship using 1364 families participating the NICHD Study of Early Child Care in the U.S. Based on the information on maternal employment from 6 months after the child's birth, three employment groups were created: mothers who had always worked more than 30 hours per week, mother who had worked part-time or had been inconsistently employed, and mothers who had never worked. At 36 months, mothers who had extensively employed for the first 36 months showed significantly lower level of supportive presence compared to mothers who had never worked. Mothers who had partly employed for the first year of child's life displayed higher level of supportive presence at 36 months compared to mothers in the other two 12 month employment groups. No other significant employment group differences were found in the mothers' respect for child's autonomy and hostility at 36 months. At first grade, mothers in three employment groups were not different in their relationship with their child. The findings suggested that maternal employment, specifically early extensive maternal employment, does not consistently predict lower quality of mother-child interaction in two or three years later.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.54-66
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• 1998

Objectives：This study was to investigate the impact of parental psychiatric disorder on offspring's depression, anxiety, self concept, perception of familial relationship compared with offspring of normal control. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, this study explored whether their psychopathology, self concept, and perception of familial relationship were influenced by parent’s sex, onset time of parent’s psychiatric disorder and parent’s psychiatric diagnosis. Methods：52 offsprings aged 10-18 years of 39 psychiatric outpatient were surveyed from June, 1997 to April, 1998 and completed several questionnaaire, including Korean from of the Family Environment Scale, Korean form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Korean form of Kovac’s Children’s Depression Inventory, and Korean form of Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale. Their score was compared with offsprings’ of normals. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, they were compared according to parent’s sex, onset time of parent's psychiatric disorder and parent’s psychiatric diagnosis. Results：The results were as follows：1) Offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder reported higher level of state anxiety and lower level of the FES expressive subscale than offsprings of normals(p<0.05). But they reported higher level of PHCSCS intellectual & school status subscale and popularity subscale than normals(p<0.05). 2) There were no differences in anxiety, depression, self concept, and perception of familial relationship between patient’s sex. 3) Offsprings less than 3 years old when parent’s psychiatric disorder had developed showed higher level of trait anxiety and lower level of FES control subscale than offsprings more than 3 years old (p<0.05). 4) There were no diferences in anxiety, depression, self concept, and perception of familial relationship between patient’ diagnostic groups(schizophrenia spectrum disorder-mood disoderneurosis). Conclusion：The finding indicated that self reported scale of anxiety and depression showed no significant difference between offsprings of psychiatric patients and offsprings of normals. In offsprings of parents with psychiatric disorder, parent’s sex and psychiatiric diagnosis had no influence on offspring’s psychopathology. But the offspring’s age(before 3 years old) when the parent’s psychiatriric disorder developed had influence on higher level of offspring’s trait anxiety. For further high risk group study, direct interview and evaluation of parent-child agreement or teacher-child agreement will be needed in longitudinal study.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-152
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• 2012

The research investigates the attitudes toward children among mothers young children and maternal grandmothers, focusing specifically on the ideal number of children, gender preference, old age security and positive and negative values of children. A total of 442 respondents, consisting of 221 young mothers (average age of 35) and 221 maternal grandmothers (average age of 63) completed a questionnaire developed by Kim, Park and Kwon (2005). The reliability of the scales ranged from Cronbach α of .78 to .91. The results are as follows. First, as for the ideal number of children, young mothers reported that they would prefer two children, while grandmothers reported that they would prefer four children. As for the ideal number of male child, young mothers reported that they would prefer that they would prefer one son, while grandmothers reported two sons. Second, as for the gender of the child, young mothers did not show a gender preference, while grandmothers stated that at least one child should be a son, especially if it is the only child. Third, grandmothers had higher expectation of old age security in their male child than young mothers but two groups did not show any difference for the female child. Fourth, as for positive values of children, young mothers were more likely to emphasize personal aspects (i.e., psychological pleasure and happiness) and family cohesiveness, while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize social aspects (i.e., continuing the family line and old age security. As for negative values of children, young mothers were more likely to emphasize personal aspects (i.e., parental role and responsibility), while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize social aspects (i.e., family conflict and relationship). Fifth, as for factors that influenced the number of children that they decided to have, young mothers were more likely to report negative values of children (i.e., financial constraints), while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize positive values of children (i.e., continuing the family line).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2020

This study investigated how the awareness about marriage, the value of children, and the motivation for childrearing influences childbirth will in nursing students. The data was collected from May 1 to May 30, 2019, and 248 data samples were finally used for analysis. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS /WIN 22.0 program. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients, t-tests, ANOVA, Scheffe's test and multiple regression analysis were all calculated. The average of awareness about marriage was 3.39±.38, the average of the value of children was 2.72±0.39, the average motivation of childrearing was 2.73±0.78 and the average of childbirth will was 3.12±0.48. The childbirth will according to the general characteristics, was significantly different according to age (F=6.002, p=.003). Among the awareness about marriage, conservative view on marriage(r=.207, p=.001), active view on marriage(r=.226, p<.001), instrumental view on marriage(r=.181, p=.004), and motivation of childrearing(r=.283, p<.001) showed positive correlation ed with childbirth will. Childbirth will was negatively correlated with passive view on marriage (r=-.292, p<.001), and the value of children (r=-.226, p<.001). The factors affecting childbirth will of the study subjects were age(β=.155, p=.007), passive view on marriage(β=-.383, p<.001), motivation of childrearing (β=.315, p<.001), and the explanatory power was 23.6%. According to this study, it is necessary to confirm the effects of developing an intervention program and applying this program to improve the decisions of nursing students concerning marriage and having children.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.695-709
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• 2022

This study examined the mothers' stress level as it related to meal preparation and a change in food consumption during the Covid-19 pandemic. I asked mothers about the difficulties related to meal preparation, changes in food consumption, and their interest in food and health information using in-depth research methods. As a result, food delivery and online food consumption have markedly expanded as eating out has decreased. Mothers tried to serve fresh food at home because they perceived delivery food as unhealthy. They stick to it more vigorously with their younger children. As the result of analysis on determinants of food consumption, their interest in organic food is higher when mothers' ages are younger with higher income. However, mothers with a low level of education tend to be uninterested in it. Therefore, the ages of the children and mothers, household income, and education levels all had an effect on food consumption behaviors.

• 한국노년학
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.127-141
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• 2005

Prior studies about nursing home placement identified factors contributing to the risk of institutionalization by pooling adult child caregivers and spousal caregivers together, regardless of differential challenges for the two types of caregivers. In a sample of 456 caregivers followed for a 2 year period, an event history analysis showed that relationship made difference in time to placement and that differential factors led to institutionalization for spousal caregivers and daughter caregivers. Spousal caregivers are more likely to place dementia patients into nursing homes sooner than adult child caregivers. The age of care recipients and role captivity (refers to being unwilling, involuntary incumbent of a caregiver role) are predictors of placement for both groups of caregivers. Dementia patients who were older had a greater risk of institutionalization. Greater feelings of role captivity also shortened the time to placement. Income and education are significant predictors only for caregiving daughters. Daughters who had a high education level are more likely to delay nursing home placement whereas those who had a higher income are more likely to institutionalize their demented parents sooner. Use of day care and behavioral problems are significant predictors only for spousal caregivers. Specifically, use of day care and behavioral problems precipitates nursing home placement. The findings of this study suggest that interventions for helping family members to provide care to the demented elderly at home must consider different circumstances faced by caregiving spouses and caregiving daughters.