• Title/Summary/Keyword: 일차변환

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Perfusion MR Imaging of the Brain Tumor: Preliminary Report (뇌종야의 관류 자기공명영상: 예비보고)

  • 김홍대;장기현;성수옥;한문희;한만청
    • Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.119-124
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    • 1997
  • Purpose: To assess the utility of magnetic resonance(MR) cerebral blood volume (CBV) map in the evaluation of brain tumors. Materials and Methods: We performed perfusion MR imaing preoperatively in the consecutive IS patients with intracranial masses(3 meningiomas, 2 glioblastoma multiformes, 3 low grade gliomas, 1 lymphoma, 1 germinoma, 1 neurocytoma, 1 metastasis, 2 abscesses, 1 radionecrosis). The average age of the patients was 42 years (22yr -68yr), composed of 10 males and S females. All MR images were obtained at l.ST imager(Signa, CE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). The regional CBV map was obtained on the theoretical basis of susceptibility difference induced by first pass circulation of contrast media. (contrast media: IScc of gadopentate dimeglumine, about 2ml/sec by hand, starting at 10 second after first baseline scan). For each patient, a total of 480 images (6 slices, 80 images/slice in 160 sec) were obtained by using gradient echo(CE) single shot echo-planar image(EPI) sequence (TR 2000ms, TE SOms, flip angle $90^{\circ}$, FOV $240{\times}240mm,{\;}matrix{\;}128{\times}128$, slice-thick/gap S/2.S). After data collection, the raw data were transferred to CE workstation and rCBV maps were generated from the numerical integration of ${\Delta}R2^{*} on a voxel by voxel basis, with home made software (${\Delta}R2^{*}=-ln (S/SO)/TE). For easy visual interpretation, relative RCB color coding with reference to the normal white matter was applied and color rCBV maps were obtained. The findings of perfusion MR image were retrospectively correlated with Cd-enhanced images with focus on the degree and extent of perfusion and contrast enhancement. Results: Two cases of glioblastoma multiforme with rim enhancement on Cd-enhanced Tl weighted image showed increased perfusion in the peripheral rim and decreased perfusion in the central necrosis portion. The low grade gliomas appeared as a low perfusion area with poorly defined margin. In 2 cases of brain abscess, the degree of perfusion was similar to that of the normal white matter in the peripheral enhancing rim and was low in the central portion. All meningiomas showed diffuse homogeneous increased perfusion of moderate or high degree. One each of lymphoma and germinoma showed homogenously decreased perfusion with well defined margin. The central neurocytoma showed multifocal increased perfusion areas of moderate or high degree. A few nodules of the multiple metastasis showed increased perfusion of moderate degree. One radionecrosis revealed multiple foci of increased perfusion within the area of decreased perfusion. Conclusion: The rCBV map appears to correlate well with the perfusion state of brain tumor, and may be helpful in discrimination between low grade and high grade gliomas. The further study is needed to clarify the role of perfusion MR image in the evaluation of brain tumor.

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핵융합로용 플라즈마 대향부품 개발을 위해 제작된 텅스텐/FM강 HIP 접합 목업의 수명 평가 해석

  • Lee, Dong-Won;Sin, Gyu-In;Kim, Seok-Gwon;Jin, Hyeong-Gon;Lee, Eo-Hwak;Yun, Jae-Seong;Mun, Se-Yeon;Hong, Bong-Geun
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2014.02a
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    • pp.452-452
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    • 2014
  • 블랑켓 일차벽이나 디버터와 같은 핵융합로 플라즈마 대향부품은 플라즈마로부터 입사되는 중성자 및 입자들을 차폐하여 구조물을 보호하고, 발생열을 에너지로 변환하기 위해 냉각재를 활용한 열제거 기능을 담당한다. 특히, 고속중성자와 입사 열부하 및 여러 입자들로부터 블랑켓 및 내부 구조물을 보호하기 위해 차폐체와 구조물로 구성된다. 세계적으로 차폐체로서는 텅스텐 혹은 텅스텐 합금, 구조물용 재료로는 저방사화 Ferritic Martensitic (FM) 강이 유력한 후보재료로 개발, 연구 중에 있다. 국내에서는 국제핵융합로(ITER) 사업을 통해 고온등방가압(HIP, Hot Isostatic Pressing)을 이용한 이종금속간 접합기술과 한국형 저방사화 고온구조재료인 ARAA (Advanced Reduced Activation Alloy)가 개발되고 있으며, 이를 활용한 설계, 접합법 개발, 제작목업의 건전성 평가 등이 수행되고 있다. 한국원자력연구원에서는 핵융합 기초사업의 일환으로 전북대와 공동으로 수행 중인 건전성 평가체계 개발을 위해, 기 개발된 접합법을 활용한 $45mm(H){\times}45mm(W){\times}2mm(T)$의 W/FM강 목업을 제작한 바 있으며, 이를 국내 구축된 고열부하 시험 장비인 KoHLT-EB (Electron Beam)를 활용한 고열부하 인가 건전성 평가시험을 준비 중에 있다. 이종금속간 접합 특성은 기계적 평가를 위한 파괴시험을 통해 검증, 이를 활용한 목업이 제작되었으며, 제작된 목업에 대한 초음파를 이용한 접합면의 비파괴 검사를 통해 결함이 없음을 확인하였다. 최종적으로 실제 사용되는 핵융합 운전조건과 유사 혹은 가혹한 조건에서 고열부하를 인가하여, 그 건전성을 평가가 이루어질 것이다. 고열부하 시험을 위해서는 냉각조건, 인가 열부하, 수명평가를 통한 반복 고열부하 인가 횟수 등이 사전에 결정되어야 한다. 이를 위해 상업용 열수력, 구조해석 코드인 ANSYS-CFX와 -mechanical을 이용한 시험조건 모의 및 수명 평가가 수행되었다. 구축 장비의 냉각계통을 고려하여 냉각수의 온도 및 속도는 $25^{\circ}C$, 0.15 kg/sec로, 열부하는 0.5 및 $1.0MW/m^2$에 대해 모의를 수행하였다. 정상상태 시 텅스텐의 최대 온도는 각 열부하 조건에 따라 $285.3^{\circ}C$$546.8^{\circ}C$였으며, 이에 도달하는 시간을 구하기 위해 천이해석을 수행하였고, 이를 통해 30초에 최대온도 95 %이상의 정상상태 온도에 도달함을 확인하였다. 또한, 목업의 초기 온도에 도달하는 냉각시간도 동일한 천이해석을 통해 30초로 가능함을 확인하였고, 최종 시험 조건을 30초 가열, 30초 냉각으로 결정하였다. 결정된 반복 열부하 인가 조건에서 이종금속 접합체가 받는 다른 열팽창 정도에 따른 응력을 계산하여 목업의 수명을 도출하였고, 이를 시험해야 할 반복 횟수로 결정하였다. 각 열부하 조건에 따른 온도조건을 ANSYS-mechanical 코드를 활용하여 열팽창과 이에 따른 접합면의 응력분포로 계산하였다. 0.5 및 $1.0MW/m^2$에 대해, 목업이 받는 최대 응력은 334.3 MPa와 588.0 MPa 였으며, 이 때 텅스텐과 FM강이 받는 strain을 도출하여 물성치로 알려진 cycle to failure 값을 도출하였다. 열부하에서 예상되는 수명은 0.5 및 $1.0MW/m^2$에 대해, 100,000 사이클 이상과 2,655 사이클로 계산되었으며, 시간적 제약을 고려 최종 평가는 $1.0MW/m^2$에 대해, 3,000사이클 정도의 실험을 통해 그 수명까지 접합건전성이 유지되는 지 실험을 통해 평가할 예정이다.

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Removals of 1-Naphthol in Aqueous Solution Using Alginate Gel Beads with Entrapped Birnessites (버네사이트를 고정화한 알긴산 비드(Bir-AB)를 이용한 수용액 중 1-Naphthol의 제거)

  • Eom, Won-Suk;Lee, Doo-Hee;Shin, Hyun-Sang
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.247-256
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    • 2013
  • In this study, alginate beads containing birnessite (Bir-AB), a highly reactive oxidative catalyst for the transformation of phenolic compounds, was prepared and its 1-naphthol (1-NP) removal efficiency was investigated in a batch test. Based on scanning electron microscopy image, it can be inferred that the alginate gel cluster acts as a bridge which bind the birnessite particles together. Kinetic experiment with Bir-AB of different mixing ratios of birnessite to alginate (Bir : AG=0.25 : 1~1 : 1 w/w) indicate that pseudo-first order kinetic constants, $k(hr^{-1})$ for the 1-NP removals increased about 1.5 times when the birnessite mixing ratio was doubled. The removals of 1-NP was found to be dependent on solution pH and the pesudo-first order rate constants were increased from 0.331 $hr^{-1}$ at pH 10 to 0.661 $hr^{-1}$ at pH 4. The analysis of total organic carbon for the reaction solutions showed that a higher removal of dissolved organic carbon was achieved with Bir-AB as compared to birnessite. HPLC chromatographic analysis of the methanol extract after reaction of 1-NP with Bir-AB suggest that the reaction products could be removed through incorporation into the aliginate beads as a bound residue. Mn ions produced from the oxidative transformation of 1-NP by birnessite were also removed by sorption to Bir-AB. The Bir-AB was recovered quantitatively by simple filtration and was reused twice without significant loss of the initial reactivity.

Sputtering방식을 이용한 Indium Thin oxide박막의 넓이에 따른 X-ray 검출기 특성 연구

  • Kim, Dae-Guk;Sin, Jeong-Uk;O, Gyeong-Min;Kim, Seong-Heon;Lee, Yeong-Gyu;Jo, Seong-Ho;Nam, Sang-Hui
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2012.02a
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    • pp.321-322
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    • 2012
  • 의료용 방사선 장비는 초기의 아날로그 방식의 필름 및 카세트에서 진보되어 현재는 디지털 방식의 DR (Digital Radiography)이 널리 사용되며 그에 관한 연구개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. DR은 크게 간접방식과 직접방식의 두 분류로 나눌 수 있는데, 간접방식은 X선을 흡수하면 가시광선으로 전환하는 형광체(Scintillator)를 사용하여 X선을 가시광선으로 전환하고, 이를 Photodiode와 같은 광소자로 전기적 신호로 변환하여 방사선을 검출하는 방식을 말하며, 직접 방식은 X선을 흡수하면 전기적 신호를 발생 시키는 광도전체(Photoconductor)를 사용하여 광도전체 양단 전극에 고전압을 인가한 형태를 취하고 있는 가운데, X선이 조사되면 일차적으로 광도전체 내부에서 전자-전공쌍(Electron-hole pair)이 생성된다. 이들은 광도전체 양단의 인가되어 있는 전기장에 의해 전자는 +극으로, 전공은 -극으로 이동하여 아래에 위치한 Active matrix array을 통해 방사선을 검출하는 방식이다. 본 연구에서는 직접방식 X-ray 검출기에서 활용되는 a-Se을 ITO (Indium Thin oxide) glass 상단에 Thermal evaporation증착을 이용하여 두께 $50{\mu}m$, 33 넓이로 증착 시킨 다음, a-Se상단에 Sputtering증착을 이용하여 ITO를 11 cm, 22 cm, $2.7{\times}2.7cm$ 넓이로 증착시켜 상하부의 ITO를 Electrode로 이용하여 직접방식의 X-ray검출기 샘플을 제작하였다. 제작 과정 중 a-Se의 Thermal evaporation증착 시, 저진공 $310^{-3}_{Torr}$, 고진공 $2.210^{-5}_{Torr}$에서 보트의 가열 온도를 두 번의 스텝으로 나누어 증착 시켰다. 첫 번째 스텝 $250^{\circ}C$, 두 번째 스텝은 $260^{\circ}C$의 조건으로 증착하여 보트 내의 a-Se을 남기지 않고 전량을 소모할 수 있었으며, 스텝간의 온도차를 $10^{\circ}C$로 제어하여 균일한 박막을 형성 할 수 있었다. Sputtering증착 시, 저진공 $2.510^{-3}$, 고진공 $310^{-5}$에서 Ar, $O_2$를 사용하여 100 Sec간 플라즈마를 생성시켜 ITO를 증착하였다. 제작된 방사선 각각의 검출기 샘플 양단의 ITO에 500V의 전압을 인가하고, 진단 방사선 범위의 70 kVp, 100 mA, 0.03 sec 조건으로 X-ray를 조사시켜 ITO넓이에 따른 민감도(Sensitivity)와 암전류(Dark current)를 측정하였다. 측정결과 민감도(Sensitivity)는 X-ray샘플의 두께에 따른 $1V/{\mu}m$ 기준 시, 증착된 ITO의 넓이가 11 cm부터 22 cm, $2.7{\times}2.7cm$까지 각각 $7.610nC/cm^2$, $8.169nC/cm^2$, $6.769nC/cm^2$로 22 cm 넓이의 샘플이 가장 높은 민감도를 나타내었으나, 암전류(Dark current)는 $1.68nA/cm^2$, $3.132nA/cm^2$, $5.117nA/cm^2$로 11 cm 넓이의 샘플이 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 데이터를 SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)로 합산 하였을 시 104.359 ($1{\times}1$), 60.376($2{\times}2$), 30.621 ($2.7{\times}2.7$)로 11 cm 샘플이 신호 대 별 가장 우수한 효율을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 ITO박막의 면적이 클수록 민감도는 우수하나 그에 따른 암전류의 증가로 효율이 떨어짐을 검증 할 수 있었으며, 이는 ITO면적이 넓어짐에 따른 저항의 증가로 암전류에 영향을 끼침을 할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 a-Se의 ITO 박막 면적에 따른 전기적 특성을 검증할 수 있었다.

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Real-Time 3D Ultrasound Imaging Method Using a Cross Array Based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing: II. Linear Wave Front Transmission Approach (합성구경 기반의 교차어레이를 이용한 실시간 3차원 초음파 영상화 기법 : II. 선형파면 송신 방법)

  • 김강식;송태경
    • Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.403-414
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    • 2004
  • In the accompanying paper, we proposed a real. time volumetric imaging method using a cross array based on receive dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture focusing along lateral and elevational directions, respetively. But synthetic aperture methods using spherical waves are subject to beam spreading with increasing depth due to the wave diffraction phenomenon. Moreover, since the proposed method uses only one element for each transmission, it has a limited transmit power. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new real. time volumetric imaging method using cross arrays based on synthetic aperture technique with linear wave fronts. In the proposed method, linear wave fronts having different angles on the horizontal plane is transmitted successively from all transmit array elements. On receive, by employing the conventional dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture methods along lateral and elevational directions, respectively, ultrasound waves can be focused effectively at all imaging points. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation results show that the proposed method can provide uniform elevational resolution over a large depth of field. Especially, since the new method can construct a volume image with a limited number of transmit receive events using a full transmit aperture, it is suitable for real-time 3D imaging with high transmit power and volume rate.

The Immunohistochemical Analysis for the Expression of Survivin, an Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein, in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (비소세포폐암에서 아포프토시스 억제 단백질 Survivin 발현에 관한 면역조직학적 분석)

  • Ko, Mi-Hye;Myoung, Na-Hye;Lee, Jae-Whan;Cho, Eun-Mi;Park, Jae-Seuk;Kim, Keun-Youl;Lee, Kye-Young
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.48 no.6
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    • pp.909-921
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    • 2000
  • Background : Defects in apoptotic signaling pathways play important role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis and resistance to treatment. Several proteins which may promote tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis were identified. The survivin protein is the member of inhibitor of apoptosis protein(IAPs) family which inhibits apoptosis. Unlike other IAPs, it is expressed in during the fetal period but not in adult differentiated tissues. Many reports have stated that survivin is selectively expressed in many cancer cell lines and cancer tissues. We performed immunohistochemical analysis for survivin expression in non-mall cell lung cancer to get evaluate its clinical implication. Methods : Twenty nine surgically resected lung cancers were examined. Immunohistochemical staining were performed by immuno-peroxidase technique using avidin-biotinylated horseradish pemxidase complex in the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue $4{\mu}m$ section. Anti-survivin polyclonal antibody was used for primary antibody and anti-p53 monoclonal antibody was also used to analyze the correlation between survivin and p53 expression. The survivin expression scores were determined by as the sum of the stained area and intensity. Results : Immunohistochemical analysis showed cancer specific expression of survivin in 20 of 29 cases (69.0%). Western blot analysis also showed the selective survivin expression in tumor tissue. There was no correlation between survivin expression and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. We analyzed the ∞π'elation between survivin expression and p53 expression, but found none. Conclusion: We confirmed the tumor specific expression of survival in non-small cell lung canær. But this expression was not correlated with clinical parameters as well as histology, tumor stage, recurrence, and survival rate. Also it was not statistically correlated with the expression of p53.

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Disappearance of Hysteria(Conversion Disorder) and the Evolutionary Brain Discord Reaction Theory (히스테리아(전환장애)의 소실과 진화적 뇌신경 부조화 반응 가설)

  • Song, Ji Young
    • Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.28-42
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    • 2016
  • Objectives : The author tried to find out reasons why and how hysteria(and conversion disorder) patient numbers, which were so prevalent even a few decades ago, have decreased and the phenotype of symptoms have changed. Methods : The number of visiting patients diagnosed with conversion disorder and their phenotype of symptoms were investigated through chart reviews in a psychiatric department of a University hospital for the last 12 years. Additionally, the characteristics of conversion disorder patients visiting the emergency room for last 2 years were also reviewed. Those results were compared with previous research results even if it seemed to be an indirect comparisons. The research relied on Briquet P. and Charcot JM's established factors of the vicissitudes of hysteria(and conversion disorder) which has been the framework for more than one hundred and fifty years since hysteria has been investigated. Results : The author found decreased numbers and changes of the phenotype of the hysteria patients(and conversion disorder) over the last several decades. The decreased numbers and changes of the symptoms of those seemed to be partly due to several issues. These issues include the development of the diagnostic techniques to identify organic causes of hysteria, repeated changes to the symptom descriptions and diagnostic classification, changes of the brain nervous functions in response to negative emotions, and the influence of human evolution. Conclusions : The author proposed that the evolutionary brain discord reaction theory explains the causes of disappearance of and changes to symptoms of hysteria(conversion disorder). Most patients with hysteria(conversion disorder) have been diagnosed in the neurological department. For providing more appropriate treatment and minimizing physical disabilities to those patients, psychiatrists should have a major role in cooperating not only with primary care physicians but with neurologists. The term 'hysteria' which had been used long ago should be revived and used as a term to describe diseases such as somatic symptom disorder, functional neurological symptoms, somatization, and somatoform disorders, all of which represent almost the same vague concept as hysteria.

Stratigraphic response to tectonic evolution of sedimentary basins in the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas (황해 및 인접 지역 퇴적분지들의 구조적 진화에 따른 층서)

  • Ryo In Chang;Kim Boo Yang;Kwak won Jun;Kim Gi Hyoun;Park Se Jin
    • The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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    • v.8 no.1_2 s.9
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    • pp.1-43
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    • 2000
  • A comparison study for understanding a stratigraphic response to tectonic evolution of sedimentary basins in the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas was carried out by using an integrated stratigraphic technology. As an interim result, we propose a stratigraphic framework that allows temporal and spatial correlation of the sedimentary successions in the basins. This stratigraphic framework will use as a new stratigraphic paradigm for hydrocarbon exploration in the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas. Integrated stratigraphic analysis in conjunction with sequence-keyed biostratigraphy allows us to define nine stratigraphic units in the basins: Cambro-Ordovician, Carboniferous-Triassic, early to middle Jurassic, late Jurassic-early Cretaceous, late Cretaceous, Paleocene-Eocene, Oligocene, early Miocene, and middle Miocene-Pliocene. They are tectono-stratigraphic units that provide time-sliced information on basin-forming tectonics, sedimentation, and basin-modifying tectonics of sedimentary basins in the Yellow Sea and adjacent area. In the Paleozoic, the South Yellow Sea basin was initiated as a marginal sag basin in the northern margin of the South China Block. Siliciclastic and carbonate sediments were deposited in the basin, showing cyclic fashions due to relative sea-level fluctuations. During the Devonian, however, the basin was once uplifted and deformed due to the Caledonian Orogeny, which resulted in an unconformity between the Cambro-Ordovician and the Carboniferous-Triassic units. The second orogenic event, Indosinian Orogeny, occurred in the late Permian-late Triassic, when the North China block began to collide with the South China block. Collision of the North and South China blocks produced the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu-Imjin foldbelts and led to the uplift and deformation of the Paleozoic strata. Subsequent rapid subsidence of the foreland parallel to the foldbelts formed the Bohai and the West Korean Bay basins where infilled with the early to middle Jurassic molasse sediments. Also Piggyback basins locally developed along the thrust. The later intensive Yanshanian (first) Orogeny modified these foreland and Piggyback basins in the late Jurassic. The South Yellow Sea basin, however, was likely to be a continental interior sag basin during the early to middle Jurassic. The early to middle Jurassic unit in the South Yellow Sea basin is characterized by fluvial to lacustrine sandstone and shale with a thick basal quartz conglomerate that contains well-sorted and well-rounded gravels. Meanwhile, the Tan-Lu fault system underwent a sinistrai strike-slip wrench movement in the late Triassic and continued into the Jurassic and Cretaceous until the early Tertiary. In the late Jurassic, development of second- or third-order wrench faults along the Tan-Lu fault system probably initiated a series of small-scale strike-slip extensional basins. Continued sinistral movement of the Tan-Lu fault until the late Eocene caused a megashear in the South Yellow Sea basin, forming a large-scale pull-apart basin. However, the Bohai basin was uplifted and severely modified during this period. h pronounced Yanshanian Orogeny (second and third) was marked by the unconformity between the early Cretaceous and late Eocene in the Bohai basin. In the late Eocene, the Indian Plate began to collide with the Eurasian Plate, forming a megasuture zone. This orogenic event, namely the Himalayan Orogeny, was probably responsible for the change of motion of the Tan-Lu fault system from left-lateral to right-lateral. The right-lateral strike-slip movement of the Tan-Lu fault caused the tectonic inversion of the South Yellow Sea basin and the pull-apart opening of the Bohai basin. Thus, the Oligocene was the main period of sedimentation in the Bohai basin as well as severe tectonic modification of the South Yellow Sea basin. After the Oligocene, the Yellow Sea and Bohai basins have maintained thermal subsidence up to the present with short periods of marine transgressions extending into the land part of the present basins.

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