• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 2007

Urban atmosphere may play as a harbinger for the future climate change with respect to temperature and $CO_2$ concentration. The Seoul metropolitan area is unique in rapid urbanization and industrialization during the last several decades, providing a natural $CO_2$ dome with increased temperature. This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using the urban-rural environmental gradient in replacement of the IPCC mid-term scenario (after 30-50 years). For this, we measured atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration and air temperature at three sites with different degree of urbanization (Seoul, Suwon, and Icheon). Results from 11-month measurement can be summarized as follows: (1) The annual mean $CO_2$ concentration across 3 sites was in the order of Seoul (439 ppm) > Suwon (419 ppm) > Icheon (416 ppm), showing a substantial urban-rural environmental gradient. (2) The diurnal fluctuation in $CO_2$ concentration was greater in summer than in winter, showing the effect of photosynthesis on local $CO_2$ concentration. (3) The daily maximum $CO_2$ concentration was observed at 0500 LST in spring and summer, 0800 LST in autumn, and 0900 LST in winter, showing the sunrise-time dependence. (4) The observed hourly maximum $CO_2$ concentration averaged for the whole period was 446 ppm in Seoul at 0700 LST, while the minimum was 407 ppm in Suwon at 1500 LST. (5) Compared with the background atmospheric concentration of $CO_2$ in Anmyeon-do (377.4 ppm annual mean), $CO_2$ concentration of the study sites was higher by 14% in Seoul, by 10% in Suwon, and by 9% in Icheon. The observed $CO_2$ concentration in Seoul reached already 98% of the 2030-2040 projection (450 ppm) and 80% of the 2040-2050 projection (550 ppm) under the IPCC BAU scenario, showing a feasibility of using the $CO_2$ dome of Seoul as a natural experimental setting for the mid-term climate change impact assessment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.663-674
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• 2019

Birds are effective ecological indicators but there is no national protocol in place to monitor population dynamics of forest birds in Korea. To support the establishment of future monitoring protocols, we compared the results of two generally used monitoring methods for forest bird surveys in two temperate mixed forests in central Korea. There was no statistical difference in the number of species and individuals detected per unit survey effort when comparing line transects and point counts. The number of species and individuals were higher in a five-minute count than in a three-minute point count, but the total accumulated number of expected observed species showed no difference between the two count durations. The number of observed species and individuals increased in both methods as plot radius or transect width increased, suggesting that multi-layer or multi-band surveys may be useful for quantitative and qualitative objectives. The decreasing number of observed species and individuals after sunrise suggested that bird monitoring should be conducted earlier in the morning, within four hours after sunrise. To detect 70% of the total number of species, 7.0 to 7.6 survey hours, equivalent to 42 three-minute counts (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26 to 61) or 33 five-minute counts (95% CI: 19 to 53) were needed for unlimited radius point counts. On the other hand, 4.8 survey hours, equivalent to 26 line transect counts (95% CI: 15 to 45) using 200-m transects with unlimited width, were required to achieve the same level of species detection. Therefore, the line transect method may be more effective than the point count method, at least in terms of local species richness assessment. For national forest bird monitoring, our data indicated that one or both survey methods can be selected as a basic protocol, based on the goals and scales of monitoring, forest types, and the conditions of the target areas.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.618-623
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• 2008

In an attempt to find natural sources of antioxidants and whitening agents, comparisons of the antioxidative and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of various ethanol extracts of Eucommiae Cortex, Salviae miltiorrhizae radix, Aurantii nobilis pericarpium and Cnidii rhizoma were carried out. Comparison of the four ethanol extracts revealed that, Aurantii nobilis pericarpium had the highest electron-donating ability(79.0%),; however, Salviae miltiorrhizae radix had the highest SOD-like ability(21.9%). The xanthine oxidase experiment exhibited a hindrance effect of 79.3% in Salviae miltiorrhizae radix, 57.5% in Eucommiae cortex and 71.9% in Aurantii nobilis pericarpium. A tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay was conducted to evaluate the whitening effects of the extracts, The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 12.4% in the Eucommiae cortex, 22.8% in the Salviae miltiorrhizae radix, 27.5% in the Aurantii nobilis pericarpium and 59.5% in the Cnidii rhizoma. Based on these results, we suggest that the ethanol extracts of Eucommiae cortex, Salviae miltiorrhizae radix, Aurantii nobilis pericarpium and Cnidii rhizoma. can be used as food and cosmetic ingredients.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.467-479
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• 2014

Topophilia refers to emotional bonding such as attachment to or nostalgia for one's home town, which is remembered or imagined as a beautiful and happy paradise experienced in youth. The time spent in one's home town may have been short, but the associated memories of it are strong and enduring. These can later act as a strong motivator to learn if the correlated emotions are positive. According to archival research conducted on Jooyoung Chung's life, his home town and the things found therein, such as cows, were the principal objects of his topophilia, and later became the driving forces behind his success story. The same applies to Dvorak. Dvorak sublimated his nostalgia for his home town by composing a piece of music on hearing the sound of a train. We can discover diverse rhythms in nature such as sunrises and sunsets, the changing seasons, and even our heart beat. If a melody is added to the rhythm, it transforms into art. And if we seek harmony and principles, it becomes science. In this study, Jeonbuk's nature, places, food, and arts, as represented in its educational resources, are analysed for their ability to give rise to topophilia. To gain some experience of this feeling we recommend that you visit the Jeonju Hanok Village, the value of Gochujang, reverse icespike on Mai Mountain or enjoy the works of the painter Book Choi.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.89-119
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• 2020

Species invasions have rapidly increased due to the substantial growth of global trade in the recent past. As the awareness of the negative effects on natural ecosystems derived from alien species has grown, many countries and lawmakers have enacted rules and policies on the conservation of indigenous plants. Unfortunately, in Korea, research on species invasion is seriously lacking despite the growing number of alien species. In the current study, we report alien plants that have intentionally and/or unintentionally been introduced in Korea and also presented a checklist of invasive plants found both in the literature and in field surveys. We reviewed all documented records of alien plants, i.e., scientific papers, illustrated books, and annual reports. We also categorized alien plants by origin, time of introduction, naturalization, and the rate of their spread. The results revealed that there are 619 alien plant taxa (96 families, 353 genera, 595 species, 6 subspecies, 11 varieties, 1 forma, and 6 hybrids) occurring in Korea. Among these, 30 taxa are archaeophytes (Arc.), 214 are potentially invasive plants (PIPs), and 375 are invasive alien plants (IAPs). In addition, IAP taxa consist of grades 5 (widespread, WS) to 1 (potential spread, PS) of alien plants according to the rate of spread in Korea. Our results suggested that the number of alien plants is likely to keep growing; thus, the distribution should be regularly monitored and the list of alien plants must be updated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2000

By using the offshore type submersible platform, Artificial sea floor anchored at a depth of forty meters several experimental studies have been conducted successfully during 1996. The facility consists of an artificial sea floor that floats at 7 meters below the surface, a machinery hut that projects above the surface at the center of the structure and a balance weight beneath the structure. The facility can be surfaced easily by using a water discharging pump in the water tank which is located at the center of it. To find out the behavioral character and the gathering factor of fishes around the artificial sea floor, investigations were carried out during the daytime and nighttime by direct observation and by echo-sounder. Around the testing reefs and artificial sea floor, six kinds of fishes were found by diving observation and the dominants were Scomber japonicus, Sebastes thompsoni and Oplegnathus fascitus. As Scomber japonicus was distributed around the artificial sea floor in dense small school, they were not seen elsewhere in the survey area. The artificial sea floor was concluded to act as a schooling ground far Scomber japonicus, Sebastes thompsoni and Oplegnathus fascitus. were close to the testing reefs(within 10m) in the daytime, and were thought to settle on the testing reefs at nighttime, To examine the distribution of 7shes around the artificial sea floor, an acoustic survey over a 1$\times$1km area, 0-50m in depth during the all day. Around the artificial sea floor many thin scattering fish echo(TS-54.5~ -51.5dB) and dense fish echo(TS-41~-38dB) were mainly distributed. Many scattering fish echoes, which were thought to be a mixture of small squid, pelegic crustacea and ethers, were distributed over the whole survey area. A dense fish school stayed beneath the artificial sea floor for a short duration. These phenomena were concluded to show an attraction and detention function of the artificial sea floor.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.474-483
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• 2004

This paper analyzed the characteristics of daily ozone variations over Kangreung and Wonju. It was found that the diurnal cycle of ozone over Wonju has a primary ozone peak in the afternoon and a minimum around sunrise, which is a typical diurnal ozone cycle observable in the urban area. However, the cycle over Kangreung shows a primary peak in the afternoon and secondary peak around 3 a.m. The amounts of ozone in the secondary peak is occasionally higher than that in the primary peak. This nocturnal ozone peak is frequently observed year-round, and the highest frequency and extent are observed in spring. The possible cause of this nocturnal ozone increase was investigated using meteorological parameters and the HYSPLIT trajectory model. It was found that the nocturnal ozone peak is highly correlated with strong wind speed, which has led to positive temperature anomaly. The trajectory model revealed that when the secondary peak occurred, the air was originated from the west and a sinking motion subsequently followed. These findings suggested that when the westerly wind is strongest in spring, the polluted airs from urban areas are transported to the upper boundary layer over Kangreung area. In the case of strong wind during the night, nocturnal ozone peaks were produced by active vertical mixing between lower boundary and upper boundary layers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.483-489
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• 2014

This study aimed at a scientific examination of the relationship between NVOCs concentration and the physical environment of red pine forest in spring season. Atmospheric NVOC samples in red pine forest was collected through five trials conducted from March to May 2013, using Tanax-Ta-charged disposable tubes and mini-pumps. At each trial, measurements were taken at three different points in daytime (sunrise, southing and sunset). For maximum accuracy, two tubes were used for each measurement at the same location, and the mean value was used for analysis. Compound analysis on the NVOC samples was done using the HS-SPME method and GC-MS. Analysis of the relationship between NVOC and the physical forest environment found higher concentrations of most substances, including ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-pinene, with higher temperature, dew point, and lower concentrations with higher wind velocity. The findings of this study offer scientific evidence which can inform the creation of 'healing forests' and 'recreational forests' as well as forest environment in general, helping to promote public health and recreational activities.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1992

Glomus species forming sporocarps were collected at limestone areas in Danyang, on coal mine overburdens in Munkyung, on plantations of Celtis sinensis in the Jindo island and Cryptomeria japonica in the Namhae island, on the Ilchulbong crater base and at a shrubby land near the Chunjiyeon fall. One of the characteristics of Glomus clavisporum is the thick wall ($25-33{\mu}m$) of its cylinderic chlamydospores at the apex. G. heterosporum chlamydospores are loosely connected with each other through brown thick-walled hyphae. G. liquidambaris has paraphysis between chlamydospores. G. rubiforme is blackberry alike. G. sinuosum has a peridium composed of golden yellow thick-walled($2-3{\mu}m$) sinuous hyphae. G. taiwanense has red brown sporocarps with yellow spores of which wall is thickest at the apex.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.235-248
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate a feasibility of a small mountain as a field work site on geological features in Earth sciences classes at all levels. Mt. Geumdang with the height of 305 meters from the sea level is located in the metropolitan city of Gwangju, southern part of Korea. The study reviews the human and natural geography, geological features, geomorphic resources, landscapes, and conveniences of the mountain for a possibility of meaningful field work. The population within the distance of 5 km from the mountain stands at about 620,000 and 170,000 of them are students and teachers. Mt. Geumdang has a warm temperature climate with low rainfall throughout the year, so it seems suitable for a field survey. Road network and public transportation system around the area are well-developed and easily accessible. Mt. Geumdang shows various rock type and geological structures. The basement rock is Gwangju granite, which is plutonic body of the Jurassic period. Also, granophyre (micrographic granite) and various volcanic rocks distributed as bedded tuff, lapilli tuff, and rhyolite of the Cretaceous period. Many andesitic and felsic dykes were intruded into the rock by joint system. In Mt. Geumdang, many geomorphic resources are found such as U shaped mountain, joint, fault, lamination, gnamma, tor, cliff, groove, block stream and block field, regolith, and saprolite. It has a beautiful mountain scenery including the view of whole shape of Mt. Mudeung, panoramic view of the town, Pungam lake, World Cup stadium and sunrise and sunset. Furthermore, the area has ecologic study facilities related to geology, emergency medical and convenience facilities for field works. In conclusion, Mt. Geumdang is highly feasible for geological field studies at all levels.