• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2007

Purpose : This study assessed the long term survival rate and long term complications of patients who had a modified Fontan operation for functionally univentricular cardiac anomaly. Methods : Between June 1986 and December 2000, 302 patients with a functional single ventricle underwent surgical interventions and were followed up until February 2006. The mean follow-up period was $8.3{\pm}5.3years$ (range 3.5-18 years). Their median age was 2.4 years at the Fontan operation. The survival rate, the incidence and the risk factor of late complications were evaluated retrospectively. Results : The verall survival rate was 91 percent at 5 years and 87 percent at 10 years. In multivariate analysis, early calendar year of operation and significant regurgitation were risk factors of death. The surviving patients showed NYHA functional class I in 82 percent, class II in 15 percent, and class III in 3 percent. Redo Fontan operations were necessary in 8.8 percent of patients at average $12.8{\pm}3.6years$ after initial Fontan operation. The most common cause of Fontan conversion was atrial arrhythmia. The incidence of thromboembolic events was 9.3% and these complications were associated with the occurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia. Supraventricular tachycardia including atrial flutter or fibrillation were reported on the follow-up examination by 11.2 percent of survivors after $8.4{\pm}5.6years$. Atriopulmonary connection showed higher rates of late tachycardia than lateral tunnel operation. Conclusions : This study revealed that the recent survival rate of Fontan type operation was satisfactory, but the occurrence of late complications after a Fontan type operation increased with the longer survival. There is a need for strict follow up and early treatment of late complications in patients who had a Fontan operation.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.345-353
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• 2018

This study examined the associations of smoking, alcohol drinking habits and both with the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in university students. This study was performed using a CAGE (test for alcohol: cutting down, annoyance by criticism, guilty feeling, and eye-openers) questionnaire, FTND (the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence) questionnaire, and CIMT of university students. No statistically significant differences were observed among the CIMT results according to each CAGE level classified into 3 groups. The results of CIMT according to the FTND smoking categorization showed that the smoking group was higher than nonsmoking group (P<0.01). A statistically significant difference was observed between the left and right CIMT regarding smoking and drinking (P<0.01). In the only drink risk group, the left CIMT (19.84 rank) showed a low-ranking. The CIMT on the left (42.38 rank) and right (42.81 rank) showed high scores in the group with only the risk of smoking (P<0.01). These results suggested that there are distinct differences in CIMT and relevant risk factors between smokers and drinkers, particularly among those with a high smoking status. This study had several limitations: the study population was small; the relatively young age of the study subjects; and limited of focus on smoking, drinking and CIMT. In conclusion, cigarette smoking significantly exacerbates the adverse effects and higher CIMT on the subclinical atherosclerosis risk in young adults, which underscores the importance of prevention and cessation of cigarette smoking in young adults.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.524-527
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• 2009

Spontaneously infected and non-infected dairy cows were assessed in a cross-sectional study aimed at determining whether bovine leukocyte markers may diagnose intra-mammary infections (bovine mastitis). Animals located in herds where bovine mastitis was highly prevalent were investigated (n = 31 animals). The expression of three cell-surface markers (CD11b, CD4 and CD8) was assessed, and the somatic cell count (SCC) and bacteriological analyses (both cultures and PCR tests) were also conducted. Cows identified as infected revealed statistically significant higher milk leukocyte CD11b, CD4 percentage and milk CD4/CD8 ratios than non-infected cows. Immunological markers may diagnose spontaneous bovine mastitis.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.203-208
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between pulmonary function, serum lipid and pulse pressure, which is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease, in subjects with 109 office workers(51 males and 58 females) be at Seoul, Korea. The mean age of the subjects was $43.44{\pm}7.23$ years old (male $43.44{\pm}7.27$, fenale $49.1{\pm}11.5$). The subjects' height, weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured and there was statistical difference between men and women.The mean pulse pressure of the subjects was $47.82{\pm}9.02mmHg$, and the mean of FVC was $84.26{\pm}9.91%$. There was no difference between men and women in both. There was a positive correlation between pulse pressure and systolic blood pressure in males (p<0.01) and females (p<0.01), and FVC and HDL in males were positively correlated (p<0.05). Pulse pressure and %FVC were negatively correlated (r =-0.267, P<0.01). Pulse pressure and %FVC were negatively correlated (r =-0.267, P<0.01). Regression analysis showed that PP was the independent affected %FVC. Therefore, pulse pressure and %FVC may be useful as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged subjects with normal, suggest a long-term convergence follow-up is warranted to elucidate the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between cytokine and chemokine levels and the clinical severity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters were performed. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, interferon-${\gamma}$-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), macrophage inflammatory $protein-1{\beta}$, and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ were measured. The severity of patients' clinical course and radiologic findings were also assessed. Results: Seventy-two patients (35 males and 37 females) with a median age of 3.9 years (range, 1-16 years) were enrolled. Patients with lobar pneumonia (n=29) had significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and IL-18 values than those with broncho-interstitial pneumonia (n=43). However, the cytokine and chemokine values did not differ between the group that was treated with corticosteroids (n=31) and the one that was not (n=41). The CRP, ESR, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), IL-18, and IP-10 values showed positive correlations with fever duration prior to admission. The CRP and ESR values were positively correlated with IL-18, and LDH, with IP-10 levels. Conclusions: CRP, ESR, LDH, IL-18, and IP-10 values were associated with the severity of the disease, manifesting lobar pneumonia or prolonged fever duration prior to admission.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2019

Potassium cyanate (KCN) is an inorganic reagent and can induce the post-translation carbamylation of proteins. The carbamylated reaction in the body is involved in cell death in various diseases. According the results in our previous study, KCN enhances the radiosensitivity of human colorectal cancer cell line, HCT 116 cells. However, it was not enough to confirm the mechanism that KCN works in these cells. To determinated the mechanisms of KCN in the cells with increased radiosensitivity, HCT 116 cells were treated KCN with low-dose gamma-radiation. And then, we examined alteration of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, cytokine level and the activation of cell signaling protein. As a result, cell cycle arrest and cell death were induced by the activation of caspase-3 and PARP in the irradiated cells with KCN treatment. These changes of the irradiated cell with KCN treatment were induced by the release of $TNF-{\alpha}$ via $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. In conclusions, enhanced radio-sensitivity mediated by KCN induced cell death and it occurs by $NF-{\kappa}B$-dependent $TNF-{\alpha}$ production.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2006

Purpose : To describe MR imaging features of hypoxic brain damage in relation to time elapse and prognosis of patients. Materials and methods : We reviewed 19 MR studies of 18 patients with hypoxic brain damage. MR imaging studies were performed between 1 to 20 days after the hypoxic insults (mean 8.6 days). MR images were analyzed with regard to the locations of abnormal signal intensities, the presence of brain edema. And imaging findings were correlated with the time elapse after the insults and the prognosis of patients. Results : On 19 cases of MR studies, abnormal high intensities on T2-weighted images were found in the basal ganglia (15, 78.9%), cerebral cortex (13, 68.4%), white matter (9, 47.4%), thalamus (6, 31.6%), cerebellum (4, 21.1%) and brainstem (1, 5.3%), respectively. Cerebral cortical involvement was typically bilateral and diffuse, but sometimes limited to the parieto-occipital area. The brainstem and cerebellar involvement was rare and in all cases, cerebral cortical lesions accompanied. Most of the white matter lesions were accompanied with cortical and deep gray matter lesions and found in subacute period(>6 days). The cortical high signal intensity lesions on T1-weighted image were found mostly in subacute stage, but in some cases involvement was also found in acute stage ($\leq$ 6 days). The cortical edema is found on 11 cases in acute and subacute stages. In cases of recovered consciousness, cortical involvement and edema on MR were rare. Conclusion : MR findings of hypoxic brain damage were various, but diffuse bilateral involvement of cortex and/or deep gray matter was found in most of the cases. White matter involvement was rarely found in acute stage and usually found in subacute stage. In cases of good pronosis, cortical involvement and edema were rare.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to study the spring productivity and feeding value of hairy vetch varieties. We also measured DM yield and feeding value by analyze CP and CF that authors made possible to calculate TDN and RFV. The results can be summarized as follows; Dry matter yield were increased earlier autumn seeding date and later cut in spring. Differences of dry matter yield in earlier cut in spring was high in order of Ostsaat, Welta, Vv4712, Penn-02, Common and Minnie. Crude protein(CP) yield was increased when earlier autumn seeding date and later cut in spring. Total digestible nutrient(TDN) yield of hairy vetch varieties was decreased when later autumn seeding date, and was increased when later cut in spring. TDN yield was highest in Ostsaat and Welta varieties had highest dry matter yield. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) content was decreased when later autumn seeding date and was increased when later cut in spring. Neutral detergent fiber(NDF) content was decreased when later autumn seeding date. Average values for relative feed value(RFV) were 157% and 132% in both cut. It shows that a high feed value in all of hairy vetch varieties. Above all, the results presented that the optimal seeding date for cultivating hairy vetch in the central region of Korea is between the 10th to the 20th of September. Because Ostsaat and Welta had significantly high dry matter yield we expected Ostsaat and Welta have a higher wintering ability.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2005

Purpose : To determine the histological findings and treatment outcome in cases of child hood nephrotic syndrome which required renal biopsy. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, laboratory, pathologic findings and therapeutic outcomes of 159 nephrotic children who received a renal biopsy at the Department of Pediatrics, Kyunghee Medical University Hospital, Seoul from 1984 to 2004 over a period of 21 years. The renal biopsy was performed in nephrotic children who showed atypical features at presentation, or needed cytotoxic therapy because of frequent-relapsing, steroid-dependent, or steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS). Results : Minimal change disease(MCD) was found in 52.1$\%$ of the patients, followed by diffuse mesangial proliferation(33.1$\%$), focal segmental gomerulosclerosis(5.3$\%$), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis(2.4$\%$), membranous nephropathy(2.4$\%$), and IgA nephropathy(1.8$\%$). In MCD children, 14.8$\%$ had hematuria, 22.7$\%$ had hypertension, 5.7$\%$ showed decreased renal function, and no patient was found to have an abnormal complement level. Among patients diagnosed with diseases other than MCD, 43.2$\%$ had hematuria, 21.0$\%$ was found to be hypertensive, 7.4$\%$ of children showed decreased renal function and only 3(3.7$\%$) had decreased complement level; the rates of hematuria and SRNS were found to be significantly higher than MCD patients. Among 37 SRNS patients, 30(81.0$\%$) showed a final remission state with long-term steroid therapy, including methylprednisolone pulse therapy, over 4 months, with or without cytotoxic therapy. Conclusion : Almost half of the cases of childhood nephrotic syndrome requiring renal biopsy were not diagnosed with MCD. Among atypical features, hematuria and steroid-resistance would be the most probable indicators for a diagnosis other than MCD. Even in patients with SRNS, long-term methylprednisolone pulse therapy may result in a good remission rate. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2005;9:149-158)

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.364-369
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• 2009

Purpose : Clinical and laboratory findings predict a severe outcome for mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. This study aimed to define the clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease (KD) patients with hyponatremia and to determine the factors associated with its development. Methods : Retrospective studies were performed on 114 KD patients who received an initial high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG, single 2 g/kg/dose) within 10 days of fever onset from January 2006 to February 2008. These patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 30 (26.3%) patients with hyponatremia, and group 2 consisted of 84 (73.6%) patients without hyponatremia. Clinical manifestations, laboratory results, and echocardiographic findings were compared between the groups. Results : Group 1 patients were more likely to have a coronary artery lesion (53.3% versus 20.2%, P=0.005) and suffered from diarrhea (41.3% versus 14.1%, P=0.007). There was a higher incidence of cardiovascular involvement in group 1 patients, including coronary dilatation (46.6%), valvular regurgitation (13.3%), pericardial effusion (6.7%) and medium-sized aneurysm (6.7%). There were no coronary aneurysms in group 2 patients. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly higher in patients with hyponatremia ($12.2{\pm}7.79$ mg/dL versus $7.3{\pm}4.7$ mg/dL, P=0.003) and IVIG-resistant patients were more common in group 1 (13.3% versus 3.6%). Conclusion : These results indicate that hyponatremia in KD occurs in patients exhibiting severe inflammation and was significantly associated with the development of coronary disease. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the pathogenic mechanisms of hyponatremia in KD patients.