• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.447-460
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• 2013

Dietary supplement use is prevalent and represents an important source of nutrition. This study was conducted in order to assess the dietary maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from various sources including regular diet, vitamin mineral supplements for non-prescription drug (VMS-NPD), vitamin mineral supplements for health functional foods (VMS-HFF), and fortified foods (FF). A total of 1,407 adolescent boys and girls attending middle or high schools were chosen from various cities and rural communities in Korea. Users of vitamin and mineral supplements (n = 60, 15-18 years of age) were chosen from the above 1,407 students. Intake of vitamins and minerals from a regular diet and FF was assessed by both food record method and direct interview for three days of two weekdays and one weekend, and those from VMS-NPD and VMS-HFF were assessed by both questionnaire and direct interview, and compared with the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for Korean adolescents. Daily average exposure range of vitamins and minerals from a regular diet was 0.3 to 4.4 times of the RNI. Some subjects had an excessive exposure to the UL in the following areas: from regular diets, vitamin A (1.7%) and niacin (5.0%); from only VMS-NPD, vitamin C (9.1%) and iron (5.6%); and from only VMS-HFF, niacin (8.6%) > vitamin $B_6$ (7.5%) > folic acid (2.9%) > vitamin C (2.3%). Nutrients of daily total intake from regular diet, VMS-NPD, VMS-HFF, and FF higher than the UL included nicotinic acid for 33.3% of subjects, and, then, in order, vitamin C (26.6%) > vitamin A (13.3%), iron (13.3%) > zinc (11.7%) > calcium (5.0%) > vitamin E (1.7%), vitamin $B_6$ (1.7%). Thus, findings of this study showed that subjects may potentially be at risk due to overuse of supplements, even though most of them took enough vitamins and minerals from their regular diet. Therefore, we should encourage adolescents to have sound health care habits through systematic and educational aspects.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.664-676
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• 2018

This study used raw data from the Korea Medical Panel Survey for 2014 to analyze the factors affecting the cost of medicine expenditure. A total of 3,107 people with medical expenses were selected for the final analysis. Analysis methods were frequency analysis, crossover analysis, regression analysis and t-test. The significance level of all tests was p = .05. The prescription cost was 72.4%, the minimum cost was 84 won, the maximum cost was 270,653 won, and the highest amount was 'over 3,000 won~less than 10,000 won' (31.7%). The general pharmaceuticals cost was 81.8%, the minimum cost was 800 won, the maximum cost was 2,718,000 won, and the highest amount was 'less than 20,000 won' (31.4%). The herbal medicine cost was 9.4%, the minimum cost was 4,000 won, the maximum cost was 2,700,000 won, and the highest amount was 'over 100,000 won' (37.8%). The medicines expenditure was the maximum cost was 2,760,093 won, and the highest amount was 'over 100,000 won' (27.0%). Factors affecting medicine expenditure were gender, marital status, income quintile, easement, and subjective health status.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Radiopharmaceuticals are drugs that contain radioisotopes and are used in the diagnosis, treatment, or investigation of diseases. Radiopharmaceuticals must be manufactured in compliance with good manufacturing practice regulations and subjected to quality control before they are administered to patients to ensure the safety of the drug. Radiopharmaceuticals for administration to humans need to be sterile and pyrogen-free. Hence, sterility tests and membrane filter integrity tests are carried out to confirm the asepticity of the finished drug product, and a bacterial endotoxin test conducted to assess contamination, if any, by pyrogens. The physical appearance and the absence of foreign insoluble substances should be confirmed by a visual inspection. The chemical purity, residual solvents, and pH should be evaluated because residual by-products and impurities in the finished product can be harmful to patients. The half-life, radiochemical purity, radionuclidic purity, and strength need to be assessed by analyzing the radiation emitted from radiopharmaceuticals to verify that the radioisotope contents are properly labeled on pharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceuticals always carry the risk of radiation exposure. Therefore, the time taken for quality control tests should be minimized and care should be taken to prevent radiation exposure during handling. This review discusses the quality control procedures and acceptance criteria for a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 1982

최근 천연물 의약품의 양약제제화와 더불어 그제제의 확인및 함량검토를 위한 공정법이 날로 그 필요성을 더해 가고 있다. 천연물 의약품은 일반 양약제제와는 달리 그 조성이 복잡하고 대부분은 그 성분조차 파악되고 있지 못한 실정이다. 더구나 일부 그 조성이 밝혀진 천연물조차 그 품종, 부위, 또는 산지등에 따라 조성이 매우 다양하므로 함량을 검토하는데는 많은 문제점을 안고 있다. 연자는 이러한 문제점을 개선하는 방법의 하나로 녹용제제를 대상으로 그 확인 및 함량 시험법을 연구하였다. 녹용은 아직까지 그 유효성분리 확실히 밝혀진 바가 없으므로 본 실험에서는 녹용중 amino acid의 pattern분석 및 glycine의 함량을 검토함으로써 확인 및 정량법을 연구하였다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.432-439
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• 2011

The effects of characteristics of community pharmacists on consultation time for prescription (RX) and nonprescription drugs (nRX) were investigated. A crosssectional descriptive design was established with a self-administered anonymous mail survey. Response rate was 52%. Significant pharmacists' factors related to having less than 3 minutes consultation for RX were one's dispensing duties exceeding 50%, low satisfaction with one's own level of consultation, working at the pharmacies nearby clinics, or shorter duration of consultation time for nRX. Consultation promoting conditions should be built up for the provision of sufficient consultation.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2007

To perform proficiency test for determining anti-impotence drug-like compounds in food, interlaboratory test has been done. Targets were 6 such as sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, homosildenafil, hydroxy-homosildenafil and pseudo-vardenafilI. Total 13 institutes were participated and all is in charging of food analysis. To do double blind test, the reference materials were made as 13 different ginseng drink samples and each sample had random 3 targets. By the official method for anti-impotence drug-like compounds in food code, sample was just diluted in water, extracted in organic solvents, determined by HPLC/UV and then confirmed by LC/MS. The analytical duration was 60 days after receiving sample. Ten out of 13 institutes were satisfied by evaluation of Z-score and RSZ according to the regulation for managing analytical quality assurance.

• The monthly packaging world
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• s.215
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• pp.44-54
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• 2011

(사)한국패키지디자인협회가 주최하고 지식경제부, 한국디자인진흥원, (사)한국디자인법인단체총연합회 등이 후원하는 대한민국패키지디자인대전이 19회를 맞아 지난 1월 26일 그랜드앰배서더 호텔에서 시상식을 열었다. 제19회 대한민국패키지디자인대전에는 총 183점이 접수, 작품의 질 역시 해마다 높아져 심사 시 우열을 가리기 힘들 정도로 우수한 작품들이 출품되었다는 평가를 받고 있다. 대한민국패키지디자인대전은 일반부문과 학생부문으로 나누어 우수 작품이 선정되고 있으며, 일반 부문은 식음료, 화장품, 제과제빵, 전기전자, 생활용품, 주류, 팬시문구, 스포츠레저, 의료의약품, 화공익, 연구, 실험작품 부문으로 나뉘며 학생부문의 경우 패키지디자인부문, 브랜드아이덴티티(B.I) 부문, 실험작품 부문으로 선정, 시상되고 있다. 제19회 대한민국패키지디자인대전에서는 팩스타 대상인 지식경제부장관상은 수상작이 없으며, 일반 회원 작품 총 76작의 출품작 가운데 38 작품이 팩스타상을 수상했다. 학생부문에서는 총 181점 출품작 중 대상 1점, 금상 3점, 은상 5점, 동상 8점, 특별상 1점이 선정됐으며, 총 85개 작품이 입선했다. 본 고에서는 제19회 대한민국패키지디자인대전 일부 수상작들을 살펴봄으로써 근래 패키지디자인 경향을 알아보도록 한다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.641-647
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• 2011

Polyphenols in green tea are biologically active and may interact with commonly-consumed over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in the body. In this study, modulation of cytotoxicity of polyphenon 60 (PPE, tea polyphenol mixture) with co-treatment of several OTC drugs, including ibuprofen (Ibu), acetaminophen (AAP), and aspirin was investigated in intestinal cells. PPE showed more potent cytotoxic effects on colon cancer HCT 116 cells than on normal intestinal INT 407 cells. Ibu had the strongest cytotoxic effects on both cell types. Cytotoxicity of PPE on HCT 116 and INT 407 cells was not markedly altered by co-treated OTC drugs. Cytotoxicity of the OTC drugs was not affected by PPE. When HCT 116 cells were incubated with AAP before or after PPE treatment, cytotoxicity was slightly enhanced more than their additive effect. The present study may provide basic information of possible toxicity due to interaction of the polyphenols and the OTC drugs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.356-361
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• 2012

Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid derivative found in many foods and beverages. Dietary caffeine may interact with commonly-consumed over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in body. In this study, cytotoxic effects on the intestinal cells by combined treatment of caffeine with several OTC drugs, including ibuprofen, aspirin, and acetaminophen. Cytotoxic effect of caffeine was more potent in normal intestinal INT 407 cells than in colon cancer HCT 116 cells. Relative toxicity of caffeine and the OTC drugs was significantly enhanced in INT 407 cells when treated together. Intracellular thiol levels of the cells treated with the OTC drugs increased in the presence of caffeine. When HCT 116 cells were incubated with each OTC drug after or before caffeine treatment, the relative cytotoxicity of the OTC drugs increased. The present study may provide basic information about possible health effects through the interactions between caffeine and OTC drugs in the intestinal cells.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.462-471
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• 2020

The Zolpidem, commonly used as a sleeping pill, binds to GABA receptors to increase neuro-inhibiting transporters. There are many cases where people take Zolpidem for more than four weeks in a row. The Drug Utilization Review, currently in effect in South Korea, can identify the use patterns of Zolpidem. It is necessary to prevent Zolpidem's misuse. The study was conducted from May 10, 2019 to May 15, 2019. Primary and secondary screening was performed out of 125,197 total retrieved documents. The final 254 literature cases directly related to Zolpidem's misuse were selected. Through systematic literature research through meta-analysis, we tried to find a way to prevent Zolpidem's misuse through the Drug Utilization Review. The distortion was minimized by applying it in the screening process. Zolpidem's misuse was severe and continued to increase its use. There has also been an increase in crime using Zolpidem. It has been analyzed that Zolpidem can be managed through Narcotics Integrated Management System and Drug Utilization Review. In order to reduce the use of Zolpidem, the supply through the Narcotics Integrated Management System and the demand through long-term user education should be suppressed.