• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2010

Purpose : Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in preterm infants is a major problem in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and it has been related to long-term growth deficit and neurodevelopmental issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of and risk factors for EUGR. Methods : The study subjects consisted of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with a gestational age $\leq$32 weeks that were born at the Seoul National University Children's Hospital between November 2005 and April 2009. EUGR was defined as weight for gestation, lower than the 10th percentile on discharge. Results : The frequency of EUGR was 67% (n=111/166). By multiple logistic regression, the presence of small for gestational age (SGA) was the greatest predictor of EUGR, birth weight and daily weight gain during the first 28 days were independent predictors of EUGR. Risk factors for EUGR in non-SGA infants were evaluated because 56% (64/114) of non-SGA infants developed EUGR at discharge. Daily weight gain in the first 28 days was also decreased in EUGR group and independently predicted the risk of EUGR in the non-SGA group. Conclusion : EUGR was a common problem in the NICU. SGA was the most significant predictive factor of the EUGR. Half of the non-SGA infants also developed EUGR, revealing poor weight gain in the early days was as an important predictor. These results support the importance of early nutritional intervention for weight gain which have lagged behind other modern therapeutic interventions when the infant is clinically unstable.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2016

To effectively utilize a flash and predict its effects on an infrared device, it is essential to know the infrared characteristics of the flash source. In this paper, a study of the IR characteristics of flash light sources is carried out. The IR characteristics of three flash sources, of which two are combustive and the other is explosive, are measured with an IR characteristic measurement system over the middle- and long-wavelength infrared ranges. From the measurements, the radiances over the two IR ranges and the radiative temperatures of the flashes are extracted. The IR radiance of flash A is found to be the strongest among the three, followed by those of sources C and B. It is also shown that the IR radiance of flash A is about 10 times stronger than that of flash B, even though these two sources are the same type of flash with the same powder. This means that the IR radiance intensity of a combustive flash source depends only on the amount of powder, not on the characteristics of the powder. From the measured radiance over MWIR and LWIR ranges for each flashes, the radiative temperatures of the flashes are extracted by fitting the measured data to blackbody radiance. The best-fit radiative temperatures (equivalent to black-body temperatures) of the three flash sources A, B, and C are 3300, 1120, and 1640 K respectively. From the radiance measurements and radiative temperatures of the three flash sources, it is shown that a combustive source radiates more IR energy than an explosive one; this mean, in turn, that the effects of a combustive flash on an IR device are more profound than those of an explosive flash source. The measured IR radiances and radiative temperatures of the flash sources in this study can be used to estimate the effects of flashes on various IR devices, and play a critical role for the modeling and simulation of the effects of a flash source on various IR devices.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.546-552
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• 2007

Purpose: In the breast cancer patient, lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy are the most important procedure for axillary lymph node staging. We aimed to compare the three radiocolloids [$^{99m}Tc$-antimony trisulfide colloid (ASC), $^{99m}Tc$-tin colloid (TC), and $^{99m}Tc$-human serum albumin (HSA)] for sentinel lymph node mapping. Subjects and Methods: Totally, 397 patients with clinically N0 stage were enrolled. $^{99m}Tc$-ASC was injected in 202 out of 397 patients, $^{99m}Tc$-TC was injected in 120 patients, and $^{99m}Tc$-HSA was injected in the remaining 75 patients. The sentinel lymph nodes were localized by lymphoscintigraphy and selected using intraoperative gamma probe. All sentinel lymph nodes were investigated by intraoperative pathologic consultation. The axillary lymph nodes which were harvested by the lymph node dissection were also investigated. Results: The patients of each group showed similar clinical characteristics. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the identification rate of sentinel lymph nodes (IR), false negative rate (FNR), and negative predictive value (NPV). The axillary lymphadenectomy revealed axillary lymph node metastases in those three groups (ASC-33.2%, TC-31.7%, HSA-22.7%). The IR, FNR, and NPV were not significantly different among those groups. Conclusion: Those three $^{99m}Tc$-labeled radiocolloids showed equivalent results in sentinel lymph node mapping of breast cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.149-161
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• 2022

Purpose To investigate the correlation between computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) parameters in 3-tesla (T) MRI and pathologic immunohistochemical (IHC) markers in invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST). Materials and Methods A total of 94 female who were diagnosed with NST carcinoma and underwent 3T MRI using CAD, from January 2018 to April 2019, were included. The relationship between angiovolume, curve peak, and early and late profiles of dynamic enhancement from CAD with pathologic IHC markers and molecular subtypes were retrospectively investigated using Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner multiple comparison analysis, and univariate binary logistic regression analysis. Results In NST carcinoma, a higher angiovolume was observed in tumors of higher nuclear and histologic grades and in lymph node (LN) (+), estrogen receptor (ER) (-), progesterone receptor (PR) (-), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) (+), and Ki-67 (+) tumors. A high rate of delayed washout and a low rate of delayed persistence were observed in Ki-67 (+) tumors. In the binary logistic regression analysis of NST carcinoma, a high angiovolume was significantly associated with a high nuclear and histologic grade, LN (+), ER (-), PR (-), HER2 (+) status, and non-luminal subtypes. A high rate of washout and a low rate of persistence were also significantly correlated with the Ki-67 (+) status. Conclusion Angiovolume and delayed washout/persistent rate from CAD parameters in contrast enhanced breast MRI correlated with predictive IHC markers. These results suggest that CAD parameters could be used as clinical prognostic, predictive factors.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of the aleurone layer of Oryza sativa cvs. Obongbyeo, Ilpumbyeo, and Aranghyangchalbyeo by a single oral dose in ICR mice. The test article was orally administered once by gavage to male and female mice at dose levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g/kg body weight (n=10 for male and female mice for each dose). We examined numbers of deaths, general signs, weight measurement and biochemical analysis for sexes and doses of mice control and experimental groups. All mice were alive during the experimental period so can not yield death rate and $LD_{50}$. Any significant clinical symptom was not observed in all treated groups. No significant body weight changes in treatment groups in comparison with those of control groups was observed at any dose levels in experimental groups. Plasma glucose levels were valued both control and treated groups and there were no significant differences between groups. The activities of ALT and AST were not increase in all sample treated groups when compared with the control groups. The results suggest that the toxicity of Oryza sativa cvs. Obongbyeo, Ilpumbyeo, and Aranghyangchalbyeo are low and its $LD_{50}$ is over 10.0 g/kg body weight in both male and female mice.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.203-212
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• 2006

With interests and participation in the costumeplay that mimics characters appeared on carton or animation in recent days, the costumeplay becomes one of cultural phenomena. Using a qualitative research method, this study identified costumeplayers' costume consumption pattern and explored its meanings from the perspective of consumption culture. Indeed, this study intended to help for understanding costumeplayer group as a consumer, and to provide basic knowledge about new market analysis related to fashion design and marketing. The results from the analyzing participant observation and in-depth interviews data are as follows: first, costumeplayers usually begin costumeplay by friends' invitations or by themselves and then continue on participating. Through the costumeplay, participants have benefits such as fun, departure from the daily life, and social interaction. Second, participants acquire costumes through purchase, rent, producing or combination of daily wear, but both purchase and rent account high. Third, the meanings of consumption culture in costumeplay include consumption behavior repeating possession and disposal. Also, costumeplayers concerns efficiency when purchasing or renting the costumes, and internet is a place where information search, comparison, and actual purchasing are occurred. Based on the results, fashion design and marketing implication, limitation of this study and further research ideas were suggested.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 1992

The author studied the mental status of 497 patients admitted in non-psychiatric wards and 42 patients diagnosed as mental disorders by DSM-III-R criteria and admitted in three general hospitals located in Pusan city, using NADS and PSCS. The assessment were obtained from October, 1991 to March, 1992 and the results as follows: The mean ${\pm}$ SD of Anxiety-Depression scores were $34.4{\pm}10.4$ in non-psychiatric patients and $50.0{\pm}18.3$ in psychiatric patients. The psychiatric group had significantly higher scores than non-psychiatric group. The mean ${\pm}$ SD of Psychosis scores were $3.9{\pm}4.4$ in non-psychiatric patients and $20.3{\pm}9.8$ in psychiatric patients. The psychiatric group had significantly higher scores than non-psychiatric group. In the psychosocial factors, dissatisfaction in family atmosphere and acquaintanceship with parellts(P<0.001, relatively), pessimistic in future, present and past self-images(P<0.001, relatively), and yes in previous psychiatric treatment of admission(P<0.01, relatively) had common significant relationships to Anxiety-Depression and Psychosis scores. There were correlationships between NADS scores and PSCS scores(${\gamma}$ = 0.74), past and present self-images(${\gamma}$ = 0.45), present and future self images(${\gamma}$ = 0.45), past and future self-images(${\gamma}$ = 0.34) and family atmosphere and acquaintanceship with parents(${\gamma}$ = 0.49). The regression analysis revealed that present self-image, acquaintanceship with parents, future self-image, past self-image, and family atmosphere, in order of significance were to be descriptive or predicable variances for Anxiety-Depression status. The discriminant analysis according to Anxiety-Depression scores showed that the cases of incorrect classification were 22 for non-psychiatric patient group and 2 for psychiatric patient group.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2005

Purpose: Early gastric cancer (EGC) has an excellent prognosis compared to advanced gastric cancer. The 5-year survival rate for EGC now exceeds $90\%$, and EGC is recognized as a curable malignancy. The important prognostic factor in EGC is the status of lymph-node metastasis. Despite conserving surgery being suggested for EGC at present, it is of vital importance to select a surgical method appropriate to each individual case. This retrospective study was undertaken to clarify clinicopathologic features and factors related to lymph-node metastasis in submucosal gastric cancer in order to determine an appropriate therapy. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed the clinicopathologic features for 279 patients with a submucosal gastric carcinoma (Group I) and compared with those of patients with mucosal (Group II) or muscularis proprial gastric carcinoma (Group III). All patients were operated on from 1981 to 1999 at Chonnam University Hospital. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups with respect to age, gender, tumor location, hepatic metastasis, or peritoneal dissemination. Results: Positive lymph node metastasis was found in 47 ($16.8\%$) of the 279 patients with a submucosal gastric carcinoma. The incidence of lymph-node metastasis was significantly higher in patients with a submucosal gastric carcinoma than in patients with a mucosal gastric carcinoma ($16.8\%\;vs.\;3.9\%\;$; P<0.01). Therefore, depth of invasion was a significant factor affecting in lymph-node metastasis. The 5-year survival rates were $88.6\%$ for patients in Group I, $95.2\%$ for patients in Group II, and $72.7\%$ for patients in Group III (P<0.01 for Group I vs. Group II; Group I vs. Group III). In patients with a submucosal gastric carcinoma, the survival rate with positive lymph nodes was significantly poorer than that of patients without lymph-node metastasis ($87.3\%\;vs.\;94.2\%$; P<0.01). Conclusion: Gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection is an appropriate operative procedure for patients with a submucosal gastric carcinoma.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.76-84
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• 2019

This study was a descriptive study to investigate the influence of moral self-concept and ethical values on attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment among nursing students. The study subjects were 296 nursing students from 2 nursing colleges in G city. The data were collected from June 12 to June 23, 2017 and analyzed using the SPSS 23.0 program. The mean score of the moral self-concept was 3.48±0.33, of ethical values was 3.50±0.37 and of attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment was 3.13±0.43. In attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, there were significant differences in grade(F=3.21, p=.024), practice(t=2.06, p=.040) and nursing ethics education(t=2.98, p=.003). There was a significant negative correlation between attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment and moral self-concept(r=-.14, p=.017) and ethical values(r=-.42, p<.001). The significant predictors that influence the attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment were ethical values and nursing ethics education. The explanatory power was 22.5%. Based on the above results, additional studies to determine the various factors affecting attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment of nursing students should be conducted and systematic education programs need to be developed to foster utilitarian values in order to form a positive attitude toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1239-1249
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• 2013

According to development of weather radar, researches about observation, analysis or forecast of weather phenomena such as tornado, flash-flood etc. were encouraged by reducing frequency interferences, transmission noises, attenuations of radar signal. In contrast, there is a growing interest in the visualization and expression methods for weather radar data but weather radar manufacturers or the organs of government for weather are just busy interpreting expressed weather images projected on GIS. We propose an effective high definition weather radar information visualization method able to apply various GIS platforms to observe and take actions against rapid local weather changes effectively. In this paper, first we change information acquired from weather radar to raster or vector type high definition data structures using specific algorithms. And then, we quadrate our processed raster/vector type weather data with various GIS platforms accurately to make observers can recognize and check weather situations over exact geographical positions and elevations intuitively. Experimental results verify that our method make observers can recognize and analyze weather changes, tornados, local downpours or flash floods accurately by analyzing high definition weather radar data combined with GIS platform including detailed target locations and elevations.