• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2014

Autophagy is one of the lysosomal degradation pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis. The damaged proteins or organelles are uptaken through extra- and intra-cellular stress, starvation and infected pathogens, subsequently, autophagosomes are fused with lysosomes to break down the molecules. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), intracellular bacteria, cause acute gastroenteritis and food poisoning. Given that autophagy induced by S. Typhimurium plays an important role in the cells to control the infection, we identify whether the induction of autophagy with rapamycin, chemical inducer of autophagy, before infection regulates S. Typhimurium infection. After treatment of rapamycin or 3-methyladenine (3-MA), autophagy inhibitor, RAW264.7 cells were infected with S. Typhimurium. Pretretment of rapamycin decreased the growth rate of S. Typhimurium in the cells; otherwise, pretreatment of 3-MA increased the growth rate of S. Typhimurium. The expression of autophagy-related genes was significantly increased in the S. Typhimurium-infected cells pretreated with rapamycin. To examine whether induced autophagy by rapamycin control the infection with increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), antibacterial radical substrates were measured in infected cells followed by the treatment with either rapamycin or 3-MA. NO production increased in RAW264.7 cells; otherwise, ROS production remained unchanged during the infection. These findings suggest that inducing autophagy with rapamycin reveals antimicrobial activity as producing NO against S. Typhimurium infection in mouse macrophages.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of several dual-cure cements by different curing modes. Materials and Methods: One resin-modified glass ionomer cement (FujiCEM 2), two conventional dual-cure resin cements (RelyX ARC, Multilink N), and two dual-cure self-adhesive resin cements (RelyX U200, G-CEM LinkAce) were used. To evaluate the influence of the curing methods, each cements divided into four conditions (n = 20); Condition 1: self-curing for 10 minutes, Condition 2: immediate after 20 seconds light-curing, Condition 3: 24 hours after self-curing, Condition 4: 24 hours after light-curing. The compressive strength and diametral tensile strength were measured with a universal testing machine. All data were statistically analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's test. Results: The results showed the compressive strength and diametral tensile strength after 24 hours in all curing modes were higher than immediate except RelyX ARC light-cured and Multilink N light-cured. The FujiCEM 2 showed lowest values (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The outcome was cement-depend, but there is no significant difference about compressive strength and diametral tensile strength between dual-cure self-adhesive resin cements and conventional resin cements. And this result will be used as a base line data selecting resin cement for favorable long-term prognosis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.415-426
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• 2006

In this study, the changes in the degree of conversion (DC) and the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of self-etching adhesives to dentin was investigated according to the time after curing. The MTBS of Single Bond (SB, 3M ESPE, USA), Clearfil SE Bond (SE, Kuraray, Japan), Xeno-III (XIII, Dentsply, Germany), and Adper Prompt (AP, 3M ESPE, USA) were measured at 48h, at 1 week and after thermocycling for 5,000 cycles between 5$^{\circ}$C and 55$^{\circ}$C. The DC of the adhesives were measured immediately, at 48h and at 7 days after curing using a Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectrometer. The fractured surfaces were also evaluated with scanning electron microscope. The MTBS and DC were significantly increased with time and there was an interaction between the variables of time and material (MTBS, 2-way ANOVA, p = 0.018; DC, Repeated Measures ANOVA, p < 0.001). The low DC was suggested as a cause of the low MTBS of self-etching adhesives, XIII and AP, but the increase in the MTBS of SE and AP after 48h could not be related with the changes in the DC. The microscopic maturation of the adhesive layer might be considered as the cause of increasing bond strength.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.549-556
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the effects of stretching and movement with mobilization in lunge position on the muscle activity of the lower limb and limited of stability in chronic stroke patients with hemiplegia. Sixteen subjects were randomly selected and classified into the experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed self stretching exercises in the lunge position, and in the control group performed movement with mobilization in the lunge position. The interventions were conducted for 20 min, 5 times a week for 8 weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated ANOVA. The analysis results showed no statistically significant between-group differences with respect to the muscle activity(%MVIC;maximum voluntary isometric contraction) of lower limb and limited of stability(LOS)(p>.05). However, statistically significant within-group differences were observed in the maximum voluntary isometric contraction and limited of stability for both the groups (p<.05). Therefore, self stretching in the lunge position is considered to have positive influences on the muscle strength and balance in stroke patients with hemiplegia.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2018

This study was to examine the effect of self taping therapy on pain relief and improvement of daily living for older adult having knee pain. This study was conducted with a nonequivalent control group pre-test and post-test design. A total of 69 older adult in senior welfare center were recruited and were assigned to the experimental group (33) or control group (36). Self taping therapy was provided to the experimental group replace daily and apply for 7days. Data were collected before and after the intervention program. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, Chi-square test, and t-test with SPSS Statistics IBM 21.0 program. Knee pain(t=9.59, p<.001) and physical functions(t=7.02, p<.001) were significantly decreased in the experimental group. This study found that self taping therapy could be a useful self-management method that older adult with knee pain use easily at home.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2004

자가산부식 접착제 (self-etching primer)는 법랑질과 상아질을 동시에 산부식과 프라이머 처리를 함으로 임상 시술 시간을 단축시킬 뿐만 아니라, 임상과정 중 발생할 수 있는 술자의 실수 및 타액등에 의한 오염의 가능성을 줄일 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 약산을 이용한 산부식법이 법랑질에 대해 탈회효과 및 접착강도에 있어 논란이 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 인산을 이용한 추가적인 산부식 및 자가산부식 접착제의 적용시간을 달리할 경우 법랑질에 대한 접착강도의 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 135개의 발거한 우치의 법랑질 면을 ＃600사포로 연마한 후 9개의 군으로 분류하였다. 각 군은 부가적인 32% 인산을 처리하지 않은 군 (1~3군), 15초간 처리한 군 (4~6군), 60초간 처리한 군 (7~9군)으로 나누고, 이를 다시 Clearfil SE Bond의 프라이머로 5초 (1, 4, 7군), 20초 (2, 5, 8군), 60초 (3, 6, 9군)간 처리한 군으로 분류하였다. 접착제 처리한 면에 Clearfil AP-X 복합레진을 접착하고 24시간 경과 후 전단응력 강도를 측정하였다. 결과는 One-way ANOVA 처리후 Duncan's multiple range test로 사후검증하였다. 동일한 자가산부식 프라이머 처리 시간을 가진 군에서 산 부식을 한 경우가 그렇지 않은 군에 비해 높은 접착강도를 나타내었으며 인산부식 시간의 차이에 의한 영향은 없었다.(1 < 4, 7군/ 2 < 5, 8군/ 3 < 6, 9군). 자가산부식제의 프라이머 적용 시간에 의한 효과는 1군(5초 적용)을 제외한 나머지 군의 경우 동일한 인산 처리군에서는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다.(1군 < 2, 3군/ 4＝5＝6군/ 7＝8＝9군). Clearfil SE Bond 접착제의 법랑질에 대한 접착강도는 부가적인 산부식을 통하여 증가시킬 수 있으며 프라이머의 적용 시간에 의한 효과는 제조자의 지시에 의한 시간 이상 적용할 경우 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2022

In this study, self-healable waterborne polyurethane (SH-WPU) as shoes and coating materials with self-healable disulfide functionalities was synthesized by mixing polyether polyol to impart excellent durability and heat resistance and polycarbonate polyol to impart excellent mechanical properties. The synthesized SH-WPU was characterized by fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and physical and self-healing properties were confirmed through universal testing machine (UTM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. Tensile strength and hardness were increased and elongation was decreased by using polycarbonate polyol. In addition, as a result of comparison of thermal properties, thermal stability has been increased as the content of polycarbonate polyol increased. The healing efficiency showed the highest efficiency when poly(tetramethylene ether)glycol : polycarbonate polyol = 0.75 : 0.25, and it was confirmed that the damaged part was healed through surface observation using a microscope and SEM.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength of several self-adhesive resin cements bonded to dentin surfaces with different wet conditions. Three self-adhesive resin cements: Rely-X Unicem (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN. USA). Embrace Wetbond (Pulpdent. Oakland. MA. USA). Maxcem (Kerr. Orange. CA. USA) were used. Extracted sixty human molars were used. Each self-adhesive resin cement was adhered to the dentin specimens (two rectangular sticks from each molar) in different wet conditions. Tensile bond strength were measured using universal testing machine (EZ Test. Shimadzu corporation. Kyoto. Japan) at a crosshead speed of 1.0mm/min. After the testing. bonding failures of specimens were observed by Operative microscope (OPMI pro, Carl Zeiss. Oberkochen, Germany). T-test was used to evaluate the effect of dentin surface wetness. One-way ANOVA test was used to evaluate the tensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements in the same condition. Scheffe's test was used for statistical analyzing at the 95% level of confidence. The result showed that wetness of dentin surface didn't affect tensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements and Maxcem showed the lowest tensile bond strength.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.402-411
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to determine critical assessments and core competencies, and to determine the competence and discipline of self-assessment. We surveyed 511 students who graduated from 12 universities. Self-efficacy 24 items were measured on a 5-point scale, 8 core competencies and 52 detailed competencies were self - assessed from 0 to a maximum of 10 points. The higher the score, the higher the self - evaluation competency level. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 Ver., And a statistical significance level of 0.05 was considered. The self - evaluation competency level was the highest at 6.7 points in the clinical dentistry area, and the lowest at the evidence - based decision area of 5.7 points. Self-regulation was found to be positively related to the self-evaluation core competence level among self-efficacy sub-factors. As the students' self-efficacy affects subjective academic achievement and self-evaluation, it is necessary to develop and apply relevant programs to enhance critical thinking in curriculum, apply problem-based learning method, improve self-efficacy and leadership, It should be possible to cultivate.

• 정보보호뉴스
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• s.129
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• pp.27-29
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• 2008

정보보호 부서 이동 후 새로운 업무를 이해하는 것만으로 한 달을 소비한 김 대리. 그렇다고 성과가 전혀 없던 것은 아니었다. 어떤 웹 사이트가 유용한 정보를 제공하고 있는지 알게 됐고, 악성코드나 바이러스처럼 간혹 언론매체를 통해 접했던 정보보호 관련 용어가 더 이상 낯설지 않게 됐다. 무엇보다 '환상'기업의 보안관으로서 어떤 활동을 해야 할 것인지를 이해했다는 점에서 김 대리에게 지난 한 달은 의미있는 시간이었다. 하지만 이제 막 한숨을 돌린 김 대리는 또 다른 난관에 봉착했다. 경영진으로부터 환상기업의 정보보호 수준을 수치화해 보고하라는 지시가 내려온 것이다.