• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.263-286
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore how overly positive self-estimations in peer relationships relate to subjective well-being and to the occurrence of interpersonal behaviors supporting basic psychological needs among elementary school students. This study tested the optimal margin hypothesis of positive illusion by examining the curvilinear relationship between these variables. The sample consisted of 346 fifth and sixth grade students. The self-criterion residual method was used to derive self-estimation bias scores by regressing the real peer relations index (i.e., In-degree) on their perceived peer relationship qualities. The results showed that girls more strongly overestimated the quality of their peer relationships than boys. Self-estimation biases had a positive curvilinear relationship with negative affects and a negative curvilinear relationship with relatedness needs supporting interpersonal behaviors. These results supported the existence of the optimal margin of positive illusion because overestimations of the quality of peer relationships were associated with lower levels of negative affects and relatedness needs-supporting interpersonal behaviors, though these benefits flattened out and no further benefit was observed after an optimal level of overestimation. However, self-estimation bias was linearly associated with positive affect, autonomy needs-supporting interpersonal behaviors, and competence needs-supporting interpersonal behaviors. These results indicated that optimal margin hypothesis was not supported for all outcome variables.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.111-122
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer-based cognitive bias modification program (CBM-I) and to test the efficacy of CBM-I for college students with social anxiety. Forty socially anxious individuals were randomly assigned to the CBM-I(n=21) or a waiting list condition(n=19). Both groups were assessed at the beginning and the end of the program with interpretation bias and social anxiety symptoms(e.g. B=FNE=Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, LSAS=Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale). The CBM-I modified interpretation by providing positive feedback when participants made benign interpretations and negative feedback in response to threat interpretations. Participants in CBM-I completed three computer sessions over three weeks. The CBM-I successfully decreased social anxiety symptoms compared to the control condition(t=2.35, p<.05; t=4.70, p<.001). This result suggests that interpretation modification may have clinical utility when applied as a multi-session intervention.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.185-196
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• 2023

This paper investigates the effects of entrepreneurs' cognitive biases on business opportunity evaluation, given their strong entrepreneurial spirit, which is characterized by innovation, proactivity, and risk-taking. When making decisions related to business activities, entrepreneurs typically make rational judgments based on their knowledge, experience, and the advice of external experts. However, in situations of extreme stress or when quick decisions are required, they often rely on heuristics based on their cognitive biases. In particular, we often see cases where entrepreneurs fail because they make decisions based on heuristics in the process of evaluating and selecting new business opportunities that are planned to guarantee the growth and sustainability of their companies. This study was conducted in response to the need for research to clarify the effects of entrepreneurs' cognitive biases on new business opportunity evaluation, given that the cognitive biases of entrepreneurs, which are formed by repeated successful experiences, can sometimes lead to business failure. Although there have been many studies on the effects of cognitive biases on entrepreneurship and opportunity evaluation among university students and general people who aspire to start a business, there have been few studies that have clarified the relationship between cognitive biases and social networks among entrepreneurs. In contrast to previous studies, this study conducted empirical surveys of entrepreneurs only, and also conducted research on the relationship with social networks. For the study, a survey was conducted using a parallel survey method using online mobile surveys and self-report questionnaires from 150 entrepreneurs of small and medium-sized enterprises. The results of the study showed that 'overconfidence' and 'illusion of control', among the independent variables of entrepreneurs' cognitive biases, had a statistically significant positive(+) effect on business opportunity evaluation. In addition, it was confirmed that the moderating variable, social network, moderates the effect of overconfidence on business opportunity evaluation. This study showed that entrepreneurs' cognitive biases play a role in the process of evaluating and selecting new business opportunities, and that social networks play a role in moderating the structural relationship between entrepreneurs' cognitive biases and business opportunity evaluation. This study is expected to be of great help not only to entrepreneurs, but also to entrepreneur education and policy making, by showing how entrepreneurs can use cognitive biases in a positive way and the influence of social networks.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.207-230
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• 2019

This study examined the effect of Attention Feedback Awareness and Control Training(A-FACT) on attention bias and generalized anxiety symptoms in college students. A total of 31 college students with at least 10 points on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale or at least 56 points on the Korean version of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (K-PSWQ) with attention bias were randomly assigned to one of three groups: A-FACT( n = 11), Attention Bias Modification (ABM)(n = 10) and Active Placebo Control (APC)(n = 10). Participants in A-FACT group received real-time feedback on attention bias based on their Baseline Neutral Response time(BNR) during A-FACT using a dot probe task. Participants in the ABM group received standard ABM, and those in the APC performed a dot probe task that they were informed was a program to reduce attention bias, but feedback was not provided. A total of eight sessions was conducted twice a week over a 4-week period. After every two sessions, GAD-7, K-PSWQ and K-STAI were rated. The effect of attention bias modification training was rated by changes in the Attention Bias Score(ABS), and in GAD-7, K-PSWQ and K-STAI scores. The results of repeated measure ANOVA indicated that the A-FACT group showed a significant decrease in ABS as well as in GAD-7, K-PSWQ and K-STAI scores compared to the other groups. Current results suggest that self-regulatory control of attention, that is, recognition of bias through feedback in A-FACT, may be effective in alleviating attention bias and generalized anxiety symptoms by recognizing bias through feedback on bias in attention bias modification training.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

In this study, the effect of VR exposure programs integrated with web-based cognitive restructuring education on reducing social anxiety was confirmed. The experimental group (n=12) received a 10~15 minute session of web-based cognitive intervention and a 20-minute session of virtual reality exposure therapy. The comparison group (n=15) received a 10~15 minute session of web-based speech education and a 20-minute session of virtual reality exposure therapy. After 4 weeks, the experimental group had an increase in positive interpretation bias, a decrease in negative interpretation bias, and a decreased level of social anxiety. These results suggest that the combination of self-help form of web-based cognitive intervention in the treatment of social anxiety disorder can improve the therapeutic effect of VRET.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.459-488
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• 2018

The self-report assessment has been most commonly used to estimate bullying/victimization (B/V) rates in most domestic and international prevalence studies. However, the presence of many potential biasing factors in such an assessment method, including specific operationalization/measurement strategies and testing conditions, has become an issue due to a considerable variability in reported involvement rates across studies. This study analyzed self-reported B/V involvement rates on Olweus Bullying Questionnaire (OBQ) among 690 Korean middle school students by gender and two different cut-offs (generous vs. strict cut-offs) and examined if the involvement rates were significantly varied by testing conditions such as presentation vs. omission of a precise definition of B/V, anonymous vs. non-anonymous/confidential administration, and the use of global vs. specific questions. Chi-square analyses revealed that boys displayed higher involvement rates on global measures of B/V and on items related to direct forms of B/V, with no significant gender differences on specific measures of relational B/V rates. It was also found that a global rate of bullying and specific rates of verbal B/V were 111% to 157% higher when no definition was provided. However, anonymous vs. non-anonymous administration had no significant impacts on rates of involvement, except for one item; there were also no significant differences in reported degrees of frankness and perceived confidentiality of their responses across two adminstration conditions. Finally, when involvement rates were assessed by using specific vs. global items, they were 68% to 148% higher with binominal correlations in low to moderate ranges. Findings also indicated that global items had a high specificity but a relatively low sensitivity. Implications of these findings were fully discussed for researchers and practitioners in the field of B/V assessment.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1818-1825
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• 2017

An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler(ADCP) measures the current velocity and analyzes the degree of turbulence using Doppler effects of ultrasonic waves. Therefore, the autocorrelation or FFT spectrum estimates are obtained for extraction of current velocity in each spatial region. However, if the correlation method does not satisfy the assumption that the return signal spectra are symmetric Gaussian, the large bias errors can occur. Also, the accurate estimation of autocorrelation or FFT spectrum is difficult due to the short acquisition interval when the rapid changes of current velocity occur. Thus, in this paper, the estimation method of the autoregressive spectrum peak is suggested for the accurate current velocity measurement of both symmetric and asymmetric spectra. It is shown that estimation quality can be improved using the suggested method comparing with the conventional methods. Many return signals under the various environment are simulated and the results are compared and analyzed for evaluation of the suggested method.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.19-36
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• 2004

An experimental research investigated the components of lottery games affecting lottery-purchasing behaviors and the psychological consequences of the behaviors. In the experiment, participants were given a chance to purchase a lottery tickets during a series of computer games and their decision of purchasing the lottery ticket was measured. Also, the size and probability of the lottery games were manipulated and the perceived difficulty, satisfaction of the mid-outcome, and perceived probability of success in the computer game were measured in order to examine their impacts on participants' lottery-purchasing decisions. In addition, the behavioral tendency, satisfaction of the final outcome, and perceived self-capability in the computer game were measured at the end of the computer games in order to examine the effects of lottery-purchasing experiences on the variables. Participants who perceived the games as easier and estimated the probability of their success highly were more likely to buy the lottery tickets. However, the winning prize and odd of lottery tickets, perceived satisfaction of their own performance, and the performance itself did not influence the purchasing decisions. The common beliefs on the negative effects of lottery-purchasing experiences on human motivation and behaviors were not supported. The implications of the present research findings and limitations of the experimental research on lottery were discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.263-274
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• 2010

Business survey index(BSI) is an economic forecasting index made on the basis of the past achievement of the company and enterpriser's plan and decision for the future. Even the index is very popular in economic situations, only a little research result is known to the public. In the paper we investigate statistical properties of BSI. We define population BSI in the finite population and estimate it unbiasedly. Also we derive the variance of the estimated BSI and its unbiased estimator. In addition, confidence interval of the estimated BSI is proposed. We asserte that confidence interval of the estimated BSI is more reasonable than the relative standard error.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.317-340
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• 2023

In a business context, ESG is defined as the use of environmental, social, and governance factors to assess a firm's progress in terms of sustainability. Social media has enabled the public to actively share firms' good and/or bad deeds, increasing public interest in ESG management. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of firm performances with the respective sentiments towards each of environmental, social, and governance activities, as well as comprehensive ESG sentiments, which encompass all environmental, social, and governance sentiments. This study used panel regression models to examine the relationship between social media ESG sentiment and the Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) of 143 companies listed on the KOSPI 200. We collected data from 2018 to 2021, including sentiment data from a variety of social media channels, such as online communities, Instagram, blogs, Twitter, and other news. The results indicated that firm performance is significantly related to respective ESG and comprehensive ESG sentiments. This study has several implications. By using data from various social media channels, it presents an unbiased view of public ESG sentiment, rather than relying on ESG ratings, which may be influenced by rating agencies. Furthermore, the findings can be used to help firms determine the direction of their ESG management. Therefore, this study provides theoretical and practical insights for researchers and firms interested in ESG management.